708 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Indications (Surinam-Cherry) — Diarrhea (1; PH2); Edema (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; PH2); Fever (f; PH2); Fungus (1; PH2); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gout (1; PH2); High Blood Pressure (f; PH2); Hyperlipidemic (f; PH2); Infection (1; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2); Mucososis (f; PH2); Obesity (f; PH2); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Respirosis (f; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Rhinosis (f; PH2); Stomachache (f; HHB) Dosages (Surinam-Cherry) — Fruit is a food farmacy? Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Surinam-Cherry) — Not covered (AHP) “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) SWAMP MILKWEED (Asclepias incarnata L.) + Activities (Swamp Milkweed) — Alterative (f; CEB); Cardiotonic (f; FAD; PH2); Carminative (f; CEB); Digestive (f; PH2); Diuretic (f; DEM); Emetic (f; CEB; PH2); Laxative (f; CEB; DEM); Positive Inotropic (1; PH2); Taenifuge (f; CEB); Tonic (f; FAD); Toxic (f; FAD); Vermifuge (f; CEB) Indications (Swamp Milkweed) — Asthma (f; CEB; FAD); Back (f; DEM); Bite (f; CEB); Childbirth (f; DEM); Constipation (f; CEB; DEM); Debility (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; CEB); Dysentery (f; CEB); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Gas (f; CEB); Heart (1; DEM; PH2); Lameness (f; DEM); Navel (f; DEM); Rheumatism (f; FAD); Snakebite (f; CEB); Syphilis (f; FAD); Tapeworm (f; CEB); Toothache (f; DEM); VD (f; FAD); Water Retention (f; DEM); Worm (f; CEB) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Swamp Milkweed) — Not covered (AHP) None known at proper dosage (not stated) (PH2) Potentially toxic (FAD) SWEET ANNIE, ANNUAL WORMWOOD (Artemisia annua L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Annie) — Antibacterial (1; DAA; FAY); Antimalarial (2; FNF; WO3); Antiplasmodial (2; DAA; FNF); Antipyretic (1; DAA; KEB); Antitumor (1; FNF; KEB; WO3); Antiviral (2; FNF); Bitter (1; KEB); Cytotoxic (1; DAA; KEB; WO3); Herbicide (1; DAA; FNF); Immunodepressant (1; KEB); Immunostimulant (1; DAA; KEB); Parasiticide (2; DAA; KEB); Phagocytotic (1; KEB); Protisticide (1; DAA); Schistosomicide (1; X10729713); Schizonticide (1; DAA; KEB); Teratogenic (1; DAA; KEB); Viricide (1; FNF) S Indications (Sweet Annie) — Abscess (f; DAA; FAD); Bacteria (1; DAA; FAY); Boil (f; FAD); Cancer (1; FNF; KEB; WO3); Cerebrosis (f; DAA); Clonorchis (1; KEB); Cold (2; FAD); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Dysentery (f; DAA; FAD); Dyspepsia (2; FAD); Escherichia (1; FAY); Fever (1; DAA; FAY; KEB); Flu (2; FAD); Gas (1; DAA; FAD); Hemorrhoid (f; FAY); Immunodepression (1; DAA; KEB); Infection (f; FAY); Itch (f; WO3); Leishmaniasis (1; KEB); Lupus (f; KEB); Malaria (2; DAA; FAD; FNF; WO3); Malaria Prevention (2; FAD); Night Sweats (f; DAA; FAD); Ophthalmia (f; DAA); Parasite (2; DAA; KEB); Parasitemia (1; DAA); Pneumonocystis (1; KEB); Salmonella (1; FAY); Scabies (f; DAA; WO3); Schistosomiasis (1; X10729713); SLE (2; KEB); Sore (f; WO3); Staphylococcus (1; FAY); Thrombosis (f; DAA); Tuberculosis (f; DAA; FAY); Tumor (1; FNF; KEB; WO3); Virus (2; ABS; FNF); Xerostoma (f; FAY) Dosages (Sweet Annie) — General; 4.5–9 g plant in decoction (FAY); g plant juice/day for malaria (FAY); 30 g plant (dry leaf) or decoction (FAY); 10–20 g/day dry herb or 20–40 ml fluid extract (1:2) (for all KEB’s Chinese posologies, these ratios apply) (KEB); higher doses suggested for malaria and lupus (KEB); 50 mg/kg artemisinin for days (KEB); 300 mg/day artemisinin for 50 days for SLE or 30–54 g herb/day Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 709 Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sweet Annie) — My secretary, Judi, is allergic to the nonflowering material, even in a sealed envelope (JAD) May cause allergy or dermatosis (FAD) Extracts (Sweet Annie) — Contains half a dozen or more antiviral compounds, some proven synergic One naturopathic physician, Dr S Morris, on ecotour in Ngorongoro Crater, where all mosquitoes are malarial, took a tincture of Artemisia annua instead of chloroquine or Lariam, like the rest of us were taking for malaria prevention None of us got malaria Subsequently, that’s what I have taken as preventive in Amazonian Peru, where even my shaman caught malaria Whole herb is more active than artemisinin; gelatin capsules of herb is 3.5 times more effective than artemisinin for clearing parasitemia in mice Capsules are better than chloroquine for fever and malarial symptoms (KEB) Artemisinin is slightly active against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella, Proteus spp., Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis (MIC >32 µg/ml) (KEB) Perhaps doubting empirical wisdom, Klayman questions how the ancient Chinese could have recognized the antimalarial activity when it takes such a large batch of plants to produce a small amount of qinghaosu (the substance artemisinin) Perhaps the answer will be found by testing (whole-herb coldwater) extracts in human beings (DAA) SWEET BAY (Magnolia virginiana L.) ++ Synonyms: M glauca (L.) L., M virginiana var australis Sarg Activities (Sweet Bay) — Antiinflammatory (f; PH2; PNC); Cardioactive (f; HHB); Diaphoretic (f; PH2; PNC); Stimulant (f; PH2; PNC); Tonic (f; PH2; PNC) Indications (Sweet Bay) — Chill (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM; FAD); Dyspepsia (f; FEL; PHR; PH2); Epilepsy (f; FAD; HHB); Fever (f; PH2; PNC); Gastrosis (f; FEL); Inflammation (f; PH2; PNC); Malaria (f; FAD; FEL; HHB); Rheumatism (f; FAD; FEL; HHB); Typhoid (f; FEL) Dosages (Sweet Bay) — 0.5–1 drachm bark 5–6 ×/day (FEL); 2–4 g powdered bark (PNC); 2–4 ml liquid bark extract (PNC); 1–4 fluid drachms tincture (2 oz cones/pint brandy) 3–4 ×/day (FEL) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sweet Bay) — Class (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) SWEET BIRCH (Betula lenta L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Birch) — Alterative (f; CEB); Analgesic (1; FAD); Antiinflammatory (1; FAD; SHT); Antioxidant (1; FNF); Antipyretic (1; FNF); Antiseptic (1; FNF); Aquaretic (SHT); Carminative (1; FNF); Counterirritant (1; FAD); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CEB); Diuretic (f; PIP); Pectoral (f; CEB); Tonic (f; DEM) Indications (Sweet Birch) — Blood (f; DEM); Breast (f; CEB); Bronchosis (1; FAD); Cancer (1; FNF); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cholecystosis (1; FAD); Cold (f; CEB; DEM); Cough (f; CEB); Diarrhea (f; DEM); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; CEB); Fever (1; CEB; FAD; FNF); Gas (1; FNF); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Gout (1; FAD); Gravel (f; PIP); Infection (1; FNF); Inflammation (1; FAD; FNF; SHT); Myosis (1; FAD); Neuralgia (1; FAD); Pain (1; CEB; FAD); Pneumonia (f; DEM); Pulmonosis (1; DEM; FAD); Rheumatism (1; FAD; PIP); Scrofula (f; CEB; FAD); Sore (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; FAD); Stone (f; SHT); UTI (f; SHT); Water Retention (f; PIP) S 710 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Sweet Birch) — 1–2 tbsp chopped leaf/cup water several ×/day (APA); 2–3 g herb several ×/day (PIP); 12 g herb/day (SHT) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sweet Birch) — Class (AHP) Contraindications reported as edema due to cardiac or renal insufficiency (AEH) None reported (PIP) Warning: EO is toxic and easily absorbed through the skin (FAD) Methyl salicylate, the chemical behind the aroma, with antiinflammatory and pain-killing activities, has recently been shown to enable plants to communicate with each other SWEET BROOM, ESCOBILLO (Scoparia dulcis L.) ++ Activities (Sweet Broom) — Abortifacient (f; DAV); Analgesic (1; X1841990); Antiherpetic (1; FNF; X11678658); Antiplaque (1; EMP5:209); Antipyretic (f; DAV); Antiseptic (f; DAV); Antitumor (1; FNF; X11678658); Antiulcer (1; X11678658); Antiviral (1; FNF; X11678658); Aphrodisiac (f; UPW); Astringent (f; DAV); Beta-Glucuronidase Inhibitor (1; X1294695); Contraceptive (f; DAV); Cytotoxic (1; FNF; X11678658); Depurative (f; DAV); Diaphoretic (f; JFM); Emetic (f; DAV); Emollient (f; KAB); Gastroprotective (1; X11678658); Mutagenic (1; X10052564); Orexigenic (f; UPW); Pediculicide (f; JFM); Pulicide (f; JFM); Sympathomimetic (1; X8832498); Tonic (f; JFM); Vulnerary (1; WOI) Indications (Sweet Broom) — Ague (f; KAB); Albuminuria (1; WOI); Anemia (1; WOI); Blennorrhagia (f; KAB); Bronchosis (f; DAV); Bruise (f; JFM); Cachexia (f; UPW); Cancer (1; FNF; X11678658); Candida (f; UPW); Conjunctivosis (f; DAV); Corneosis (1; X11678658); Cough (f; DAV); Dermatosis (f; UPW); Diabetes (1; WOI); Diarrhea (f; DAV; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (1; JFM; X1841990); Dysuria (f; JFM); Earache (f; JFM); Eczema (f; JFM); Edema (f; JFM); Erysipelas (f; DAV); Fatigue (f; UPW); Fever (f; DAV; JFM); Gastrosis (f; KAB); Glycosuria (1; WOI); Gonorrhea (f; JFM); Gravel (f; WOI); Headache (f; DAV; JFM); Hemorrhoid (f; DAV); Hepatosis (f; JFM); Herpes (1; FNF; X11678658); Hyperglycemia (1; WOI); Impotence (f; UPW); Infection (1; DAV; X11678658); Infertility (f; UPW); Itch (f; UPW); Jaundice (f; JFM); Ketonuria (1; WOI); Leprosy (f; UPW); Leukorrhea (f; JFM); Lice (f; JFM); Mange (f; JFM); Marsamus (f; JFM); Metrorrhagia (f; JFM); Migraine (f; DAV); Nephrosis (f; DAV); Ophthalmia (1; DAV; WOI); Pain (1; JFM; X1841990); Pulmonosis (f; JFM); Rash (f; JFM); Retinosis (1; WOI); Sore (f; JFM); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Stomatosis (f; JFM); Tumor (1; FNF; X11678658); Ulcer (1; X11678658); VD (f; JFM); Virus (1; FNF; X11678658); Wound (1; DAV; WOI); Yellow Fever (f; JFM) S Dosages (Sweet Broom) — Handful of plant boiled in liter of water for 15 minutes for refreshment; 2–4 handfuls for bathing deformed babies Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sweet Broom) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2) According to old sources, amellin apparently does not cause blood sugar to drop below normal; reduction of both blood sugar and urine sugar occurs gradually Amellin reportedly raises lowered alkali reserves in diabetics and reduces iron content of serum and of blood acetone bodies Amellin prevents tissue wastage and promotes better utilization of dietary protein Fat in adipose tissue is reduced by amellin administration Amellin promotes healing (WOI) I not find amellin on PubMed Dry plants not exhibit the antidiabetic properties (JFM; WOI) of the fresh plant juice Eli Lily tests showed no antidiabetic properties (JFM) Perhaps the fresh juice should be analyzed anew Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 711 SWEET CICELY (Myrrhis odorata L Scop.) +++ Activities (Sweet Cicely) — Analgesic (f; PH2); Carminative (1; EFS; FNF; PHR; PH2); Depurative (f; PHR; PH2); Digestive (1; PH2); Diuretic (1; EFS; FNF); Emmenagogue (1; EFS; FNF); Expectorant (f; HHB; PHR; PH2; PNC); Stomachic (f; PNC); Tonic (f; EFS; PHR; PNC) Indications (Sweet Cicely) — Amenorrhea (1; FNF); Anemia (f; PNC); Asthma (f; HHB; PHR); Bite (f; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Chest Ache (f; PH2); Cough (f; PNC); Dyspnea (f; HHB; PHR); Dysuria (f; HHB; PHR); Gas (1; EFS; FNF; PHR; PH2; PNC); Gout (f; HHB; PHR); Induration (f; PH2); Infection (f; PNC); Mastosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Plague (f; PNC); Pulmonosis (f; PHR; PH2); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Snakebite (f; PH2); Sore (f; JLH; PH2); Sore Throat (f; PH2); Swelling (f; PHR; PH2); Uterosis (f; JLH); Water Retention (1; EFS; FNF); Wound (f; PH2) Dosages (Sweet Cicely) — None given (PHR) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sweet Cicely) — None known with proper administration (not given) (PHR) SWEET FERN (Comptonia peregrina (L.) J M Coult.) + Synonyms: C asplenifolia (L.) L’Hér ex Aiton, Liquidambar peregrina L., Myrica asplenifolia L Activities (Sweet Fern) — Astringent (1; FAD); Depurative (f; DEM); Expectorant (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DEM) Indications (Sweet Fern) — Bleeding (f; FAD); Blister (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cramp (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; FAD); Diarrhea (f; FAD); Dysentery (f; FAD); Fever (f; DEM); Flux (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Headache (f; DEM); Inflammation S 712 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (f; DEM); Itch (f; DEM); Leukorrhea (f; FAD); Mucososis (f; DEM); Poison Ivy (f; FAD); Pulmonosis (f; DEM); Rash (f; FAD); Rheumatism (f; FAD); Roundworm (f; DEM); Scrofula (f; DEM); Sprain (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Swelling (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; DEM); Worm (f; DEM) SWEET GALE (Myrica gale L.) ++ Synonyms: M gale var tomentosa C DC., M tomentosa (C DC.) Asch & Graebn Taxonomists sometimes have trouble distinguishing M cerifera L., M gale L., and M pensylvanica Mirb., so I suspect the herbalists and collectors may mix them on occasion Rafinesque, an eccentric MD, circa 1839, said that all species were equivalent from the medicinal point of view (CEB) Activities (Sweet Gale) — Antioxidant (1; ABS); Antiviral (1; ABS); Astringent (f; PNC; PH2); Bacteristat (1; FAD; PNC); Diuretic (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Emetic (f; CEB); Errhine (f; CEB); Expectorant (f; CEB); Fungistat (1; FAD; PNC); Hepatoprotective (f; ABS); Insecticide (f; CEB); Insectifuge (1; ABS; CEB); Narcotic (f; CEB); Sedative (1; ABS); Sialagogue (f; CEB); Stimulant (f; CEB); Stomachic (f; CEB; EFS); Toxic (1; PH2); Vermifuge (f; CEB; PHR; PH2) Indications (Sweet Gale) — Alopecia (f; CEB); Bacteria (1; FAD; PNC); Bite (f; CEB); Bleeding (f; CEB); Boil (f; CEB); Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cholera (f; CEB); Colic (f; CEB); Condyloma (f; JLH); Diarrhea (f; CEB); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; CEB); Dyspepsia (f; PHR; PH2); Epistaxis (f; CEB); Fever (f; CEB); Flu (1; ABS); Fungus (1; FAD; PNC); Gonorrhea (f; DEM; FAD); Headache (f; CEB); Hepatosis (f; ABS); Herpes (1; ABS); Hysteria (f; CEB); Insomnia (1; ABS); Itch (f; CEB; PHR); Metrorrhagia (f; CEB); Nervousness (1; ABS); Palsy (f; CEB); Parasite (f; EFS); Sclerosis (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; JLH); Sore (f; CEB); Sore Throat (f; CEB); Splenosis (f; JLH); Swelling (f; CEB); Toothache (f; CEB); Typhoid (f; CEB); Uterosis (f; CEB); VD (f; DEM; FAD); Virus (1; ABS); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; CEB; DEM; FAD); Worm (f; CEB; PHR; PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sweet Gale) — Not covered (AHP) EO is toxic (PNC) “The mixing of the plant with beer, as practiced in the Middle Ages, is said to have led to manic episodes” (PHR) S Extracts (Sweet Gale) — Methylated dihydrochalcones are bacteristat and fungistat (PNC) Myrigalone-B, from the fruits, is a potent antioxidant that inhibits lipid peroxidation It may therefore help protect liver tissue from hepatotoxins (maybe even the alcohol in sweet-gale-beverages) Simpson et al (1996) report antiviral activity for extracts Influenza A virus and a bacteriophage of Pseudomonas procyanea were suppressed by direct contact with the extract, probably due to tannins SWEET GOLDENROD (Solidago odora Aiton) ++ With good reason, many authors have taken a generic approach to Solidago EFS aggregates S odora and S virgaurea L PH2 confesses that S canadensis L., C gigantea Aiton, and S virgaurea L have been interchangeably mixed in the market Few of the compilers, including yours truly, could positively identify which species is in the apothecary jar, and probably none of the chemical studies are vouchered While I have maintained citations for several species, I think the identities are all suspect Activities (Sweet Goldenrod) — Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; FEL); Astringent (f; EFS; FEL); Carminative (f; EFS; FEL); Diaphoretic (f; EFS; HHB); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; FEL; HHB); Expectorant (f; EFS); Hemostat (f; EFS); Stimulant (f; EFS); Tonic (f; FEL); Vulnerary (f; EFS) ... Rheumatism (1; FAD; PIP); Scrofula (f; CEB; FAD); Sore (f; CEB); Stomachache (f; FAD); Stone (f; SHT); UTI (f; SHT); Water Retention (f; PIP) S 710 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Sweet Birch)... properties (JFM; WOI) of the fresh plant juice Eli Lily tests showed no antidiabetic properties (JFM) Perhaps the fresh juice should be analyzed anew Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 711 SWEET CICELY.. .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 709 Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Sweet Annie) — My secretary,