388 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs HORSERADISH (Armoracia rusticana P Gaertn et al.) ++ H Synonyms: A lapathifolia Gilib ex Usteri, Cochlearia armoracia L., Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fr., Radicula armoracia (L.) B L Rob., Rorippa armoracia (L.) Hitchc Activities (Horseradish) — Abortifacient (f; DEM; FEL); Allergenic (1; CAN); Antibacterial (1; BGB; FAD); Antiedemic (f; BGB); Antiinflammatory (f; BGB); Antioxidant (1; FNF; PED); Antisarcomic (1; WO2); Antiseptic (2; APA; KOM; SKY); Antispasmodic (1; HHB; PHR; PH2); Antitumor (1; FAD); Aperitif (f; DEM); Bitter (1; PED; WO2); Carcinostatic (1; PHR; PH2); Carminative (f; WO2); Circulostimulant (f; CAN); Counterirritant (1; PED); Decongestant (1; APA); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; PNC); Digestive (f; APA; CAN; DEM); Diuretic (f; APA; FEL; PNC); Expectorant (1; APA; FAD; PED); Fungicide (1; HHB); Hyperemic (2; KOM; PHR; PH2); Hypotensive (1; CAN); Hypothyroidism (1; CAN); Immunostimulant (f; PED); Rubefacient (2; APA; SKY); Sialagogue (f; FEL; WO2); Stimulant (f; PNC); Vesicant (1; FAD); Vulnerary (f; CAN) Indications (Horseradish) — Allergy (f; PED); Anorexia (f; APA; DEM); Arthrosis (1; APA; BGB; CAN); Asthma (f; BGB; DEM); Atony (f; FEL); Bacteria (2; BGB; FAD; HHB; KOM); Bronchosis (2; APA; PHR; PH2; SKY); Cancer (1; FAD; FNF; JLH); Cancer, abdomen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, breast (1; FNF); Cancer, colon (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, spleen (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, stomach (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, skin (1; FNF; JLH; WO2); Catarrh (2; KOM; PHR); Chilblain (f; GMH); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cold (1; DEM; SKY); Colic (f; APA; PH2); Congestion (1; APA); Cough (2; GMH; PHR; PH2); Cramp (1; HHB; PHR; PH2); Cystosis (1; PHR); Dental Plaque (f; FAD); Diabetes (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; FEL; HHB); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; PHR; PH2; SKY); Dysuria (2; CAN; PED; PHR); Edema (f; BGB; CAN); Enterosis (1; PH2; WO2); Fever (f; PNC); Flu (f; GMH; PHR; PH2); Freckle (f; FEL); Fungus (1; HHB); Gas (f; WO2); Glossosis (f; DEM); Gout (f; BGB; GMH; HHB; PHR; WO2); Gravel (f; DEM); Hepatosis (f; HHB; PHR; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; CAN); Hoarseness (f; FEL; GMH; WO2); Immunodepression (f; PED); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (2; HHB; PH2); Inflammation (1; BGB; CAN; PH2); Myalgia (2; BGB; KOM; PH2); Mycosis (1; HHB); Neuralgia (f; DEM; GMH); Pain (1; DEM; PH2); Pertussis (f; GMH); Respirosis (2; APA; DEM; KOM; PHR; PH2); Rheumatism (f; DEM; HHB; PHR); Rhinosis (1; JLH; PED); Sciatica (f; APA; BGB; GMH); Sinusosis (1; SKY); Sore Throat (f; SKY); Splenosis (f; GMH; WO2); Stomatosis (f; DEM); Stone (1; CAN); Swelling (f; BGB; JLH); Toothache (f; DEM); Tumor (1; FAD); Typhoid (1; WO2); Urethrosis (2; KOM; PH2); UTI (2; APA; BGB; KOM; PH2); Water Retention (f; APA; FEL; PNC); Worm (f; APA; GMH); Wound (f; APA) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 389 Dosages (Horseradish) — 20 g fresh root (KOM); 1–2 tbsp fresh root (PED); 2–4 g fresh root before meals (CAN); 1–2 drachms grated root (FEL); 1.5–3 g dry root (PED); g dry root:10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 0.5–1 tsp root ×/day (SKY); 2–3 ml tincture ×/day (SKY) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Horseradish) — Class 2d Contraindicated with gastrosis, GI mucososis, and nephrosis Not for children under years old (AHP; AEH; KOM) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) CAN cautions that glucosinolates are allergenic and irritant Because of the irritant oil, excessive ingestion should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation May depress thyroid function, an action “common to all members of the cabbage and mustard family.” “The oil is one of the most hazardous of all EOs and is not recommended for either external or internal use” (CAN) Excessive doses may lead to diarrhea or night sweats “One case of a heart attack has been recorded—the patient survived” (TAD) Horseradish peroxidase hypotensive (ivn cat), stimulates arachidonic acid metabolites (CAN) HORSERADISH TREE (Moringa oleifera Lam.) +++ Synonyms: Guilandina moringa L., Moringa moringa (L.) Small, M pterygosperma Gaertn Activities (Horseradish Tree) — Abortifacient (1; HHB; KAB; KAP; PH2; SUW); Alexeteric (f; KAB); Analgesic (1; KAB; KAP; MPI; WBB); Antibacterial (1; KAP; WBB); Antidote (f; NUT); Antiedemic (1; MPI); Antiinflammatory (1; KAP; MPI; TRA); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Antiseptic (1; WBB); Antispasmodic (f; HHB; KAP); Antitumor (1; TRA); Antiviral (1; KAP); Aperitif (f; KAB); Aphrodisiac (f; HHB; KAB); Astringent (f; KAB); Cardiodepressant (1; MPI); Cardiotonic (1; HHB; NUT; SKJ; SUW); Carminative (f; KAB; SUW); Cholagogue (f; HHB; NUT); Choleretic (f; KAP); Depurative (f; NUT); Diuretic (1; JFM; KAP; NUT); Ecbolic (f; NUT); Emetic (f; HHB; KAP; NUT); Emmenagogue (f; KAP; PH2); Estrogenic (1; HHB); Expectorant (f; KAB; KAP); Fungistat (1; WBB); Hypertensive (1; HHB; MPI; NUT); Hypotensive (1; HHB; MPI; WBB); Immunostimulant (1; TRA); Immunosuppressant (1; TRA); Laxative (f; HHB; JFM; NUT); Litholytic (f; KAP); Mutagenic (1; TRA); Piscicide (1; TRA); Protisticide (1; TRA); Respirastimulant (1; PH2); Rubefacient (1; FNF; JFM; PH2; SUW); Sedative (1; HHB); Spasmogenic (1; MPI); Stimulant (f; KAB; SUW); Stomachic (f; KAB); Sympathomimetic (1; HHB); Tonic (f; NUT); Uterotonic (f; WBB); Vasoconstrictor (1; HHB); Vermifuge (f; HHB; JFM; KAB); Vesicant (1; KAP); Vibriocide (1; WBB) Indications (Horseradish Tree) — Abscess (f; KAB; PH2); Adenopathy (f; KAP; NUT); Alopecia (f; NUT; SKJ); Ameba (1; TRA); Arthrosis (1; KAB; KAP; PH2; SUW); Ascites (f; HHB; NUT); H 390 H Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Asthma (f; IED; KAP); Bacteria (1; KAP; MPI; WBB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Boil (f; KAP; NUT); Burn (f; JLH; NUT; TRA); Calculus (f; KAB); Cancer (1; JLH; TRA); Cancer, abdomen (f; PH2); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, nasopharynx (1; KAP; MPI); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cardiopathy (f; PH2); Caries (f; SKJ; SUW); Catarrh (f; HHB; KAP; NUT); Cholera (1; SKJ; WBB); Circulosis (f; SUW); Cold (f; JFM); Colic (f; PH2); Constipation (f; HHB; JFM; NUT; PH2); Convulsion (f; NUT); Cough (f; JFM; KAP); Cramp (f; HHB; KAP; SUW); Dandruff (f; PH2); Debility (f; SUW); Dermatosis (f; JFM; PH2); Diabetes (f; PH2); Dropsy (f; IED; KAP; NUT); Dysentery (f; NUT); Dysmenorrhea (f; SKJ); Dyspepsia (f; KAP; PH2); Dysuria (f; NUT); Earache (f; IED); Edema (f; JFM; PH2); Enterosis (f; JLH; PH2); Epilepsy (f; IED; PH2; SUW); Erysipelas (f; NUT); Escherichia (1; TRA; WOI); Fever (f; IED; JFM; PH2; SUW); Fracture (f; SKJ); Fungus (1; MPI; WBB); Gas (f; KAB; SUW); Gastrosis (f; PH2); Gingivosis (f; KAB); Gout (f; IED; KAP); Gravel (f; NUT; SKJ); Hallucination (f; KAB); Headache (f; JFM; PH2); Heart (f; KAB); Hematuria (f; NUT; SKJ); Hepatosis (f; HHB; JLH; SUW); Hiccup (f; KAB); High Blood Pressure (1; HHB; MPI; WBB); Hoarseness (f; KAB); Hysteria (f; IED; KAB; SUW); Immunodepression (1; TRA); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; KAP; WBB); Infertility (f; NUT); Inflammation (1; KAB; KAP; MPI; PH2; TRA); Insomnia (1; HHB); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukemia (f; KAP; MPI); Low Blood Pressure (1; HHB; MPI; NUT); Lumbago (f; KAB; PH2); Madness (f; NUT); Maggot (f; NUT); Malaria (f; JFM; KAP; PH2; SUW); Mycosis (1; HHB; MPI; NUT); Myosis (f; KAB); Nephrosis (f; JFM); Nervousness (1; HHB); Neuralgia (f; KAB; NUT); Ophthalmia (f; KAB); Pain (1; JFM; KAB; KAP; MPI; SKJ; SUW; WBB); Palsy (f; KAB; SUW); Pancreatosis (f; WBB); Paralysis (f; KAB; PH2; SUW); Pharyngosis (f; KAB; KAP); Pneumonia (f; NUT; SKJ); Rheumatism (1; IED; JFM; KAP; PH2; SUW); Rhinosis (1; KAP); Salmonella (1; TRA; WOI); Scabies (f; NUT); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Scrofula (f; NUT); Shigella (1; TRA; WOI); Snakebite (f; IED; PH2); Sore (f; KAB; PH2); Sore Throat (f; KAB); Spasm (f; IED); Splenomegaly (f; PH2); Splenosis (f; JLH; HHB; PH2; SUW); Staphylococcus (1; MPI; WBB; WOI); Stomatosis (f; KAB); Stone (f; KAP); Streptococcus (1; WBB); Swelling (1; JFM; KAP; MPI); Syncope (f; KAB; SUW); Syphilis (f; NUT); Tetanus (f; KAB; SUW); Toothache (f; NUT); Tuberculosis (1; KAP); Tumor (1; NUT; TRA); Ulcer (f; IED); VD (f; NUT; SUW); Vertigo (f; NUT; PH2); Virus (1; KAP; MPI); Wart (f; JFM); Water Retention (1; JFM; KAP; NUT); Worm (f; HHB; JFM; KAB; PH2); Wound (f; IED; PH2); Yellow Fever (f; IED; NUT) Dosages (Horseradish Tree) — tsp root bark tincture in syrup every hours for malaria and nephrosis (JFM) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Horseradish Tree) — Not covered (AHP; KOM) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) 15 g root bark is an abortive (HHB), hence contraindicated in pregnancy (PH2) g/kg led to gastric hyperkeratosis and liver steatosis orally in rat (PH2) Parenteral dose of 22–50 mg/kg glucosinolate is lethal in mice Extracts (Horseradish Tree) — Juice from leaves and stem bark inhibit Staphylococcus aureus but not Escherichia coli (MPI) Another study showed bark extracts were active against Bacillus subtilis, Dip pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella dysenteri, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Vibrio comma Bark extract is fungicidal to Candida albicans, Helminthosporium sativum, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes The 50% ethanolic extract of root bark (devoid of antibacterial activity) was antiviral to the vaccinia virus but not Ranikhet disease virus, but it did inhibit its replication Ether leaf extracts were bacteriostatic to Staphylococcus aureus and S typhosa Alcohol extracts may contain an adrenergic neuron blocking agent (MPI) Alcoholic root bark extract analgesic, antiedemic, and antiinflammatory at 500–1000 mg/kg orally in albino rats (MPI) Aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts are bactericidal, hypotensive, sedative, and respirastimulant LD50 of 50% ethanolic plant extract = mg/kg ipr mouse Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 391 HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense L.) + H Activities (Horsetail) — Antibacterial (1; APA; PED); Antiedemic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; FAD; SHT); Antispasmodic (1; PED; PH2); Aquaretic (1; SHT); Astringent (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Bitter (PED); Carminative (f; PED); Cooling (f; CRC); Diaphoretic (f; PED); Diuretic (2; KOM; PIP; PH2; WAM); Emmenagogue (f; PED); Hemolytic (1; HHB); Hemostat (1; APA; CRC; FAD; PNC); Immunostimulant (1; HHB); Leukocytogenic (1; BGB; HHB); Nephrotonic (f; BGB); Tonic (1; WAM); Vulnerary (2; KOM; WAM) Indications (Horsetail) — Alopecia (f; APA; PHR; PH2); Arthrosis (f; APA; DEM; SKY); Bacteria (1; APA; HHB; PED); Bladder (f; CRC); Bladder Stone (2; PHR; PH2); Bleeding (1; APA; CRC; FAD; PNC); BPH (f; BGB); Brittle Nails (1; SKY); Burn (2; APA; PHR; PH2); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, abdomen (f; CRC); Cancer, bone (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; CRC); Cancer, colon (f; JLH); Cancer, intestine (f; CRC); Cancer, kidney (f; CRC); Cancer, lip (f; CRC); Cancer, liver (f; CRC); Cancer, oral (f; CRC); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC); Cancer, tongue (f; CRC; JLH); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cholecystosis (f; FAD); Conjunctivosis (f; PED); Constipation (f; FAD); Cramp (1; PED; PH2); Cystosis (2; BGB; KOM; PH2; PNC); Dentition (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; BGB; DEM); Dropsy (f; CRC; DEM); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Dysuria (f; BGB; CRC; DEM); Edema (2; KOM; PIP); Enuresis (f; BGB; PNC; WAM); Epistaxis (1; PHR; PH2); Fever (f; CRC; PED); Fracture (f; APA; PHR; PH2; WAM); Frostbite (f; PHR; PH2); Gas (f; PED); Gastrosis (f; CRC; FAD; PH2); Gonorrhea (f; BGB; CRC; FAD); Gout (f; CRC; FAD; PH2); Gravel (2; CRC; KOM; PIP); Headache (f; DEM); Hemopoietic Ailment (f; CRC); Hematuria (f; FAD); Hemoptysis (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (f; PED); Immunodepression (1; HHB); Incontinence (f; BGB; PED); Infection (1; HHB; KOM); Inflammation (2; APA; FAD; KOM; SHT); Kidney Stone (2; APA; PHR; PH2; X7860196); Lumbago (f; DEM); Metrorrhagia (1; PHR); Mycobacteria (1; HHB); Nephrosis (1; FAD; KOM; PH2; PIP); Obesity (f; BGB); Osteoarthrosis (f; SKY); Osteoporosis (f; APA; SKY); Pain (f; DEM); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Polyp (f; CRC; JLH); Poor Bone Development (f; PHR); 392 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Poor Hair (f; PHR); Prostatosis (1; KOM; PNC); Pulmonosis (f; CRC; PH2); Respirosis (2; KOM); Rheumatism (f; APA; CRC; PH2; SKY); Rhinosis (f; JLH; PH2); Rupture (f; BGB); Sore (f; BGB; PH2); Sprain (f; APA); Staphylococcus (1; HHB); Stone (2; PHR; SHT); Strangury (f; BGB); Streptococcus (1; HHB); Swelling (1; APA; CRC; PHR; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD; PH2); Ulcer (f; CRC); Urethrosis (2; CRC; KOM; PNC); UTI (2; APA; KOM; PH2; SHT); Water Retention (2; KOM; PIP; PH2; WAM); Wound (2; KOM; PHR; PH2; WAM) Dosages (Horsetail) — 2–4 tbsp (2–4 g) fresh herb (APA; PED); 1–4 g herb/cup water (SKY; WIC); 3–6 g dry herb (PED); 4.5 g dry herb:22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 1.5 g/cup tea (HHB); g/day (KOM; PH2; SHT); 2–4 ml liquid extract (PNC); 2–6 ml tincture/day (SKY); (~350 mg) capsules ×/day (APA); (355 mg) capsules ×/day; (505 mg) StX ×/day H Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Horsetail) — Class 2d Contraindicated in cardiopathy or nephrosis Powdered herb not recommended for children or long-term use Toxicity is reportedly similar to nicotine poisoning in children who have chewed the stem (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Despite reported benefits of silicon, it seems prudent that infants, young children, and pregnant women not ingest horsetail for extended periods, unless its thiaminase enzyme has been deactivated (Reichert, 1994) Not for use during pregnancy, or with kidney or heart disease (WAM) Raw use depletes thiamine (vitamin B1) Should not be used more than days (WAM) Said to induce seborrheic dermatosis (Reichert, 1994) There’s an inconsistency in an AHP quote, “daily use of the herb should not exceed 2.0 grams doses in excess of 5.0 grams of the herb powder should be taken during meals.” Commission E lists no known contraindications, drug interactions, or side effects (KOM; PIP) at least for oral dosage (PIP) The Herbal PDR says a physician should be consulted when used as a bath additive in cases of major skin lesions, major feverish and infectious diseases, cardiac insufficiency, and hyperotonia (PHR) Beware of related species with toxic alkaloids (SKY) The hemostatic substance is active orally, but neither hypertensive, nor hypotensive, nor a vasoconstrictor (PNC) Bioflavonoids may cause diuresis (SKY) “Silicon content is said to exert a connective tissue-strengthening and antiarthritic action” (SKY) Surprising to me, it has been approved by Commission E for treatment of posttraumatic and static edema, irrigation therapy for bacterial and inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract and renal gravel (KOM), and for burns, kidney and bladder stones, UTIs, and wounds (PHR) Equisetonine is weakly hemolytic (HHB) EO bactericidal against Mycobacteria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus (HHB) Silica strengthens bones, hair, and nails (WAF) HORSEWEED, FLEABANE, CANADIAN FLEABANE (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist) + Synonym: Erigeron canadensis L Activities (Horseweed) — Anticonvulsant (f; DEM); Antiedemic (f; PH2); Antiinflammatory (f; PHR); Astringent (f; FAD); Diaphoretic (f; DEM); Diuretic (f; FAD); Hemostat (f; PHR); Hypotensive (1; PNC); Sternutator (f; DEM); Tonic (f; PNC); Vermifuge (f; PHR) Indications (Horseweed) — Acne (f; DEM); Arthrosis (f; DEM); Asthma (f; DEM); Backache (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; PHR; PH2); Bronchosis (f; FAD; PH2); Cancer (f; JLH; PH2); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); Convulsion (f; DEM); Cough (f; DEM; FAD); Cholecystosis (f; FAD; PH2); Cramp (f; DEM); Cystosis (f; FAD; PH2); Dermatosis (f; DEM); Diarrhea (f; DEM; FAD); Dropsy (f; PH2); Dysentery (f; PHR); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Dysuria (f; FAD); Eczema (f; FAD); Enterosis (f; FAD); Epistaxis (f; HHB); Fever (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; FAD; PH2); Gout (f; PH2); Granuloma (f; PH2); Gravel (f; FAD); Headache (f; DEM); Hemorrhoid (f; FAD; PH2); Hepatosis (f; PH2); High Blood Pressure (1; PNC); Hysteria (f; DEM); Inflammation (f; PHR); Leukorrhea (f; DEM); Liver Spot (f; DEM); Menorrhagia (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; FAD); Pain (f; DEM); ... bactericidal, hypotensive, sedative, and respirastimulant LD50 of 50% ethanolic plant extract = mg/kg ipr mouse Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 391 HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense L.) + H Activities (Horsetail)... SKJ); Ameba (1; TRA); Arthrosis (1; KAB; KAP; PH2; SUW); Ascites (f; HHB; NUT); H 390 H Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Asthma (f; IED; KAP); Bacteria (1; KAP; MPI; WBB); Biliousness (f; KAB); Boil (f;.. .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 389 Dosages (Horseradish) — 20 g fresh root (KOM); 1–2 tbsp fresh root (PED); 2–4