348 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (f; BIB); Litholytic (f; BIB); Propecic (1; PH2); Radioprotective (1; X10820088); Stomachic (f; BIB); Tonic (f; BIB); Sunscreen (1; FNF); Vasoprotective (1; APA) G Indications (Grape) — Allergy (1; FNF); Alopecia (1; PH2); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anaphylaxis (1; FNF); Anemia (f; PH2); Arthrosis (1; BIB; COX; FNF); Asthma (1; BIB; FNF); Atherosclerosis (1; FNF; PH2); Bacteria (1; FNF); Biliousness (f; BIB); Bladder Stone (f; BIB); Bleeding (1; BIB; EFS; FEL; FNF; HHB); Boil (f; SKJ); Bruise (1; BRU); Cachexia (f; BIB); Cancer (1; COX; FNF; MB; PH2); Cancer, abdomen (1; DAD; FNF); Cancer, colon (1; DAD; FNF); Cancer, ear (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, liver (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, neck (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, nose (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, testicle (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, tonsil (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uterus (1; FNF; JLH); Cancer, uvula (1; FNF; JLH); Capillary Fragility (1; BRU; FNF; PH2); Cardiopathy (1; BIB; FNF); Caries (1; FNF; MB); Cholera (f; BIB); Circulosis (f; PH2); Condyloma (f; JLH); Conjunctivosis (f; BRU); Corn (f; JLH); Constipation (f; BIB); Cough (f; DAA); Cramp (1; BIB; PH2); CVI (1; PH2; X10356940); Cyanosis (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; BIB; KAB; PH2); Diabetes (1; PH2); Diarrhea (f; FEL; PH2; WOI); Diphtheria (f; BIB); Dropsy (f; DAD; PH2); Dysentery (f; FEL; HHB); Dysuria (f; PH2); Edema (1; FNF; PH2); Fever (f; FEL; PH2); Fibroid (f; JLH); Fibroma (f; PH2); Fungus (1; DAD; FNF); Gastrosis (1; FNF); Gonorrhea (f; PH2); Gout (1; FNF); Hangover (f; BIB); Headache (f; KAB; PH2); Hemorrhoid (f; BRU; DAD; PH2); Hepatosis (1; BIB; JLH; FNF); Herpes (1; BIB); High Blood Pressure (f; BIB); High Cholesterol (1; FNF); HIV (1; FNF); Hoarseness (f; DAA; PH2); Hyperacidity (f; FEL); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; FNF); Inflammation (1; BIB; COX; FNF); Jaundice (f; BIB); Maculosis (1; FNF); Mycosis (1; DAD; FNF); Nausea (f; BIB; PH2); Nephrosis (f; DAA; PH2); Nervousness (f; PH2); Nyctalopia (1; FNF; PH2); Ophthalmia (1; BIB; KAB; PH2); Orchosis (f; BIB); Pain (1; BIB; FNF; PH2); Parathesia (1; PH2); Polyp (f; JLH); Retinosis (1; FNF; PH2); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scabies (f; BIB); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Smallpox (f; BIB); Sore Throat (f; PH2; WOI); Splenosis (f; DAD); Stomachache (f; PH2); Stomatosis (f; BIB); Stone (f; BIB); Stress (f; PH2); Swelling (1; FNF; PH2); Syphilis (f; BIB; KAB); Telangiectasis (1; FNF; MB); Thirst (f; PH2); Tonsilosis (f; JLH); Toothache (f; PH2); Tuberculosis (f; DAA; EFS; PH2); Tumor (1; PH2); Ulcer (1; FNF); Varicosis (1; FNF; MB); Virus (1; BIB; FNF); Wart (f; PH2); Water Retention (f; BIB; EFS); Wound (1; FNF); Wrinkle (1; FNF) Dosages (Grape) — 75–600 mg seed extract (or pycnogenol)/day for up to weeks; maintenance dose 40–100 mg/day (APA, PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Grape) — None yet known Not in (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Extracts (Grape) — In general, agricultural selection breeds out some of the natural pesticides, such as resveratrol, which also have many interesting biological activities The recent ACS book, Wine, Nutritional and Therapeutic Benefits, heaps praise on resveratrol, failing to tell us that there is 10–100 times more in the leaves, and I suspect seeds, than in the fruit pulp and wines The seeds have only recently come to the market and clinical trials are few and far between On the other hand, the fruits contain more than 30 types of anthocyanins Small wonder that grapejuice has four times the ORAC score of any other fruit juice studied (JNU) GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus x paradisi Macfad.) ++ Activities (Grapefruit) — Antioxidant (1; JNU); Antinitrosaminic (1; JNU); Antiseptic (1; DAD); Aperitif (1; WO2); Cardiotonic (1; DAD); Detoxicant (1; JNU); Hypocholesterolemic (1; JNU); Sedative (1; DAD); Stomachic (1; DAD) Indications (Grapefruit) — Anorexia (1; WO2); Bacteria (1; DAD); BPH (1; DAD); Cacoethes (f; JLH); Cancer (1; DAD); Cancer, breast (1; JNU); Cancer, colon (1; JNU); Cancer, prostate (1; DAD); Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 349 Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, skin (1; JNU); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH); Candida (1; DAD); Cold (1; DAD); Diabetes (1; DAD); Dysuria (1; DAD); Fungus (1; DAD); High Cholesterol (1; JNU); Infection (1; DAD); Insomnia (1; DAD); Mycobacterium (1; DAD); Mycosis (1; DAD); Nervousness (1; DAD); Pseudomonas (1; DAD); Rheumatism (1; DAD); Staphylococcus (1; DAD); Yeast (1; DAD) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Grapefruit) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PHZ) The fruit and juice can potentiate many drugs dramatically and sometimes dangerously with poisonous pharmaceuticals with narrow therapeutic ranges This potential should be studied and standardized to lower required dosages of those noted pharmaceuticals GRAPE SEED (Vitis vinifera L.) ++ Activities (Grape Seed) — Antiaggregant (1; FNF); Antiallergic (1; FNF); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antianaphylactic (1; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antiasthmatic (1; FNF); Antiatherogenic (1; FNF); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Anticancer (1; COX; FNF); Anticapillary Fragility (1; FNF); Anticariogenic (1; APA); Antiedemic (1; FNF); Antierythemic (1; FNF); Antihistaminic (1; FNF); Anti-HIV (1; FNF); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; FNF; MB); Antioxidant; (1; APA; FNF; MB); Antiprostaglandin (1; FNF); Antiseptic (1; FNF); Antiulcer (1; FNF); Antiviral (1; FNF); Cardioprotective (1; FNF); Collagen Protective (1; APA); COX-1 Inhibitor (1; FNF); COX-2 Inhibitor (1; COX; FNF); Fungicide (1; FNF); Hemostat (1; FNF); Hepatoprotective (1; FNF); Hypocholesterolemic (1; FNF); Immunostimulant (1; FNF); Sunscreen (1; FNF); Vasoprotective (1; APA) Indications (Grape Seed) — Allergy (1; FNF); Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anaphylaxis (1; FNF); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF); Asthma (1; FNF); Atherosclerosis (1; FNF); Bacteria (1; FNF); Bleeding (1; FNF); Cancer (1; COX; FNF; MB); Capillary Fragility (1; FNF; MB); Cardiopathy (1; FNF); Caries (1; FNF; MB); Edema (1; FNF); Fungus (1; FNF); Hepatosis (1; FNF); High Cholesterol (1; FNF); HIV (1; FNF); Gastrosis (1; FNF); Gout (1; FNF); Immunodepression (1; FNF); Infection (1; FNF); Inflammation (1; COX; FNF); Maculosis (1; FNF); Mycosis (1; FNF); Nyctalopia (1; FNF); Retinosis (1; FNF); Sunburn (1; FNF); Swelling (1; FNF); Telangiectasis (1; FNF; MB); Ulcer (1; FNF); Varicosis (1; FNF; MB); Virus (1; FNF); Wound (1; FNF); Wrinkle (1; FNF) Dosages (Grape Seed) — 75–600 mg seed extract (or pycnogenol)/day for up to weeks; maintenance dose 40–100 mg/day (APA, PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Grape Seed) — In general, agricultural selection breeds out some of the natural pesticides, such as resveratrol, which also have many interesting biological activities The recent ACS book, Wine, Nutritional and Therapeutic Benefits, heaps praise on resveratrol, failing to tell us that there is 10–100 times more in the leaves, and I suspect seeds, than in the fruit pulp and wines The seeds have only recently come to the market and clinical trials are few and far between On the other hand, the fruits contain more than 30 types of anthocyanins Small wonder that grapejuice has four times the ORAC score of any other fruit juice studied (JNU) GRAVEL ROOT (Eupatorium purpureum L.) + Synonym — Eupatoriadelphus purpureus (L.) R M King & H Rob Activities (Gravel Root) — Antidote (f; DEM); Antilithic (f; FAD); Antirheumatic (f; PNC); Depurative (f; DEM); Diaphoretic (f; CEB); Diuretic (f; PNC); Hypoglycemic (1; TOM); Laxative (f; DEM); Stimulant (f; PNC) Indications (Gravel Root) — Arthrosis (f; JAD); Asthma (f; FAD); Bright’s Disease (f; TOM); Burn (f; DEM); Calculus (f; CEB; FAD); Cancer (f; JAD); Childbirth (f; DEM); Cold (f; DEM); G 350 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Constipation (f; DEM); Cough (f; FAD); Cystosis (f; PNC; TOM); Dropsy (f; FAD); Dysuria (f; DEM; PNC); Fever (f; CEB; DEM); Gout (f; CEB; FAD; TOM); Gravel (f; CEB; DEM); Headache (f; TOM); Hysteria (f; DEM); Impotence (f; FAD); Incontinence (f; FAD); Inflammation (f; CEB); Jaundice (f; CEB); Miscarriage (f; DEM); Nephrosis (f; DEM); Neuralgia (f; TOM); Rheumatism (f; DEM; PNC); Sprain (f; DEM); Stone (f; FAD); Typhus (f; CEB; JAD); Urethrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Uterosis (f; FAD); UTI (f; FAD); Water Retention (f; PNC); Wound (f; DEM) Dosages (Gravel Root) — 2–4 g root, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); 2–4 ml liquid herbal extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 1–2 ml herbal tincture (1:5 in 40% ethanol) ×/day (CAN) G Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Gravel Root) — Class 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d Longterm use discouraged (AHP) Effective July 1996, the AHP Board of Trustees recommends that all products with botanical ingredient(s) containing toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including Borago officinalis, display the following cautionary statement on the label, “For external use only Do not apply to broken or abraded skin Do not use when nursing” (AHP) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) have genotoxic, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic activity (CAN) Because of the PAs, its use in pregnancy and lactation is to be avoided Animal studies document placental transfer and secretion into breast milk of unsaturated PAs (CAN) GRAY WALLFLOWER (Erysimum diffusum Ehrh.) + Activities (Gray Wallflower) — Negative Chronotropic (1; PH2); Positive Inotropic (1; PH2) Indications (Gray Wallflower) — Cardiopathy (f; HHB; PH2) Dosages (Gray Wallflower) — Single dose, 3.3 mg, cardioactive glycosides; maximum daily dose, 6.6 mg (HHB) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Gray Wallflower) — Not covered (AHP) “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) GREATER GALANGAL (Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw.) ++ Synonyms — Languas galanga (L.) Stuntz., Maranta galanga L Historically interchangeable with the lesser galangal, A officinarum, and possibly galanga, Kaempferia galanga All three are treated separately by the USDA nomenclature database Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 351 Activities (Greater Galangal) — Antiamphetamine (f; WO2); Antibacterial (1; HHB; MPI; WO2); Antiinflammatory (1; WO2); Antiperistaltic (1; WO2); Antipyretic (1; MPI); Antiseptic (1; HHB); Antispasmodic (1; WO2); Antitubercular (1; MPI; WO2); Antiulcer (1; WO2); Aphrodisiac (f; HHB); Carminative (f; HHB; WO2); CNS Depressant (1; WO2); Digestive (f; EFS); Diuretic (1; WO2); Expectorant (f; EFS); Hypotensive (1; HHB); Insecticide (1; WO2); Protisticide (1; HHB); Respiradepressant (1; HHB); Respirastimulant (1; HHB); Sternutator (f; WO2); Stimulant (f; EFS; HHB); Stomachic (f; HHB); Tonic (f; HHB) Indications (Greater Galangal) — Bacteria (1; HHB; MPI; WO2); Bronchosis (f; HHB); Catarrh (f; HHB; MPI); Childbirth (f; DAA); Colic (f; DAA; WO2); Cough (f; WO2); Cramp (1; WO2); Diabetes (f; HHB); Diarrhea (f; DAA); Dyspnea (f; HHB); Earache (f; DAA); Enterosis (f; WO2); Fever (1; MPI); Gas (f; HHB; WO2); Gastrosis (f; WO2); High Blood Pressure (1; HHB); Infection (1; HHB); Inflammation (1; WO2); Nausea (f; DAA); Protozoa (1; HHB); Pulmonosis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Tuberculosis (1; MPI; WO2); Ulcer (1; WO2); Water Retention (1; WO2) Dosages (Greater Galangal) — 1–2 g (HHB) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Greater Galangal) — Class (AHP) Not covered (PH2) Extracts (Greater Galangal) — The alcoholic extract of the rhizome lowered temperature in mice and potentiated amphetamine toxicity (MPI) EO of the rhizome inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 25 mg/ml It was more potent against gram-negative bacteria (at 0.4–0.6 mg/ml) LD50 of the oil in guinea pigs was 0.68 ml/kg (mode of administration not stated) (MPI) 1’-acetoxychavicol-acetate and 1’-acetoxyeugenol-acetate are powerful antiulcer agents (WO2) Steam volatile portion of rhizome extracts stimulated the bronchial glands; the nonvolatile portion acted reflexly through the gastric mucosa GREATER PERIWINKLE (Vinca major L.) + Most authors suggest that the greater and lesser periwinkle are generically interchangeable medicinally, and I agree, so far Activities (Greater Periwinkle) — Anticholinesterase (1; HH2); Antihemorrhagic (1; WOI); Antilactagogue (f; WOI); Astringent (1; GMH); Hypotensive (1; HH2); Laxative (f; GMH); Negative Inotropic (1; HH2); Parasympatholytic (1; HH2); Positive Inotropic (1; HH2); Tonic (f; GMH) Indications (Greater Periwinkle) — Bleeding (1; GMH; WOI); Cardiopathy (1; HH2); Congestion (f; GMH); Constipation (f; GMH); Convulsion (f; GMH); Cramp (f; GMH); Diarrhea (f; GMH); Enterosis (f; GMH); Enuresis (f; HH2); Epistaxis (f; GMH); Hemorrhoid (f; HH2; GMH); High Blood Pressure (1; HH2); Hysteria (f; GMH); Leukorrhea (f; HH2); Menorrhagia (1; HH2; GMH); Nightmare (f; GMH); Pulmonosis (f; GMH); Sore Throat (f; GMH); Tonsilosis (f; GMH) Dosages (Greater Periwinkle) — 2–4 g dry herb/cup tea to ×/day (HH2) Extracts (Greater Periwinkle) — Aqueous extract (1.82 g leaf/50 ml water reduces in vitro (in human serum) cholinesterase activity by 50% (HH2) Mix of vincamine and vincine lower blood pressure IC27–40 = 5–10 mg/kg ivn rat LD50 (mixed alkaloids) = 37 mg/kg ivn mouse (HH2) GREEK OREGANO (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) +++ Synonym — Salvia triloba L f I suspect that this could be used interchangeably with S officinalis, both being highly variable in quantization of the aromatic phytochemicals G 352 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Activities (Greek Oregano) — Antibacterial (1; HH2); Antiinflammatory (1; PH2); Antiseptic (1; PH2; TAD); Antiviral (1; TAD); Candidicide (1; HH2); Cytotoxic (1; TAD); Fungicide (1; HH2); Hypoglycemic (1; PH2); Hypotensive (1; PH2); Sedative (1; PH2) Indications (Greek Oregano) — Bacteria (1; HH2); Candida (1; HH2); Cardiopathy (f; PH2); Cold (f; PH2); Cough (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diabetes (1; PH2); Dyspepsia (f; PH2); Fungus (1; HH2); High Blood Pressure (1; PH2); Infection (1; HH2); Inflammation (1; PH2); Insomnia (1; PH2); Mycosis (1; HH2); Nervousness (1; PH2); Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Pulmonosis (f; PH2); Stomatosis (f; PH2); Virus (1; TAD); Yeast (1; HH2) G Dosages (Greek Oregano) — Like S officinalis, e.g., 4–6 g/day (AHP); 4–6 g herb (KOM; PH2); tsp (3 g) cut herb/cup water (APA); 1–4 g leaf, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); 2–3 tsp (3.4–5.1 g) leaf in hot tea (MAD); 2–4 tbsp fresh leaf (PED); 3–6 g dry leaf (PED); 4.5 g dry leaf:2 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); boil 100 g leaf/liter wine minutes (f; PH2); 1–4 ml liquid leaf extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 0.1–0.3 g EO (KOM; PH2); 1–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Greek Oregano)— Not covered (AHP) “Health hazards not known with proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD) Decoction antihypertensive 50 mg/kg ipr rat (HH2) Infusion (250 mg/kg) hypoglycemic (HH2) GREEN ALDER (Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC.) + Activities (Green Alder) — Abortifacient (f; DEM); Astringent (1; DEM); Carminative (f; DEM); Depurative (f; MIC); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Hemostat (f; DEM); Insectifuge (f; DEM); Laxative (f; DEM; MIC); Tonic (f; DEM) Indications (Green Alder) — Anorexia (f; DEM); Arthrosis (f; DEM); Bleeding (f; DEM); Childbirth (f; DEM); Constipation (f; DEM; MIC); Cramp (f; MIC); Dentistry (f; DEM); Diphtheria (f; MIC); Dropsy (f; DEM); Dysmenorrhea (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM; MIC); Gas (f; DEM); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM); Infection (f; DEM); Lameness (f; MIC); Nephrosis (f; DEM; MIC); Neuralgia (f; MIC); Pain (f; MIC); Rheumatism (f; DEM; MIC); Sore (f; DEM); Toothache (f; DEM); VD (f; DEM); Wound (f; DEM; MIC) GREEN HELLEBORE (Helleborus viridis L.) X Activities (Green Hellebore) — Bradycardic (1; HHB); Cardiac (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; PH2); Emetic (1; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS); Irritant (1; PH2); Laxative (1; HHB); Nervine (f; EFS); Poison (1; HHB); Ptarmic ( = mucoirritant) (1; PH2); Respiraparalytic (1; HHB); Sialagogue (1; PH2); Sternutator (f; EFS); Toxic (f; EFS); Vermifuge (f; HHB) Indications (Green Hellebore) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Constipation (1; HHB; PH2); Diarrhea (f; PH2); Induration (f; JLH); Nausea (f; PH2); Neurosis (f; HHB); Splenosis (f; HHB); Wart (f; JLH); Water Retention (f; PH2); Worm (f; HHB) Dosages (Green Hellebore) — 600 mg root, maximum daily dose 1200 mg (HHB); 200 mg single dose, maximum 1000 mg (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Green Hellebore) — Not covered (AHP) Do not take it (JAD) Overdoses may cause asphyxiation, following cardiac arrhythmia, convulsions, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspnea, and nausea (PH2) ... this could be used interchangeably with S officinalis, both being highly variable in quantization of the aromatic phytochemicals G 352 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Activities (Greek Oregano) — Antibacterial... the lesser galangal, A officinarum, and possibly galanga, Kaempferia galanga All three are treated separately by the USDA nomenclature database Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 351 Activities (Greater.. .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 349 Cancer, lung (1; JNU); Cancer, skin (1; JNU); Cancer, throat (1; FNF; JLH);