P PACIFIC YEW (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) X PHR treats the European yew, Taxus baccata; APA treats the Western Yew, Taxus brevifolia; DEM treats both; all apparently contain the antitumor compound, Monroe Wall, named taxol (Paclitaxel) Activities (Pacific Yew) — Anticancer (1; APA); Antimelanomic (1; APA); Antimitotic (1; APA); Antitumor (1; APA); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Poison (1; DEM) Indications (Pacific Yew) — Cancer (1; APA; DEM); Cancer, breast (1; APA); Cancer, cervix (1; APA); Cancer, ovary (1; APA); Cancer, skin (1; APA); Debility (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; APA); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Hematuria (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; APA); Melanoma (1; APA); Metastasis (1; APA); Pain (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; APA); Stomachache (f; DEM); Sunburn (f; DEM); Tumor (1; APA); Wound (f; DEM) Dosages (Pacific Yew) — Not appropriate for home use (APA) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Pacific Yew) — Not covered (AHP; KOM) Very poisonous plant, causing colic, dry mouth, dyspnea, hypotension, mydriasis, paleness, queasiness, rash, reddening or blueness of the lips, unconsciousness, vertigo, and vomiting Death may result from asphyxiation and diastolic cardiac arrest 50–100 g fresh needles can kill an adult (APA; PHR) Fatalities reported from drinking yew tea (APA) Still, Indians ate the berries as food PAGODA TREE (Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott) + Synonym: Sophora japonica L., S japonica f pendula Zabel Activities (Pagoda Tree) — Abortifacient (f; DAA); Analgesic (f; LMP); Antibacterial (1; DAA); Anticancer (f; DAA); Antifertility (f; DAA); Antiseptic (1; DAA); Astringent (f; WOI); Emetic (1; DAA; LMP); Estrogenic (1; WBB; WOI); Hemostat (f; DAA); Laxative (f; DAA); Toxic (f; DAA; HHB) Indications (Pagoda Tree) — Apprehension (f; DAA); Bacteria (1; DAA); Bleeding (f; DAA); Burn (f; DAA); Cancer (f; DAA); Cardiopathy (1; FNF); Caries (f; LMP); Childbirth (f; DAA); Circulosis (f; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; DAA); Constipation (f; DAA); Convulsion (f; DAA); Dermatosis (f; DAA); Dysentery (f; DAA; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; LMP); Enterosis (f; LMP); Epilepsy (f; DAA); Epistaxis (f; DAA); Escherichia (1; DAA); Fever (f; DAA); Gingivosis (f; LMP); Glaucoma (1; FNF); Gonorrhea (f; DAA); Hematemesis (f; DAA); Hemorrhoid (1; DAA; FNF; HHB); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FNF); Infection (1; DAA); Inflammation (f; PH2); Itch (f; DAA); Leukorrhea (f; DAA); Metrorrhagia (f; DAA); Neurosis (f; DAA; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; DAA); Orchosis (f; DAA); Pain (f; LMP); Scabies (f; LMP); Sore (f; DAA); Staphylococcus (1; DAA); Toothache (f; LMP); Ulcer (f; LMP); VD (f; DAA); Vertigo (f; DAA) Dosages (Pagoda Tree) — g flower decoction/day (HHB); 1–3 g powdered flower (HHB) 549 P 550 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Pagoda Tree) — Not covered (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) Old reports suggest that chronic ingestion can lead to edema, possibly even death (HHB; PH2) Flowers (with 13 up to 30% rutin) extracted in hot water can yield 80–85% of their rutin (WOI) If true, a gram of dry flower containing 250 mg rutin could yield a tea containing 200 mg rutin, a pharmacologically significant dose, if early Merck indices were correct in suggesting only a daily oral dose of 20 mg/day Werbach suggests 60 mg/day might help stave off glaucoma PAKISTANI EPHEDRA (Ephedra gerardiana Wall ex Stapf) + Activities (Pakistani Ephedra) — Alterative (f; CRC); Analeptic (1; WOI); Anesthetic (1; WOI); Antipyretic (f; KAB); Astringent (f; CRC; KAB); Bronchodilator (1; WOI); Cardiodepressant (f; CRC); Cardiotonic (f; KAB); CNS Stimulant (1; CRC; WOI); Decongestant (1; WOI); Diaphoretic (f; CRC; KAB); Diuretic (f; CRC); Mydriatic (f; CRC); Myodepressant (f; CRC); Respirastimulant (1; WOI); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Uterocontractant (1; WOI); Vasoconstrictor (1; WOI) Indications (Pakistani Ephedra) — Allergy (f; CRC); Asthma (1; CRC; KAB; SKJ); Bronchosis (f; SKJ); Cold (f; CRC); Congestion (1; WOI); Coryza (f; WOI); Cough (f; CRC); Depression (1; WOI); Dermatosis (f; CRC); Diarrhea (f; CRC); Diphtheria (f; KAB); Edema (f; CRC); Emphysema (1; CRC); Enuresis (f; CRC; SKJ); Epilepsy (f; CRC); Eruption (f; CRC); Exophthalmia (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; KAB); Goiter (f; CRC); Hay Fever (1; CRC; SKJ; WOI); Headache (f; CRC); Heart (f; KAB); Hyperemia (1; CRC); Hypotension (f; CRC); Itch (f; CRC); Malaria (f; CRC); Mucososis (f; WOI); Myasthenia gravis (f; CRC); Narcolepsy (1; WOI); Pain (1; WOI); Pertussis (f; CRC); Pneumonia (f; KAB); Rash (f; SKJ); Respirosis (f; KAB); Rheumatism (f; CRC); Rhinosis (1; CRC; WOI); Sinusosis (f; SKJ; WOI); Syphilis (f; KAB); Urticaria (f; CRC); VD (f; CRC) P Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Pakistani Ephedra) — “Classified by the FDA as an Herb of Undefined Safety.” “Used as an antisyphilitic Also used as an astringent A Chinese species, Ephedra sinica, called ‘ma-huang’ in China, contains the alkaloid ephedrine, a powerful decongestant.” In large doses, ephedrine causes headache, indigestion, nervousness, flushing, numbing of the extremities, nausea, tingling, palpitations, and vertigo Contact dermatosis may occur at onset of application or as much as years later (CRC) PANSY (Viola tricolor L.) ++ Synonym: V tricolor var hortensis DC Can be substituted for V odorata L.(FEL) Activities (Pansy) — Analgesic (1; CEB; WAM); Antiinflammatory (1; PHR; PNC); Antioxidant (1; PHR); Antiseptic (1; CEB); Demulcent (1; WAM); Depurative (f; FAD; FEL; KAB); Diaphoretic (1; HH2); Diuretic (1; FAD; HH2; PNC); Emetic (f; WOI); Expectorant (f; FAD; PNC); Hemolytic (1; HH2; PH2); Laxative (f; FAD; PHR; PH2; WOI); Metabolic Stimulant (f; PHR); Natriuretic (1; HH2; PH2); Sedative (f; FAD); Stimulant (f; KAB); Tineacide (f; KAB); Vulnerary (1; APA) Indications (Pansy) — Acne (1; APA; HH2; PHR; PH2); Arrhythmia (f; FAD); Asthma (f; FAD); Atherosclerosis (f; HH2); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; PNC); Cancer (f; JLH); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; FAD); Catarrh (1; FEL; HH2; PHR; PH2); Childbirth (f; HH2); Cold (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Conjunctivosis (f; MIC); Constipation (f; FAD; PHR; PH2; WOI); Cough (f; DEM); Cradle Cap (1; PH2; WAM); Dandruff (1; APA); Dermatosis (2; APA; KAB; PH2; PHR; WAM); Dysentery (f; KAB; WOI); Eczema (1; FAD; HH2; PHR); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 551 (f; FEL); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Exanthema (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Fever (1; FAD; HH2; PHR; PH2); Gout (f; HH2); Headache (f; DEM); Impetigo (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; PH2; PNC); Insomnia (f; FAD); Itch (f; HH2; PHR); Milk Crust (2; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP); Nervousness (f; FAD); Pain (1; CEB; WAM); Palpitation (f; FAD); Pertussis (f; PHR; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (1; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; HH2); Respirosis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; KAB; PNC); Sarcoma (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; HH2); Seborrhea (2; FEL; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP); Sore Throat (1; FAD; HH2; PH2; WAM); Stomachache (1; WAM); Tinea (f; KAB); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); UTI (f; PH2); Vulvosis (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Wart (2; CEB; PHR) Dosages (Pansy) — 1–2 tsp flowers/cup water (APA; WIC); tbsp infusion ×/day (5–10 g herb/liter hot tea) (HH2); 1.5 g/cup water up to ×/day (KOM; PIP); tbsp/cup tea (PH2); 5–10 g/liter (PH2); one white or yellow flower could provide 20 mg rutin Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Pansy) — Class (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) None known (KOM; WAM) May need the salicylate warning (0.3% salicylic acid) (APA) “Contains saponins, may be toxic in large dose” (FAD) As one of my best sources of rutin (up to 20 mg rutin per edible pansy flower, needs to be verified), this may share some of the many activities of rutin HH2 still maintains that the flowers contain 23% “Rutoside (Rutin, Viola-Quercitrin),” commenting that the highest levels occur in the white and yellow flowers, with less in blue and violet flowers PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) +++ P Synonyms: C peltata Hook & Arn., C posoposa L., Papaya carica Gaertn Activities (Papaya) — Abortifacient (1; VAG; WBB; 60P); Allergenic (1; PHR; PNC); Amebicide (1; TRA); Analgesic (1; PH2; TRA); Antibacterial (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Anticonvulsant (1; TRA; 60P); Antidiptheric (1; TRA); Antiedemic (1; KOM; PH2); Antifertility (1; 60P); Antiimplantation (1; TRA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; PH2; TRA); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antipyretic (f; HHB; JFM; WBB); Antiseptic (1; APA; PH2; TRA; WBB; 60P); Antispasmodic (1; TRA); Antitetanic (1; TRA); Antitumor (1; TRA; 60P); Antiulcer (1; APA; PH2); Ascaricide (1; AAB; WBB); Bronchodilator (1; TRA); Candidicide (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Cardiac (f; WBB); Cardiodepressant (1; AAB); Cardiotonic (1; HHB); Carminative (f; WBB); Chronotropic (1; TRA); Cicatrizant (1; 552 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs TRA); Contraceptive (1; TRA); Digestive (1; APA; PNC; WAM); Diuretic (1; KOM; TRA; WBB); Embryotoxic (1; PH2); Emmenagogue (f; JFM; PH2; WBB); Fibrinolytic (1; PH2); Fungicide (1; AAB; APA; HHB; TRA); Hypotensive (1; TRA); Immunostimulant (f; APA); Laxative (f; AAB; HHB; JFM; WBB); Myorelaxant (f; 60P); Pectoral (f; JFM); Proteolytic (1; 60P; APA; TRA WBB); Sedative (f; KOM); Taenicide (f; WBB); Teratogenic (1; PH2); Tranquilizer (1; TRA); Uterorelaxant (1; TRA); Vermifuge (1; APA; KOM; PH2; TRA; VAG; WBB; 60P); Vulnerary (1; AAB; PNC) P Indications (Papaya) — Abscess (f; KOM); Adenopathy (f; JLH; KOM); Adnexosis (f; KOM); Aging (f; KOM); Ameba (1; TRA); Anorexia (f; KOM); Anthrax (f; WBB); Ascaris (1; AAB; WBB); Asthma (f; HHB; JFM; WBB); Atherosclerosis (f; KOM); Bacteria (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Boil (f; WBB); Bronchosis (f; JFM; KOM; PH2); Burn (f; KOM; WBB); Callus (f; JFM); Cancer (1; JLH; TRA; 60P); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC); Candida (1; AAB; APA; TRA); Cardiopathy (f; KOM); Cholecystosis (f; KOM); Circulosis (f; KOM); Cold (f; JFM); Conjunctivosis (f; PNC); Constipation (f; AAB; HHB; JFM; KOM; WBB); Convulsion (1; TRA; 60P); Corn (f; AAB; JLH); Cough (f; JFM; PH2); Cramp (1; TRA); Cystosis (f; WBB); Dehydration (f; VAG); Depression (f; KOM); Dermatosis (f; JFM; WBB); Diarrhea (f; JFM); Discosis (1; JAD); Duodenosis (f; PH2); Dyscrasia (f; KOM); Dysentery (f; WBB); Dyspepsia (1; KOM; PH2; PNC; WAM); Dysuria (f; JFM); Earache (f; WBB); Edema (1; KOM; PH2); Enterosis (f; JFM; PHR; PH2; WBB); Fever (f; HHB; JFM; WBB); Fistula (f; KOM); Flu (f; KOM); Fontanelle (f; ZIM); Freckle (f; APA; JFM); Fungus (1; AAB; APA; HHB; TRA); Furuncle (f; TRA); Gas (f; KOM); Gastrosis (f; PHR; PH2); Gonorrhea (1; TRA; VAG; WBB); Heartburn (1; FNF; TGF); Hematoma (f; KOM); Hemorrhoid (f; KOM; PH2; WBB); Hepatosis (f; AAB; JFM; KOM); High Blood Pressure (1; JFM; TRA; WBB); Hodgkin’s Disease (f; KOM); Immunodepression (f; APA); Infection (1; AAB APA; HHB; KOM; PHR; TRA); Infertility (1; APA); Inflammation (1; APA; JFM; KOM; PHR; PH2; TRA); Insomnia (f; KOM); Jaundice (f; WBB); Leukemia (f; KOM); Lymphoma (f; KOM); Malaria (f; JFM); Metastasis (f; KOM); Mycosis (1; AAB; APA; HHB; TRA); Nausea (1; WAM); Nephrosis (f; HHB; WBB); Nervousness (1; KOM; TRA); Neurasthenia (f; KOM); Neurosis (f; KOM); Pain (1; CRC; PH2; TRA); Pancreatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Parasite (1; 60P; PHR; PH2; WAM); Pharyngosis (f; KOM); Phlebitis (f; KOM); Proctosis (f; KOM); Psoriasis (f; APA); Respirosis (f; KOM; WBB); Rheumatism (f; KOM; WBB); Ringworm (1; APA; JFM); Roemeld Syndrome (f; KOM); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Shigella (1; AAB); Sore Throat (f; JFM; KOM); Splenomegaly (f; JFM; WBB); Splenosis (f; JFM); Staphylococcus (1; AAB); Stomatosis (f; KOM); Stone (f; PH2); Swelling (1; KOM; PH2); Syphilis (f; HHB; WBB); Tapeworm (f; WBB); Thirst (f; CRC); Thrombosis (f; KOM); Tuberculosis (1; TRA); Tumor (1; JLH; KOM; TRA; 60P); Ulcer (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Urethrosis (f; KOM; TRA); UTI (f; PH2); Vaginosis (f; APA); Varicosis (f; KOM); VD (f; AAB; JFM; WBB); Wart (f; AAB; JFM; WBB); Water Retention (f; JFM); Worm (1; APA; KOM; PH2; PNC; TRA; VAG; WBB; 60P); Wound (1; KOM; TRA; WBB); Yaws (f; WBB); Yeast (1; AAB; APA; TRA) Commission E, listing more than a dozen folkloric indications, on p 361, does not even recommend papain, because of insufficient proof of efficacy (KOM) Dosages (Papaya) — 1–2 tsp dry leaf/cup water (APA); 1–3 tsp fruit juice (APA); 1–2 tbsp fresh fruit (PED); 1.5–3 g dry fruit (PED); 2.5–5 ml elixir of papaya (PNC); 2.5–5 ml glycerin of papain (PNC); 10–50 mg papain (APA); “Papain may be effective in high doses (daily dose = 1500 mg”) (KOM) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Papaya) — Class (AHP) None known (WAM) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Admitting no risks for the leaf, Commission E disallows for lack of proof of efficacy (KOM) May interact with warfarin (PH2) There are reports of perforated esophagus following over ingestion of fruits (APA) Papain can cause severe stomach inflammation if taken internally, dermatosis externally Allergic reactions including asthma possible (PH2) Not to be used during pregnancy (PH2) See accounts for papain in FNF and KOM Papaya seeds can reverse sterility without affecting libido ... Commission E disallows for lack of proof of efficacy (KOM) May interact with warfarin (PH2) There are reports of perforated esophagus following over ingestion of fruits (APA) Papain can cause... Dysentery (f; KAB; WOI); Eczema (1; FAD; HH2; PHR); Endothelioma (f; JLH); Enterosis Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 551 (f; FEL); Epithelioma (f; JLH); Exanthema (f; HH2; PHR; PH2); Fever (1; FAD;... in large dose” (FAD) As one of my best sources of rutin (up to 20 mg rutin per edible pansy flower, needs to be verified), this may share some of the many activities of rutin HH2 still maintains