648 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Sand Spurrey) — drachms/pint water (FEL) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sand Spurrey) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) SANDY EVERLASTING (Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench) ++ Activities (Sandy Everlasting) — Antibacterial (1; PHR); Antispasmodic (1; PHR); Choleretic (2; KOM); Diuretic (f; PHR) Indications (Sandy Everlasting) — Anorexia (2; PHR); Bacteria (1; PHR); Cholecystosis (2; PHR); Cramp (1; PHR); Dyspepsia (2; KOM); Hepatosis (2; PHR); Water Retention (f; PHR) Dosages (Sandy Everlasting) — g flower/day (KOM) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sandy Everlasting) — Not covered by AHP Commission E reports flower permitted for oral use Contraindications of biliary obstruction (AEH) Use only after consultation with physician if gallstones are present (KOM) Presence of gallstones can lead to colic (PHR) No known drug interactions and side effects (KOM) SANICLE (Sanicula europaea L.) ++ Activities (Sanicle) — Alterative (f; PNC); Antiedemic (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Antiinflammatory (f; PH2); Antiseptic (1; HH2; PH2); Astringent (1; PH2; PNC); Diuretic (f; MAD); Expectorant (1; PHR; PH2); Fungicide (1; PH2); Vulnerary (f; PNC) Indications (Sanicle) — Bacteria (1; PH2); Bleeding (f; PH2); Bronchosis (2; PHR; PH2); Bruise (f; PH2); Catarrh (2; KOM; MAD); Cough (2; PHR; PH2); Cramp (f; MAD); Diarrhea (f; MAD; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; MAD); Eczema (f; MAD); Edema (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Epistaxis (f; MAD); Fungus (1; PH2); Furuncle (f; MAD); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; MAD); Hematuria (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; MAD); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Mucososis (f; PH2); Mycosis (1; PH2); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Polyp (f; MAD); Pulmonosis (1; MAD; PH2); Pyelosis (f; MAD); Respirosis (2; KOM); Sore Throat (f; MAD); Swelling (1; HH2; PHR; PH2); Syphilis (f; MAD); VD (f; MAD); Water Retention (f; MAD); Wound (f; MAD; PH2) S Dosages (Sanicle) — 4–6 g dry shoot/day (HH2; KOM; PH2); 2–4 ml liquid shoot extract (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sanicle) — Class (AHP) None known (KOM).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) SAN PEDRO (Echinopsis pachanoi (Britton & Rose) Friedrich & G D Rowley) ++ Synonym: Trichocereus pachanoi Britton & Rose Activities (San Pedro) — CNS Depressant (1; FNF); Emetic (f; CRC); Hallucinogen (f; CRC); Intoxicant (f; CRC); Narcotic (f; CRC); Psychedelic (f; CRC); Psychomimetic (1; FNF); Sympathomimetic (1; FNF) Indications (San Pedro) — Alopecia (f; DAV); Divination (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Infertility (f; CRC); Pneumonia (f; CRC) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 649 SARSAPARILLA (Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.) +++ Synonym: S medica Schltdl & Cham APA lists Smilax officinalis Kunth and related species, including S aristolochiifolia Mill., S febrifuga Kunth, and S regelii Killip & C V Morton The same were mentioned by PH2 FEL and MAD entries refer to S officinalis; FEL and MAD entries below might be assigned to that species by those who think they are smart enough to straighten out this taxonomic quagmire Activities (Sarsaparilla) — Alterative (f; FEL; PNC; PED); Anabolic (1; APA); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; SKY); Anti-itch (f; CAN; PNC); Antipyretic (f; PED); Antirheumatic (f; PED; PNC); Antiseptic (f; CAN; PNC); Aphrodisiac (f; APA; CRC); Bitter (f; PED); Cardiosedative (f; MAD); Depurative (f; APA; CRC; PED); Diaphoretic (1; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2); Digestive (f; PED); Diuretic (1; APA; HH2; KOM; MAD; PH2); Emetic (f; FEL); Expectorant (1; APA); Fungicide (1; APA); Hepatoprotective (1; SKY); Laxative (1; APA); Tonic (f; CRC) Steroid-precursor starter material for progesterone, testosterone, and other steroids Indications (Sarsaparilla) — Anorexia (f; MAD); Arthrosis (1; APA; CRC; SKY); Asthma (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; APA); Cancer (1; APA; CRC; JLH); Caked Breast (f; MAD); Cardiopathy (f; MAD); Colic (f; MAD); Coma (f; MAD); Constipation (1; APA); Cramp (f; MAD); Cystosis (f; MAD); Dermatosis (1; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2); Dyscrasia (f; MAD); Dysentery (f; PNC); Dyspepsia (f; APA; CRC); Eczema (f; CRC; MAD; SKY); Enterosis (1; APA); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (1; APA; CRC; KOM; PED; PH2); Fungus (1; APA); Furuncle (1; HH2); Gas (f; MAD); Gastrosis (1; APA); Gonorrhea (1; APA; CRC; FEL); Gout (f; MAD); Headache (f; MAD); Hematuria (f; MAD); Hepatosis (1; FEL; MAD; SKY); Herpes (f; MAD); IBS (1; PED); Impotence (f; APA); Infection (1; APA); Inflammation (1; APA; PH2; SKY); Itch (f; CAN; PH2; PNC); Leprosy (f; CAN; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Lupus (f; MAD); Mycosis (1; APA); Nephrosis (f; CRC; KOM; MAD; PH2); Psoriasis (1; APA; KOM; PH2; PNC; SKY); Pyelosis (f; MAD); Rheumatism (1; APA; CRC; MAD; PED; PH2; PNC; SKY); Roseola (f; MAD); Scabies (f; MAD); Scrofula (f; CRC; MAD); Sore (f; MAD); Sore Throat (f; FEL); Splenosis (f; MAD); Syphilis (f; APA; HH2; PNC; MAD); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Ulcer (f; MAD); Urethrosis (f; PH2); UTI (1; APA); VD (f; CRC; MAD); Water Retention (1; APA; HH2; KOM; MAD; PH2); Wound (f; CRC) S 650 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Sarsaparilla) — 1–4 g dry rhizome, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); 1–4 g powdered root (PNC); 1–2 tsp powdered root/cup water up to ×/day (APA); 0.3–1.5 g root (HH2; PH2); ml root ×/day (SKY); tsp (20 g) root in cold tea (MAD); cups root tea/day (PH2); 2–4 tbsp fresh root (PED); 3–6 g dry root (PED); 4.5 g dry root:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 0.25–0.5 tsp root tincture up to ×/day (APA); 8–30 ml concentrated root decoction (PNC); 8–15 ml liquid root extract (PNC); 8–15 ml liquid rhizome extract (1:1 in 10% glycerol, 20% alcohol) (CAN); (450 mg) capsules 2–3 ×/day (NH) I’d feel safe with 10–30 g dry root in cups tea or sarsaparilla/day (JAD) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sarsaparilla) — Class (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Can cause nausea and kidney damage (SKY) Avoid large doses for long periods (SKY) Unapproved by Commission E (KOM) Steroids used for arthrosis, dysmenorrhea, menopause, and PMS Commission E reports for the root that gastric and renal toxicity, as well as drug interactions, are possible (with bismuth, digitalis, glycosides, and hypnotics) (AHP) Overdosage could lead to European cholera, shock, and worsened diuresis, among other things (PHR) Blumenthal editorially questions the Commission E claim for gastric irritation due to saponin content (KOM) Commission E reminds us of another problem, saponins can increase the availability of simultaneously administered drugs, while hastening the elimination of other drugs (e.g., hypnotics) In view of the lack of toxicological data, excessive use should be avoided There are no known problems with the use of sarsaparilla during pregnancy and lactation Sarsaparilla saponins have been used in the partial synthesis of cortisone and other steroids (CAN) SASSAFRAS (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) + (or X, CAN) S Synonyms: Laurus albida Nutt., Sassafras officinale Nees & C H Eberm., S variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze Activities (Sassafras) — Alterative (f; CRC); Analgesic (f; CRC); Antialcoholic (f; CRC); Antidermatitic (f; DAW); Antipyretic (1; CAN); Antirheumatic (f; PNC); Antiseptic (1; APA; Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 651 CRC; PNC); Ataxigenic (1; CAN); Carcinogenic (1; CRC; FAD); Carminative (f; CRC; PNC); CNS Depressant (1; CAN); Demulcent (1; CRC); Depurative (f; CRC; FAD; PH2; TAD); Diaphoretic (f; AHP; APA; CRC; PNC); Diuretic (1; CAN; PHR; PH2; PNC); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Hepatotoxic (1; CRC); Nephrotoxic (1; PH2); Pediculicide (1; APA; CAN; CRC); Stimulant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; DEM); Tumorigenic (1; APA); Vermicide (f; CRC) Indications (Sassafras) — Acne (f; APA; CRC); Ague (f; DEM); Alcoholism (f; CRC); Anorexia (f; DEM); Arthrosis (f; FAD; SPI); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Bruise (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Burn (f; DEM); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, bone (f; JLH); Cataract (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; CRC; PHR); Childbirth (f; DEM; FEL); Cold (f; DEM; FAD); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Constipation (f; DEM; SPI); Cough (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; DEM; FEL); Dermatosis (f; APA; CRC; DAW; FAD; PH2); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC; FEL); Dyspepsia (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; FAD; FEL); Fever (1; AHP; APA; CAN; CRC; DEM; FAD; PNC); Flu (f; APA); Gallstone (f; DEM); Gangrene (f; FEL); Gas (f; CRC; PNC); Gastrosis (f; CRC; SPI); Gleet (f; CRC; FEL); Gonorrhea (f; CRC; FEL); Gout (f; APA; FAD; HH2); Gravel (f; SPI); Heart (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; FAD; SPI); High Blood Pressure (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Impotence (f; DEM); Infertility (f; SPI); Inflammation (f; CRC; PH2); Mastosis (f; APA); Measles (f; APA; CRC; DEM); Mucososis (f; PH2); Nausea (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; CRC; FAD; FEL); Obesity (f; DEM); Ophthalmia (f; CRC; DEM; FAD; FEL); Osteosarcoma (f; JLH); Pain (f; APA; CAN; CRC; DEM); Parotosis (f; CRC); Pneumonia (f; CRC); Poison Ivy (f; APA; FEL); Puerperium (f; APA); Pulmonosis (f; FAD); Rash (f; DEM); Respirosis (f; CRC; HH2); Rheumatism (f; APA; CAN; FAD; FEL; HH2; PH2; PNC); Scarlet Fever (f; DEM); Scrofula (f; FEL); Sore (f; DEM); Sore Throat (f; DEM); Sprain (f; CRC; FEL); Stomachache (f; DEM; FAD); Stone (f; SPI); Swelling (f; CRC; DEM; FEL); Syphilis (f; APA; CRC; FEL; PHR; PH2); Tapeworm (f; DEM); Typhus (f; CRC); UTI (f; PHR; PH2); VD (f; CRC; PH2); Water Retention (1; CAN; PHR; PH2; PNC); Worm (f; CRC; DEM); Wound (f; DEM) Dosages (Sassafras) — Should not be used (APA; CAN; PH2); 2–4 g root bark, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); tsp (3 g) root bark/cup water (PH2); 2–4 ml liquid root bark extract (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid root bark extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); g tincture (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sassafras) — Class 2d Not for long-term use Do not exceed recommended dose (10 g root bark; 2–4 ml liquid extract thereof) (AHP) Sassafras wood contains 1–2% EO, consisting of about 80% of the toxic and hepatocarcinogenic compound safrole; prolonged use is generally discouraged CAN reports that safrole in the volatile oil is carcinogenic and genotoxic Because of abortifacient activity of the oil and hepatotoxicity of safrole, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided Even safrole-free extracts have reportedly caused tumors Major symptoms of toxicity include ataxia, depression, and diarrhea, followed by death within hours to days Rats with safrole in their diet at levels of 0.25% to 1% exhibit biliary proliferation, growth retardation, liver necrosis, primary hepatomas, stomach atrophy, and testicular atrophy “Sassafras should not be used, internally or externally” (CAN) Extracts (Sassafras) — LD50 of safrole 1950 mg/kg orl rat, 2350 mg/kg orl mus HOH and ETOH extracts elicit ataxia, CNS depression, hypersensitivity to touch, and hypothermia in mice Oil used as an antiseptic, carminative, and pediculicide Reportedly hallucinogenic High doses may cause spasm followed by paralysis Safrole reportedly induces both cytochrome P-488 and P-450 activity, and both induces and inhibits hepatic microsomal enzymes, with activity falling after the onset of hepatic toxicity Putting the risks into perspective, CAN notes that levels of 0.66 mg/kg may prove hazardous to humans, and a cup of tea may provide nearly five times that much I prefer my perspective based on Bruce Ames’s Herp Index, in which one learns that sassafras tea for its safrole is 1/13th as carcinogenic as beer for its ethanol S 652 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs SASSY BARK, ORDEAL TREE (Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill & Perr.) Brenan) X Synonyms: Erythrophleum guineense G Don, Fillaea suaveolens Guill & Perr Activities (Sassy Bark) — Allergenic (1; WBB); Analgesic (1; WBB); Anesthetic (1; CRC; WBB); Antidote (f; WBB); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Antiseptic (1; WBB); Astringent (f; CRC; EFS); Cardiotonic (f; CRC; EFS; WBB); Chronotropic (1; ZUL); Convulsant (1; CRC); Diuretic (f; EFS); Emetic (f; CRC; WBB); Hemolytic (1; WBB); Hydragogue (f; EFS); Hypotensive (1; ZUL); Inotropic (1; ZUL); Laxative (f; CRC; EFS; WBB); Molluscicide (1; ZUL); Narcotic (f; EFS); Piscicide (1; WBB); Poison (1; CRC; EFS); Rodenticide (1; WBB); Sedative (f; EFS); Sialagogue (1; WBB); Spasmogenic (1; ZUL); Sternutator (f; CRC; WBB); Stimulant (f; EFS); Uterotonic (1; WBB); Vermifuge (f; CRC) Indications (Sassy Bark) — Bite (f; WBB); Cold (f; WBB); Colic (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC; EFS; WBB); Dermatosis (f; CRC; WBB); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC); Dyspnea (f; CRC); Fever (f; EFS); Headache (f; CRC; WBB); High Blood Pressure (1; ZUL); Infection (1; WBB); Insomnia (f; EFS); Nervousness (f; EFS); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; CRC; WBB); Rheumatism (f; CRC; WBB); Snakebite (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; EFS); Worm (f; CRC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sassy Bark) — “Highly toxic; in humans leading to a primary slowing of the heart followed by acceleration, dyspnea with labored respiration, and death due to respiratory arrest Workers may develop a dermatosis from handling the wood, tall, fair men being more susceptible than short, dark ones The erythrophleum alkaloids are said to be powerfully analgesic to the mucosa and generally more potent than cocaine With a marked stimulant effect on isolated rabbit uterus, erythrophleine has been suggested as a devitalizing agent in dentistry Cassaidine has convulsant activity Erythrophleine and homophleine have some degree of hemolytic activity All the alkaloids are said to be strongly antiseptic, especially cassaidine” (CRC) SAUSAGE TREE (Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth.) + Synonyms: Crescentia pinnata Jacq., Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC Activities (Sausage Tree) — Antibacterial (1; ZUL); Anticonvulsant (1; ZUL); Antiseptic (1; ZUL); Candidicide (1; ZUL); Laxative (1; ZUL); Vesicant (1; ZUL) S Indications (Sausage Tree) — Acne (f; ZUL); Bacteria (1; ZUL); Cancer (1; FNF; ZUL); Candida (1; ZUL); Constipation (1; ZUL); Convulsion (1; ZUL); Dysentery (f; VVG); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Hyperkeratosis (f; ZUL); Infection (1; ZUL); Micromastia (f; ZUL); Micropenility (f; ZUL); Rheumatism (f; VVG; ZUL); Sore (f; VVG; ZUL); Syphilis (f; ZUL); Ulcer (f; VVG); Wart (f; ZUL); Yeast (1; ZUL) SAVIN (Juniperus sabina L.) + Activities (Savin) — Abortifacient (f; CRC; HHB); Anticancer (1; PH2); Antineoplastic (1; PHR; PH2); Antiviral (1; PHR; PH2); Diuretic (1; CEB; CRC; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; HHB; PH2); Hemostat (f; CRC); Irritant (1; PH2); Poison (1; CRC); Rubefacient (1; PHR; PH2); Uterotonic (f; CRC); Vermifuge (f; CEB; CRC) Indications (Savin) — Alopecia (f; CRC); Amenorrhea (f; CEB); Arthrosis (f; CRC; HHB); Bleeding (f; CRC); Cancer (1; CRC; FNF; JLH; PH2); Cancer, breast (1; JLH); Cancer, face (1; JLH); Cancer, genital (1; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; JLH); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cold (f; CEB); Colic (f; CRC; HHB); .. .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 649 SARSAPARILLA (Smilax aristolochiifolia Mill.) +++ Synonym: S medica Schltdl & Cham APA lists Smilax officinalis Kunth and related... reminds us of another problem, saponins can increase the availability of simultaneously administered drugs, while hastening the elimination of other drugs (e.g., hypnotics) In view of the lack of toxicological... VD (f; CRC; MAD); Water Retention (1; APA; HH2; KOM; MAD; PH2); Wound (f; CRC) S 650 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Sarsaparilla) — 1–4 g dry rhizome, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); 1–4 g powdered