Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 643 PHR; PH2); Escherichia (1; CAN; HH2); Fatigue (f; PH2); Fever (1; APA; DEM; JFM; MAD; PHR; PH2; WOI); Flu (f; JFM); Fungus (1; HH2; KOM; PH2); Gas (1; APA; PED; PH2; WOI); Gastrosis (1; APA; FEL; PH2); Gingirrhagia (1; PHR); Gingivosis (1; APA; CAN; PH2; PNC); Glossosis (1; CAN; PNC); Halitosis (f; PH2); Headache (f; MAD); Hepatosis (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; APA; CAN; PH2); Hoarseness (1; BGB); Hot Flash (f; BGB); Hyperhydrosis (1; BGB; CAN; CRC); Hyperlactation (f; AHP); Hysteria (f; CRC); Immunodepression (f; PED); Infection (1; HH2; KOM; PH2); Infertility (f; BGB); Inflammation (1; COX; FNF; PH2; PNC); Insomnia (1; CAN; DEM); Laryngosis (f; PHR; PH2); Lethargy (f; CRC); Leukorrhea (f; MAD); Malaria (f; JFM); Measles (f; CRC); Mucososis (2; PH2; PIP); Mycosis (1; HH2; KOM; PH2); Nephrosis (f; CRC; MAD); Nervousness (1; CAN; DEM); Neurosis (f; CRC; PH2); Night Sweats (f; BGB; MAD); Odontosis (f; MAD); Ophthalmia (f; JFM); Pain (f; CRC); Perspiration (2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Pharyngosis (2; APA; CAN; KOM; PH2); Phthisis (f; CRC; MAD); Pulmonosis (1; CRC; MAD); Rheumatism (f; APA; CRC; FEL); Rhinosis (2; KOM; PH2); Salmonella (1; CAN; HH2); Shigella (1; CAN; HH2); Sore (1; BGB; MAD); Sore Throat (2; APA; PH2; PIP; PNC); Spermatorrhea (f; FEL); Splenosis (f; MAD); Sprain (f; APA); Stomatosis (2; APA; CAN; MAD; PHR; PH2); Tonsilosis (1; CRC; PNC); Toothache (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; APA); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; MAD); Uvulosis (f; BGB; CAN; FEL); Virus (1; KOM; PH2; PIP); Water Retention (f; MAD); Worm (f; DEM; FEL; JFM); Wound (f; PHR; PH2) Dosages (Sage) — 4–6 g/day (AHP); 4–6 g herb (KOM; PH2); tsp (3 g) cut herb/cup water (APA); 1–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 1–4 g leaf, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); 2–3 tsp (3.4–5.1 g) leaf in hot tea (MAD); boil 100 g leaf/liter wine minutes (f; PH2); 2–4 tbsp fresh leaf (PED); 3–6 g dry leaf (PED); 4.5 g dry leaf/2 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 1–4 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 0.1–0.3 g EO (KOM; PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sage) — Class 2b, 2d Not for long-term use Do not exceed recommended dose Alcoholic extracts contraindicated in pregnancy (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Commission E reports for oral use of leaf, contraindications: pregnancy (EO/alcoholic extracts); adverse effects: prolonged use of EO/alcoholic extracts may produce epileptiform cramps Other sources report leaf, as herbal tea, should not be used for prolonged period (AEH) “Contraindicated in pregnancy May interfere with anticonvulsant and hypoglycemic therapies; may potentiate or synergize other sedatives Human poisoning has followed ingestion of the convulsant EO for acne In rats, sage oil is subclinically, clinically, and lethally convulsant at 300, 500, and 3200 mg/kg, respectively (CAN) CAN cautions that thujone and camphor in the volatile oil can be convulsant and toxic (CAN) LD50 (EO) = 2600 orl rat, LD50 (EO) = 5000 ind rbt (CAN) Taking more than 15 g or prolonged overuse can lead to thujone-induced convulsions, dizziness, hot flashes, and tachycardia (BIS) No more than cup tea/day during pregnancy, max, for no more than week (WAM) Extracts (Sage) — Fair source of COX-2 inhibiting oleanolic acid at ~0 1% (COX) The whole sage extract has more activity than the flavonoid extract at inhibiting acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin-induced muscle contractions EO active against Bacillus (Gram-positive), Escherichia, Klebsiella (Gram-negative), Salmonella, and Shigella; and among fungi, Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis (CAN) SAGO CYCAS (Cycas revoluta Thunb.) X Activities (Sago Cycas) — Antirheumatic (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC); Diuretic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Tumorigenic (f; CRC) Indications (Sago Cycas) — Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, Lung (f; CRC); Hepatoma (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Water Retention (f; CRC) S 644 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sago Cycas) — “Cycasin is carcinogenic if orally administered to rats and pigs With cattle neurotoxic effects are obvious Other toxic symptoms include anemia, depression, diarrhea, jaundice, gastroenterosis, hemorrhage, nausea, coma, partial paralysis, and possibly death Apparently it is mutagenic to onion root tip cells Frequent use of the starch is suspected to cause cancer and hepatosis” (CRC) SALAD BURNET, GREAT BURNET (Sanguisorba officinalis L.) ++ Synonyms: Poterium officinale (L.) A Gray, S carnea Fisch ex Link, S polygama F Nyl Activities (Salad Burnet) — Analgesic (f; EFS); Antibacterial (1; FAD); Antiedemic (1; FAD); Antiemetic (f; FAD); Antipyretic (f; FAD); Antiseptic (1; FAD; HH2); Antistress (1; HH2); Aperitif (f; PH2); Astringent (1; FAD; MAD; PH2); Climacteric (f; MAD); Decongestant (f; PH2); Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; PH2); Hemostat (1; FAD; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; HH2); Protease Inhibitor (1; HH2); Stomachic (f; EFS); Tineacide (2; PNC); Tonic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; MAD); Vulnerary (f; EFS) S Indications (Salad Burnet) — Ameba (1; MAD); Anorexia (f; PH2); Bacteria (1; FAD); Bite (f; PH2); Blackhead (f; MAD); Bleeding (1; CAN; FAD; PH2); Boil (f; PHR); Burn (1; FAD; PNC); Cancer (f; JLH; MAD); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, gum (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; HHB); Congestion (f; PH2); Cough (f; PH2); Cystosis (f; PH2); Dermatosis (2; MAD; PNC); Diarrhea (f; CAN; PH2); Dysentery (2; FAD; MAD; PH2; PNC); Dysmenorrhea (f; HHB); Eczema (2; PNC); Enterosis (f; PHR; PH2); Enterorrhagia (1; PNC); Epistaxis (f; PH2); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; EFS; FAD); Fistula (f; MAD); Gingivosis (1; JLH; PNC); Hematoptysis (f; PH2); Hemorrhoid (1; FAD; HHB; PH2); Hot Flash (f; PHR); Hyperglycemia (1; HH2); Hysteria (f; MAD; PH2); Impostume (f; PH2); Infection (1; HH2); Menopause (f; PH2); Metrorrhagia (1; FAD; MAD; PH2); Pain (f; EFS); Phlebitis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Proctosis (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; HHB; MAD); Sore (f; HH2; WO2); Swelling (1; FAD); Tuberculosis (f; MAD; PH2); Ulcerative Colitis (1; CAN); Uterrhagia (1; PNC); Uterosis (f; JLH; MAD; PH2); Varicosis (f; MAD; PHR; PH2); Vomiting (f; FAD); Water Retention (f; PH2); Worm (f; MAD); Wound (f; HH2; PHR; PH2) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 645 Dosages (Salad Burnet) — 2–6 g dry tops as tea, ×/day (CAN); 2–6 ml liquid top extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 2–8 ml top tincture (1:5 in 45% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 2–3 tsp (2.8–4.2 g) herb in cold tea (MAD); 30–50 drops tincture (MAD) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Salad Burnet) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Here’s the broken record (template) played by CAN: In view of the lack of phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicity data, use during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided Excessive use should be avoided (CAN) We could say that about any herb that has not been studied extensively Few pharmaceuticals have been proven for pregnant and lactating women, and for pediatric dosages Should we ask more of the long-used herbs? SALEP (Orchis spp.) ++ (but X) Including O mascula L., O morio, O ustula Probably any orchid with paired bulbs suggests testicles = orchis Activities (Salep) — Analgesic (f; PH2); Aphrodisiac (f; EFS); Astringent (f; EFS); Cholagogue (f; PH2); Demulcent (1; PH2); Hypocholesterolemic (1; PH2); Hypoglycemic (f; PH2); Nervine (f; EFS); Tonic (f; EFS) Indications (Salep) — Debility (f; PH2); Diabetes (f; PH2); Diarrhea (f; FEL; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Gas (f; PH2); Hemiplegia (f; PH2); High Cholesterol (1; PH2); Hyperglycemia (f; PH2); Mucososis (1; PH2); Neurasthenia (f; PH2); Pain (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; PH2) Dosages (Salep) — g/cup tea (HHB);1 tsp powdered root/glass warm water, before meals (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Salep) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) SALPANI (Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.) ++ Synonyms: Hedysarum gangeticum L., Meibomia gangetica (L.) Kuntze Activities (Salpani) — Alexeteric (f; KAB); Alterative (f; KAB; MBB; WOI); Antibacterial (1; MPI); Anticholinesterase (1; MPI); Antiinflammatory (1; MPI); Antipyretic (f; DEP; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB; MBB; MPI); Astringent (f; KAB; SUW); Bitter (f; KAB; WOI); Cardiodepressant (1; MPI); Curare (1; MPI); Diuretic (1; MPI; SUW; WOI); Enterorelaxant (1; MPI); Estrogenic (1; FNF); Expectorant (f; WOI); Fungicide (1; MPI); Immunostimulant (f; MBB); Lipogenic (f; KAB); Myorelaxant (1; MPI); Sedative (f; MBB); Tonic (f; KAB; MBB; WOI); Tranquilizer (f; MBB); Uterorelaxant (1; MPI); Vermifuge (f; KAB) Indications (Salpani) — Asthma (f; KAB; SKJ; SUW); Atherosis (f; MBB); Bacteria (1; MPI); Biliousness (f; KAB; SUW); Bite (f; KAB; SUW); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, nose (f; JLH); Catarrh (f; DEP; MPI); Childbirth (f; KAB); Cough (f; SKJ; SUW); CVI (f; MBB); Diarrhea (f; KAB; SUW); Dysentery (f; KAB; SKJ); Dysuria (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; JLH); Fever (f; DEP; KAB); Fungus (1; MPI); Hemicrania (f; KAB); Hemorrhoid (f; KAB); Immunodepression (f; MBB); Infection (1; MPI); Inflammation (1; KAB; MPI); Insomnia (f; MBB); Mycosis (1; MPI); Nausea (f; KAB); Nervousness (f; MBB); Neurosis (f; KAB; MBB); Polyp (f; JLH); Pulmonosis (f; KAB); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; KAB; SUW); Sting (f; KAB); Stress (f; MBB); Thirst (f; KAB; SUW); Tuberculosis (f; MBB); Typhoid (f; KAB; MBB; MPI); Vomiting (f; KAB); Water Retention (1; MPI; SUW; WOI); Worm (f; KAB) S 646 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Salpani) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2) Nontoxic in acute toxicity studies (MPI) Alkaloids curaroid (MPI) Quarternary betacarboline alkaloids anticholinesterase, 1/6th as potent as physostigmine, more potent than tertiary beta-carbolines (MPI) Perhaps their synergies may make up for low quantitation of genistein itself SAMPHIRE (Crithmum maritimum L.) ++ Activities (Samphire) — Aperitif (f; EFS); Depurative (f; EFS); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS); Stimulant (f; EFS) Indications (Samphire) — Anorexia (f; EFS); Scurvy (1; PH2); Water Retention (f; EFS) Dosages (Samphire) — Food farmacy (FAC; TAN) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Samphire) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (dosage not given) (PH2) SANDALWOOD (Santalum album L.) + Activities (Sandalwood) — Abortifacient (f; SKJ); Alexeteric (f; MBB); Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (1; CRC; JBU); Anaphrodisiac (f; DEP; HH2; PHR; PH2); Antibacterial (1; CRC; KOM; SKY); Antiherpetic (1; JBU); Antiinflammatory (1; PHR); Antipyretic (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; CRC; KAP; PNC); Antispasmodic (2; KOM); Antiviral (1; JBU); Aphrodisiac (f; KAB; KAP); Astringent (f; CRC; KAP); Depurative (f; MAD); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; DEP; KAP; SUW); Diuretic (f; CRC; MAD; PNC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Hepatoprotective (f; MAD); Laxative (f; KAB); Nephrotoxic (1; PH2); Sedative (f; SKY); Stimulant (f; CRC); Stomachic (f; CRC); Urinary Antiseptic (1; CRC; PHR; PH2) S Indications (Sandalwood) — Acne (f; CRC); Asthma (f; CRC; MAD); Bacteria (1; CRC; KOM; SKY); Biliousness (f; DEP; KAB); Bleeding (f; KAB); Bone Ache (f; CRC); Bronchosis (2; CRC; MAD; PHR); Burn (f; SKJ); Callus (f; JLH); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (f; JLH); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; DAA; MAD); Cholecystosis (2; PHR); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (2; PHR); Constipation (f; KAB); Cough (2; PHR); Cramp (2; KOM); Cystosis (1; CRC; KAP; MAD); Dermatosis (1; ABS; CRC; DEP; SUW); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Dysentery (f; CRC; KAP); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; MAD); Dysuria (f; MAD); Elephantiasis (f; CRC); Enterosis (f; CRC; MAD); Epigastrosis (f; PH2); Erysipelas (f; DEP; KAP); Fever (2; CRC; DEP; KAP; PHR; PH2; SUW); Gastrosis (f; CRC; DAA; KAP; MAD); Gleet (f; CRC; KAP); Gonorrhea (f; CRC; DEP; MAD; PHR; PH2); Headache (f; CRC; DEP; SKJ; SUW); Heatstroke (f; PHR; PH2); Hematuria (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; DEP; KAB); Hepatosis (2; MAD; PHR); Herpes (1; JBU); Hiccup (f; CRC; DAA); Infection (1; CRC; PNC); Inflammation (f; JLH; MAD; PHR; PH2; SKJ; SUW); Insomnia (f; SKY); Itch (f; DEP; KAB; KAP; SUW); Malaria (f; SKJ); Menopause (f; MBB); Migraine (f; MAD); Mucososis (f; MAD); Myocardosis (f; DAA); Nausea (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; MAD); Nervousness (f; SKY); Pain (1; CRC; JBU); Pharyngosis (2; PHR); Prickly Heat (f; DEP; KAP; SUW); Prostatosis (f; MAD); Prurigo (f; DEP); Pyelosis (f; MAD); Splenosis (f; CRC; SKJ); Staphylococcus (1; ABS; MAD); Stomachache (f; CRC; DAA); Stomatosis (2; JLH; PHR); Streptococcus (f; MAD); Swelling (f; MAD); Syphilis (f; MAD); Thirst (f; DEP; KAB; KAP); Tuberculosis (f; SKJ); Tumor (f; CRC); Urethrosis (f; CRC; KAP; MAD); Urogenitosis (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; MAD); UTI (2; KOM); VD (f; PH2); Vertigo (f; MBB); Virus (2; JBU; KOM; SKY); Vomiting (f; DEP); Water Retention (f; CRC; MAD; PNC); Wound (f; KAB) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 647 Dosages (Sandalwood) — 3–6 g powdered wood (KAP); 10–20 g wood (KOM; PH2); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 1–1.5 g EO (KOM; PH2); 5–25 minims wood oil (KAP); 6–12 drops (300–600 mg) wood oil several ×/day (MAD); 0.3–1 ml wood oil (PNC); dilute oil applied topically (SKY) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sandalwood) — Class 2d (AHP).“Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Can be allergenic topically (SKY) Commission E reports herb contains irritating triterpene saponins (AEH) EO should be used in an enteric coated form (KOM) Contraindicated in diseases of the parenchyma of the kidney (as probably would be all EOs) Side effects include dermatosis, GI distress, hematuria, nausea, and skin itch (KOM; PHR) No drug interactions known (KOM) Do not use more than weeks without consulting a physician (KOM) SANDARAC (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) + Synonyms: Callitris articulata (Vahl) Murb., C quadrivalvis Vent., Thuja articulata Vahl Activities (Sandarac) — Abortifacient (f; BIB); Antibacterial (f; PH2) Indications (Sandarac) — Bacteria (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Dermatosis (f; BIB); Diarrhea (f; HH3; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Fever (f; HH3; PH2); Gout (f; PH2); Migraine (f; BIB); Neck (f; BIB); Pain (f; BIB); Rheumatism (f; PH2); Sunburn (f; BIB); Swelling (f; PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sandarac) — Not covered (AHP) “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) SANDBOX TREE (Hura crepitans L.) X Activities (Sandbox Tree) — Analgesic (f; CRC); Antidote (f; CRC); Aperient (f; CRC); Candidicide (f; CRC); Carcinogen (f; CRC); Curare (f; CRC); Dentifuge (f; CRC); Emetic (f; CRC); Immunostimulant (1; CRC); Insecticide (f; CRC); Insectifuge (1; IED); Laxative (f; CRC); Mitogenic (1; CRC); Piscicide (1; CRC); Poison (1; CRC); Vermifuge (f; JFM) Indications (Sandbox Tree) — Boil (f; CRC); Candida (f; CRC); Constipation (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Elephantiasis (f; CRC); Immunodepression (1; CRC); Leprosy (f; CRC); Myalgia (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Pain (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Worm (f; JFM); Yeast (f; CRC) Dosages (Sandbox Tree) — 2–3 seed/purge (JFM) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sandbox Tree) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHR) SAND SPURREY (Spergularia rubra (L.) J Presl & C Presl) ++ Synonym: Arenaria rubra L PH2 strangely adopts the old scientific name, Arenaria rubra, as the common name Activities (Sand Spurrey) — Diuretic (1; PH2); Litholytic (f; FEL) Indications (Sand Spurrey) — Bladder Stone (f; HHB); Calculus (f; PH2); Colic (f; WOI); Cystosis (f; PH2; WOI); Dysuria (f; PH2); Gravel (f; FEL); Stone (f; FEL; HHB); Urethrosis (f; WOI); Water Retention (1; PH2) S ...644 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sago Cycas) — “Cycasin is carcinogenic... Vomiting (f; FAD); Water Retention (f; PH2); Worm (f; MAD); Wound (f; HH2; PHR; PH2) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 645 Dosages (Salad Burnet) — 2–6 g dry tops as tea, ×/day (CAN); 2–6 ml liquid... MBB; MPI); Vomiting (f; KAB); Water Retention (1; MPI; SUW; WOI); Worm (f; KAB) S 646 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Salpani) — Not covered (AHP;