Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 573 DEM; FAD); Bacteria (1; FAD); Bleeding (f; DEM); Blister (f; DEM); Bot (f; DEM); BPH (1; HHB); Cancer (1; COX; FAD; PH2); Candida (1; FAD); Cardiopathy (f; HHB); Catarrh (f; HHB); Childbirth (f; DEM; PH2); Cold (f; CEB; DEM); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Cough (f; FAD); Cystosis (f; CEB; DEM; HHB; PH2; PNC); Depression (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM; PH2); Diabetes (f; PNC); Dropsy (f; CEB; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Edema (f; HHB; PH2); Fever (f; CEB; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; CEB; DEM); Gravel (f; CEB); Head Cold (f; DEM); Heart (f; DEM); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; CEB); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (f; DEM; PH2); Mastosis (f; PH2); Mucososis (f; DEM); Myalgia (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; CEB; DEM; HHB; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Pain (f; CEB; DEM); Prostatosis (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; CEB; DEM; PH2; PNC); Rhinosis (f; DEM); Scrofula (f; CEB; DEM); Smallpox (f; DEM; PH2); Sore (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; FAD); Swelling (f; CEB; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; CEB; DEM; MIC); Typhus (f; CEB); Urethrosis (f; PNC); VD (f; CEB; DEM); Water Retention (1; CEB); Worm (f; DEM); Wound (f; HHB); Yeast (1; FAD) Dosages (Pipsissewa) — 1–3 g/tea (PH2); 1–4 ml liquid extract (PH2); 2.5–5 ml (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Pipsissewa) — Class Salicylates and tannins (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Unsuitable for long-term use because of hydroquinone glycoside content (PH2) Hypoglycemic I question the accuracy of the report of quinine, but believe the reports of hydroquinone in several members of the Ericaceae, including this one For snakebite, one chews the pulp, swallows the juice, and poultice the cud onto the bite after it has bled It is also considered abortive Native Americans poke crushed stems in their nose to alleviate snoring (GMJ) “Secoyas” mixed ground rhizome with water for fever, flu, and fright (SAR) In Piura, the chopped shoots are considered hemostatic and vulnerary PIRIPIRI (Cyperus articulatus L.) ++ Synonym: C corymbosus Rottb Thank goodness for scientific names Of all the common names offered by JFM, PH2 picked Adrue, not selecting Enea, Hadsrow, Junco, Bravo, Piripiri, Sontul I picked Piripiri (Del Vibora) because that’s the name used in my Amazon haunts In India, it is called Guinea Rush Activities (Piripiri) — Abortifacient (f; DAV); Antiemetic (1; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Carminative (1; PH2); Hemostat (f; DAV); Insectifuge (1; UPW); Sedative (1; PH2); Stimulant (f; SKJ); Tonic (f; SKJ); Vermifuge (f; UPW; WBB); Vulnerary (f; DAV) Indications (Piripiri) — Amenorrhea (f; PH2); Bite (f; DAV); Bleeding (f; DAV); Colic (f; WBB); Cough (f; JFM; UPW); Diarrhea (f; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (1; WOI; PH2); Edema (f; UPW); Enterosis (f; JFM); Epigastrosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; DAV; JFM); Flu (f; DAV); Fright (f; DAV); Gas (1; PH2); Headache (f; PH2); Hematemesis (f; PH2); Hematuria (f; PH2); Insomnia (1; PH2); Leukorrhea (f; PH2); Malaria (f; UPW); Mastosis (f; PH2); Migraine (f; UPW); Morning Sickness (f; JFM); Nausea (1; PH2); Nervousness (1; PH2); Pain (f; JFM; PH2); PMS (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; UPW); Rheumatism (f; UPW); Snakebite (f; DAV); Snoring (f; DAV); Swelling (f; UPW); Toothache (f; WBB); Vomiting (1; PH2); Worm (f; UPW; WBB); Wound (f; DAV); Yellow Fever (f; JFM) Dosages (Piripiri) — 6–9 g root (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Piripiri) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) P 574 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs PITCHER PLANT (Sarracenia purpurea L.) + P Activities (Pitcher Plant) — Astringent (1; FEL); Diaphoretic (f; HHB); Diuretic (f; DEM; FAD; FEL; HHB; PH2); Laxative (1; FAD; FEL); Stimulant (f; FEL; HHB); Stomachic (f; PH2; PNC); Tonic (f; FAD; FEL; HHB) Indications (Pitcher Plant) — Amenorrhea (f; FEL); Childbirth (f; CEB); Chill (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Chlorosis (f; FEL); Constipation (1; FAD; FEL; PHR; PH2); Cough (f; DEM); Dysentery (f; FEL); Dysmenorrhea (f; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; FEL; PHR; PH2); Dysuria (f; CEB; PH2); Enterosis (f; FEL); Fever (f; DEM; FAD; HHB); Gastrosis (f; FEL); Headache (f; FEL); Hematemesis (f; CEB; DEM); Hepatosis (f; FAD); Nephrosis (f; CEB; DEM; FEL); Parturition (f; FAD); Pertussis (f; DEM); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; CEB); Rheumatism (f; CEB); Shakiness (f; DEM); Smallpox (f; CEB; FAD; PH2); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); UTI (f; DEM; PHR) Dosages (Pitcher Plant) — 0.5–2 g powdered root (PNC); 2.5–5 ml liquid extract (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Pitcher Plant) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) If it really contains coniine as stated by the Physician’s Desk Reference (PHR; PH2), it should be avoided PNC specifies that coniine occurs in Sarracenia flava, not S purpurea Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 575 PLANTAIN (Plantago major L.) ++ Commission E does not index this species (KOM), but Blumenthal (2000) extended much ribwort data to this species, entries marked KOM Pedersen mixes seed analyses and leaf folklore and properties Activities (Plantain) — Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antiatherosclerotic (1; BGB; CAN); Antibacterial (1; BGB; CAN); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF; HH2); Anticapillary Fragility (1; CAN); Antidiarrheic (f; PED); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; CAN; HH2; PNC; ZUL); Antioxidant (1; FNF); Antipyretic (f; CRC; DEP); Antirheumatic (1; FNF; PED); Antiseptic (1; CAN); Antitumor (1; COX; FNF; PED); Antitussive (1; BGB); Antiulcer (1; ZUL); Aperient (1; FNF; PNC); Astringent (1; BGB; DEP; JFM; KOM); Bronchodilator (1; FNF; TGP); Candidicide (1; FNF; PED); Cicatrizant (f; JFM); Collyrium (f; JFM); COX-2- Inhibitor (1; FNF; TGP); Demulcent (1; BGB; CRC); Deobstruent (f; CRC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Digestive (1; WAM); Diuretic (1; BGB; CAN; FNF); Emollient (1; BGB; WAM); Expectorant (1; BGB; FNF; PED); Fungicide (1; CAN); Hepatoprotective (1; BGB; CAN; FNF); Hypocholesterolemic (1; BGB; CAN); Hypotriglyceridemic (1; BGB; CAN); Hypouricemic (f; ZUL); Immunostimulant (1; FNF; TGP); Lactagogue (1; FNF); Laxative (1; BGB; CAN); Lipolytic (1; BGB; CAN); Orexigenic (f; ZUL); Panacea (f; DEM); Pectoral (f; CRC); Stimulant (f; DEP); Tonic (f; DEP; ZUL); Uricosuric (1; PNC); Uterotonic (1; BGB; CAN); Vermifuge (f; ZUL); Vulnerary (1; FNF; JFM) Indications (Plantain) — Abortion (f; JFM); Abscess (f; CRC); Adenopathy (f; CRC); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF; TGP); Asthma (f; CRC; MAD); Atherosclerosis (1; BGB; CAN); Bacteria (1; BGB; CAN); Bite (f; CRC; DEM); Bleeding (f; CAN; JFM; MAD; ZUL); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (1; BGB; CAN; FNF; MAD); Bruise (f; CRC); Bug Bite (1; WAM); Cancer (1; COX; FNF; HH2; PED); Cancer, anus (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; CRC; FNF; JLH; PED); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH; PED); Cancer, eye (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, feet (f; CRC; JLH); P 576 P Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Cancer, gum (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, lip (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, rectum (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; FNF; PED); Capillary Fragility (1; CAN); Carbuncle (f; DEM); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Chest Ache (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; JFM); Cholecystosis (f; CRC); Cholera (f; MAD); Cold (1; BGB; CAN; CRC); Colic (f; CRC); Colitis (f; DEM); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Constipation (1; BGB; CAN; DEM); Convulsion (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC; ZUL); Cystosis (1; CAN; FNF; MAD); Dandruff (1; FNF; TGP); Dermatosis (2; BGB; KOM; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; CRC; MAD; PED; ZUL); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC; MAD; PED); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM; MAD); Dyspnea (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; ZUL); Earache (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Enterosis (f; DEM; MAD); Enuresis (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Epistaxis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; DEM; DEP; MAD); Fungus (1; CAN; CRC); Gas (1; FNF; MAD); Gastrosis (1; DEM; MAD; MIC; WAM); Gingivosis (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; CRC); Gout (1; CRC; PNC; ZUL); Headache (f; CRC); Hematuria (1; CAN; DEM; FNF); Hemorrhoid (1; CAN; CRC; FNF; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Herpes (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; CAN); High Cholesterol (1; BGB; CAN); Hypertriglyceridemia (1; BGB; CAN); IBD (1; FNF; PED); Immunodepression (1; FNF; TGP); Infection (1; CAN; DEM; JFM; MIC); Inflammation (2; BGB; CAN; DEM; HH2; KOM; PNC; ZUL); Jaundice (f; CRC; MAD); Kidney Stone (f; CRC; JFM); Lacrimosis (f; CRC); Lichen (f; MAD); Lunacy (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Mucososis (2; BGB; KOM); Mycosis (1; CAN; CRC); Nephrosis (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; MAD); Neuroblastoma (f; CRC); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; DEM; DEP; ZUL); Otosis (f; CRC; ZUL); Pain (f; DEM); Parasite (f; JFM); Parotosis (f; JLH); Parturition (f; ZUL); Pertussis (f; ZUL); Pharyngosis (2; BGB; KOM); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Polyp (f; CRC); Psoriasis (1; FNF; MAD; TGP); Pulmonosis (f; DEM; MAD); Rash (f; CRC); Respirosis (1; BGB; MAD); Rheumatism (1; CRC; FNF; PED; ZUL); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Ringworm (f; CRC); Scald (f; DEM); Shingle (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore (f; CRC; MIC; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; CRC; JFM); Splenosis (f; CRC); Sprain (f; DEM); Sting (1; CRC; WAM); Stomachache (1; MAD; WAM); Stomatosis (2; BGB; KOM; MAD; ZUL); Strangury (f; CRC); Swelling (1; CAN; DEM); Syphilis (f; CRC); Tachycardia (f; ZUL); Toothache (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Tuberculosis (f; CRC; MAD; ZUL); Tumor (1; COX; FNF; JLH; PED); Ulcer (1; CRC; MAD; MIC; ZUL); Uterosis (f; ZUL); VD (f; CRC); Wen (f; JLH); Whitlow (f; CRC); Worm (f; ZUL); Wound (f; DEM; JFM; MAD; MIC); Yeast (1; CRC; FNF; PED) Dosages (Plantain) — tsp (7.5 g) seed or tsp husk/glass water (APA); 2–4 tsp fresh seed (PED); 5–15 g dry seed (PED); 1–2 tsp dry seed/glass water (PED); 2–4 g leaf in tea ×/day (CAN); 2.5–5 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 25% alcohol) ×/day (CAN); 2–4 ml leaf tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol) ×/day (CAN) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Plantain) — Class (AHP) Not covered (PH2) CAN cautions that a mustard-like oil is allergenic, irritant, and can cause dermatosis Because of laxative and uterine activity, in vitro, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided (CAN) Excessive doses may be hypotensive and laxative Some plantain leaves were dangerously adulterated with digitalis in 1997 PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias tuberosa L.) + Activities (Pleurisy Root) — Abortifacient (f; TOM); Analgesic (f; FAD; PH2); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; PH2; WAM); Cardiotonic (f; PHR; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; APA; PH2; TOM); Digestive (f; APA); Diuretic (f; FAD); Emetic (1; PHR; PH2; WAM); Estrogenic (1; APA; CEB); Expectorant (1; FAD; PH2; TOM; WAM); Laxative (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Oxytocic (f; TOM); Tonic (f; PH2); Uterocontractant (1; APA); Uterotonic (1; HHB) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 577 Indications (Pleurisy Root) — Asthma (f; CEB; FAD); Bite (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; CEB); Bronchosis (1; FAD; WAM); Bruise (f; APA; CEB; FAD); Cancer (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; CEB); Catarrh (f; TOM); Chancre (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; CEB; DEM); Cold (f; APA); Congestion (f; APA); Constipation (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Cough (f; PH2; WAM); Cramp (1; PH2; WAM); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysentery (f; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; APA); Dyspnea (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; APA; PH2; TOM); Flu (1; APA; DEM; WAM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Hoarseness (f; TOM); Infection (f; CEB); Inflammation (f; PH2); Lameness (f; FAD); Mastosis (f; DEM); Mucososis (f; PH2); Pain (f; APA; DEM; FAD; PH2); Pleurisy (f; FAD; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; FAD; TOM); Pneumonia (f; APA; PH2); Respirosis (f; PHR); Rheumatism (f; APA; FAD; PH2; TOM); Rhinosis (f; APA); Snakebite (f; DEM); Sore (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; APA; PH2); Swelling (f; FAD); Syphilis (f; CEB); Typhus (f; CEB); Uterosis (f; PH2); VD (f; CEB); Worm (f; CEB); Wound (f; CEB) Dosages (Pleurisy Root) — 1–4 g root, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); tbsp powdered root/8 oz warm liquid ×/day (APA); 2.5–5 ml liquid root extract (APA; PNC); 1–4 ml liquid root extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 1–5 ml root tincture (1:10 in 45% ethanol) ×/day (CAN) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Pleurisy Root) — Class 2b, 2d May cause nausea and vomiting (AHP; WAM) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) CAN reports cardenolides can be irritant and cause cardiac activity and dermatosis Because of cardioactive constituents and uterine activity in vivo, its use in pregnancy, lactation, and cardiac patients is to be avoided May interfere with cardiac, depression, and hormone therapy (CAN; PH2; WAM) “Not allowed as a nonmedicinal ingredient in oral use products in Canada” (Michols, 1995) Toxic in large quantities (FAD) Extracts (Pleurisy Root) — Indian studies report a positive inotropic activity for asclepin (from Asclepias curassavica), which was reported more potent, longer acting, and safer than other cardiac glycosides (including digoxin) In sheep and guinea-pigs the plant, extracts, purified cardenolide, and digoxin exhibited similar toxicity and gross pathology In a month toxicity study in rats, asclepin was found safe in doses of 0.8, 8, and 20 mg/kg Cat studies were less cumulative compared to digoxin Asclepin reportedly was stronger toward weak cardiac muscle Extracts of A curassavica, A engelmanniana, and A glaucescens stimulate mammalian CNS, increasing noradrenaline and serotonin Cardenolide LD50 =