Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 63 PED); Cough (f; PHR; PH2; PNC); Cramp (f; FEL); Dermatosis (f; PED; PHR; PH2); Diarrhea (1; APA; CAN; CRC; FEL); Dry Mouth (1; PED); Dysentery (f; CRC; FAD; JFM); Dysmenorrhea (f; CRC); Dyspepsia (f; MAD); Enterosis (f; MAD); Epistaxis (f; CEB); Fever (1; APA; CAN; CRC; FAD; MAD; PHR; PH2); Fistula (f; FEL); Flu (f; APA); Gallstone (f; MAD); Gastrosis (f; DEM; FAD); Gingivosis (1; APA; FEL); Goiter (f; CRC); Gravel (f; MAD); Headache (f; CEB; CRC; DEM; MAD); Hematochezia (f; CRC); Hematoptysis (f; CRC); Hemorrhoid (1; APA); Hepatosis (1; APA; CRC; MAD); Hysteria (f; CEB); Infection (1; PED); Inflammation (1; APA; DEM); Itch (f; CEB; FAD); Jaundice (f; CRC; FAD; JFM; MAD); Lethargy (f; APA; PED); Leukorrhea (f; CAN; CRC; FAD; FEL; MAD); Metrorrhagia (f; CEB; CRC); Mucososis (f; APA; CAN; MAD); Pain (1; DEM; FNF); Palsy (f; CEB); Parasite (1; APA); Pharyngosis (f; CRC; MAD); Polyp (f; CRC; JLH; PED); Poor Circulation (f; CAN); Pyorrhea (f; CRC); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Rhinosis (f; JLH); Scarlet Fever (f; CRC; FEL); Scrofula (f; CRC; FAD; FEL; PED); Sore (f; CRC; FEL; PHR); Sore Throat (1; APA; CAN; CRC; FEL); Stomachache (f; DEM); Stomatosis (1; CRC; FEL; MAD; PED); Stone (f; MAD); Swelling (f; CEB); Tonsilosis (f; DEM); Toothache (f; CEB); Typhoid (f; CRC; FEL); Ulcer (f; APA; CRC; PH2); Uterosis (f; CEB; CRC); Vaginosis (1; APA); Varicosis (f; APA; CRC); Water Retention (f; CEB); Worm (f; DEM) Dosages (Bayberry) — APA cautions: not take (APA) 0.6–2 g powdered bark by infusion or decoction, ×/day (CAN); 20–30 grains powdered bark (FEL); 1–4 g powdered bark (PNC); 1.5–3 g dry bark(PED); g dry bark:10 ml alcohol/10 ml water (PED); 1–3 tbsp fresh bark (PED); 2–4 ml liquid bark extract (PNC); 0.6–2 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 45% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 2–4 fl oz leaf or bark (FEL); 405–475 mg capsules (PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bayberry) — Class (AHP) None known (PHR) Not covered (KOM) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Bayberry is carcinogenic to rats (CAN) “Canadian regulations not allow bayberry as a non-medicinal ingredient for oral use products” (Michols, 1995) Large doses may cause mineralcorticoid side effects (high blood pressure, sodium retention, water retention) Use of this herb can deplete potassium in the body, leading to high blood pressure and edema Should not be used by persons with high blood pressure, edema, kidney disease, congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal conditions, and/or sodium/potassium imbalance without first consulting a doctor With reported carcinogenic and mineral corticoid activity, bayberry should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation (CAN) Contains myricitrin, an antibiotic that promotes sweating, which can reduce fever Stimulates the flow of bile Used to alleviate fever and diarrhea May cause nausea and vomiting in large doses Bayberry contains a high proportion of tannins and should not be used if there is a history of cancer (Note, it is tannins that are also being promoted for cancer prevention in teas; make up our minds.) Some laboratory studies have shown tannins may promote cancer (TMA, 1996) Tannins and phenols from bark reported carcinogenic in rats when injected; but phenol and tannins orally have reported “anti-tumor promoting activity” (PNC) Wax irritating, reportedly carcinogenic (FAD) Triterpenes sapogenins may have purgative stimulus (PED); flavonoids antibacterial (PED) Myricadiol with mineral corticoid activity; myricitrin bactericidal, choleretic, protisticidal, and spermicidal (CAN; PNC) B 64 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs BAYLEAF, LAUREL (Laurus nobilis L.) ++ B Activities (Bayleaf) — Abortifacient (f; SPI); Allergenic (1; CRC; PH2); Analgesic (f; CRC); Antibacterial (1; APA; CRC); Antipyretic (f; APA); Antirheumatic (f; PHR); Antiseptic (1; HHB; CRC; PH2); Antiviral (1; APA); Aperitif (1; APA; CRC); Bitter (f; HHB); Carminative (1; APA; CRC; HHB; JFM); Cholagogue (f; PNC); Diaphoretic (f; APA; CRC; PNC; SPI); Digestive (f; JFM); Diuretic (f; CRC; HHB); Emetic (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; APA; CRC; HHB; JFM); Fungicide (1; APA; CRC); Gastrotonic (f; CRC; JFM); Hepatotonic (f; CRC); Hypotensive (1; APA); Insectifuge (1; PH2); Molluscicide (f; PH2); Narcotic (1; CRC); Nervine (f; CRC); Parasiticide (1; HHB); Rubefacient (1; PHR; PH2); Sedative (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Stimulant (f; CRC; PNC); Stomachic (f; CRC; PNC); Tonic (f; SPI) Indications (Bayleaf) — Amenorrhea (f; CRC; SPI); Anorexia (1; APA; CRC); Arthrosis (f; APA); Bacteria (1; APA; CRC; HHB); Bruise (f; APA); Bug Bite (f; APA); Cancer (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, anus (f; JLH); Cancer, eye (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, face (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, mouth (f; JLH); Cancer, parotid (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, testicle (f; CRC; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; SPI); Colic (f; APA; CRC; SPI); Condyloma (f; CRC); Cough (f; CRC); Dandruff (f; APA); Deafness (f; JFM); Debility (f; JFM); Dermatosis (f; APA; SPI); Dyspepsia (1; APA; JFM); Earache (f; CRC); Fever (f; APA; CRC; PNC; SPI); Fibroid (f; CRC; JLH); Fungus (1; APA; CRC); Gas (1; APA; CRC; HHB; JFM; SPI); Gastrosis (f; CRC); Hepatosis (f; CRC); High Blood Pressure (1; APA); Hysteria (f; CRC; SPI); Impostume (f; CRC; JLH); Infection (1; APA; CRC; SPI); Insomnia (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Mange (f; JFM); Migraine (1; FNF; HAD); Mycosis (1; APA; CRC; SPI); Nervousness (1; APA; CRC; JFM); Orchosis (f; JLH); Pain (f; APA; CRC); Parasite (1; HHB; SPI); Polyp (f; CRC); Proctosis (f; JLH); Rheumatism (f; CRC; PHR; PH2; SPI); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Sore (f; APA; JFM); Spasm (f; CRC); Sprain (f; APA; CRC; WOI); Staphylococcus (1; SPI); Ulcer (f; JFM); Uterosis (f; JLH); Virus (1; APA); Water Retention (f; CRC; HHB); Wen (f; CRC); Wound (1; APA) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 65 Dosages (Bayleaf) — 1–2 tsp leaf/cup water to ×/day (APA); 1–2 drops EO added to brandy, honey, or tea (APA) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bayleaf) — Class (AHP) None known at proper dosage (PHR) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (No dosage given, however) (PH2) Leaf and berry oil may cause severe lesions of the skin Contact dermatosis from handling leaves or EO reported Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting from excessive doses of the EO may occur Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), are aromatic compounds widely distributed in certain plant families, with highest concentrations generally found in leaves and flowers Sheep and cattle poisonings due to SL-containing species have been reported Cases of allergic contact dermatosis in humans have also been reported (AEH) There have been a few unfortunate fatalities to people perforating their intestines with fragmented laurel leaves Always remove them from your spaghetti and stew (JAD; TAD) Artemorin, costunolide, costuslactone, deacetlylaurenobiolide, laurenobiolide, reynosin, santamarin, and verlorin are alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones documented to be the chief cause of allergy (contact dermatosis) in Laurus (TAD) With compounds like parthenolide and santamarin, this shares many of the antimigraine compounds of feverfew BAYRUM TREE (Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J W Moore.) +++ PHR entries are equivocal and probably apply to P dioica (allspice), although Gruenwald (2000) labeled it P racemosa Since they both have the same chemicals and activities, I don’t consider this a serious error Activities (Bayrum Tree) — Allergenic (1; CRC); Analgesic (1; CRC; FNF; JFM; PHR); Antifumitory (f; JFM); Antipyretic (f; JFM); Antiseptic (1; CRC); Carminative (f; CRC; JFM); Digestive (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Rubefacient (f; PHR); Stimulant (f; CRC; JFM); Stomachic (f; CRC) Indications (Bayrum Tree) — Adenopathy (f; CRC); Arthrosis (1; FNF; JFM); Bite (f; CRC); Bruise (f; CRC); Cancer (f; CRC); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, uterus (f; JLH); Chest Cold (f; CRC; JFM); Cold (f; CRC); Dermatosis (f; JFM); Diarrhea (f; CRC; JFM); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Dysuria (f; CRC; JFM); Edema (f; CRC); Elephantiasis (f; CRC); Fever (f; CRC; JFM); Flu (f; CRC; JFM); Gas (f; CRC; JFM); Grippe (1; FNF; JFM); Headache (f; CRC); Incontinence (f; CRC); Induration (f; JLH); Infection (1; CRC); Lethargy (f; JFM); Myalgia (1; FNF; JFM); Nausea (f; CRC); Nicotinism (f; JFM); Pain (1; CRC; FNF; JFM; PHR); Pleurisy (f; CRC; JFM); Pneumonia (f; CRC; JFM); Rheumatism (1; FNF; JFM); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Smoking (f; CRC; JFM); Sore Throat (f; CRC); Spasm (f; CRC); Stroke (f; CRC; JFM); Toothache (1; CRC; FNF; JFM); Tumor (f; JLH); Uterosis (f; JLH); Varicosis (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC) B 66 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Bayrum Tree) — Leaf held in the mouth to help quit smoking (JFM); seeds in cup of water as stimulant (JFM) B Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bayrum Tree) — Not covered (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) Some people react to eugenol (PH2) BEARBERRY (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.) + Synonym — Arbutus uva-ursi L Activities (Bearberry) — Algicide (1; MAB); Antibacterial (1; APA; FAD; PIP; PH2); Antiedemic (1; CAN); Antihepatosis (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; APA; CAN; SHT); Antiseptic (1; BGB; CAN; PH2; WAM); Antitussive (1; MAB); Antityrosinase (1; PHR); Aquaretic (1; SHT); Astringent (1; APA; PIP; PH2; WAM); Bitter (f; PED); Candidicide (1; BGB); Cytotoxic (1; CAN); Depurative (f; DEM); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); Emetic (1; APA); Emmenagogue (f; DEM); Fungicide (1; BGB); Hemostat (1; BGB; FAD); Intoxicant (f; DEM); Laxative (f; DEM); Litholytic (1; CRC; FNF; PH2); Molluscicide (1; CAN); Narcotic (f; DEM); Nephroprotective (1; MAB); Phospholipase-A2-Inhibitor (1; MAB); Tonic (f; DEM); Urinary Antiseptic (1; FAD; PH2; SKY; WAM); Vulnerary (f; DEM) Indications (Bearberry) — Acne (f; DEM); Backache (1; CRC; DEM); Bacteria (1; APA; FAD; PIP; PH2); Bleeding (1; BGB; CRC; FAD); Blennorrhea (1; CRC); Boil (f; DEM); Bronchosis (f; APA; CRC; FAD); Burn (f; DEM); Cancer (1; CRC; JLH); Candida (1; BGB); Canker (f; DEM); Catarrh (f; CAN; MAB); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholecystosis (1; MAB); Cold (f; DEM); Conjunctivosis (f; DEM); Constipation (f; DEM); Cough (1; MAB); Cystosis (1; APA; FAD; WAM); Dandruff (f; DEM); Dermatosis (1; WAM); Diabetes (f; CRC; MAB); Diarrhea (1; APA; FAD; WAM); Dropsy (f; BGB); Dysentery (f; CRC; MAB); Dysmenorrhea (1; CRC); Dysuria (1; CAN; CRC; MAB); Enuresis (f; MAB; PED; WAM); Fever (1; CRC); Fracture (f; DEM); Fungus (1; BGB); Gallstone (1; CRC); Gingivosis (f; DEM); Gleet (f; CRC); Gonorrhea (f; FAD; MAB); Gout (1; CRC); Hematuria (f; BGB; MAB); Hemorrhoid (1; CRC; WAM); Hepatosis (1; CAN; CRC); Hyperpigmentation (f; MAB); Incontinence (1; CRC); Infection (1; APA; BGB; FAD; PIP); Inflammation (1; APA; BGB; CAN; MAB; PH2; SHT); Itch (1; WAM); Kidney Stone (1; APA; CRC; X7860196); Leukorrhea (1; MAB); Lithuria (f; CAN); Menorrhagia (1; CRC; MAB); Miscarriage (f; DEM); Mycosis (1; BGB); Nephrosis (1; APA; FAD; MAB; PED); Obesity (f; APA); Ophthalmia (f; DEM); Otosis (f; DEM); Pain (1; DEM); Pancreatosis (1; CRC); Pneumonia (1; BGB); Prostatosis (1; MAB; PED); Pyelitis (1; CAN; CRC; PNC); Pyelonephrosis (1; MAB); Rheumatism (1; CRC); Splenosis (1; CRC); Sprain (f; DEM); Stone (1; CRC; FAD; FNF; PH2; SHT); Strangury Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 67 (f; MAB); Streptococcus (1; FNF); Swelling (1; CAN; MAB); Thirst (f; DEM); Tuberculosis (f; CRC); Ulcer (1; CRC); Urethrosis (2; APA; KOM; PNC); Uterosis (f; BGB); UTI (2; APA; PHR; PH2; SHT); Water retention (1; APA; CAN; FAD; PH2); VD (1; MAB); Yeast (1; BGB; FNF) Dosages (Bearberry) — 10 g leaf (= 400–700 mg arbutin), take only a few days (APA); 10 g dry leaf in quart cold water (SF); 12 g dry leaf/day (= 400–840 mg arbutin) (MAB); 3–6 g dry leaf (PED); 4.5 g dry leaf/22 ml alcohol/23 ml water (PED); 1.5–4 g leaf, or in tea, ×/day (CAN); 2–4 tbsp fresh leaf (PED); g herb/150 ml water 1–4 ×/day (PIP); 1.5–4 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 1–4 ml concentrated BPC infusion (CAN); 15–30 ml BPC fresh infusion (CAN); ml tincture ×/day (SKY); 10–17 ml tincture (1:5); 4–8 ml fluid extract (1:2); 2–4 ml liquid leaf extract (PNC); 2–4 ml concentrated leaf infusion (PNC); 1–3 (500 mg) capsules ×/day (NH); 250–500 mg StX (20% arbutin) (SKY) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Bearberry) — Class 2b, 2d Contraindicated in kidney disorders, irritated digestive conditions, acidic urine; not for prolonged used (AHP; AEH; WAM) Hepatosis, nausea, nephrosis, stomachache, vomiting Use no more than week, unless otherwise directed by physician Not recommended for children, lactating, pregnant, or nephritic patients (AHP; PH2; SKY) Canadians discourage bearberry as a nonmedicinal ingredient for oral use (Michols, 1995) Do not take other urine acidifiers, which could lessen antisepsis (KOM) One gram of the cytotoxic hydroquinone, equivalent to 6–20 g plant material, totally extracted (I presume) has caused collapse, convulsions, cyanosis, delirium, nausea, shortness of breath, tinnitus, and vomiting Five grams has proved fatal Because of high tannin content, prolonged use of uvaursi may cause chronic liver impairment Since large doses are reportedly oxytocic, and in view of hydroquinone’s toxicity, “the use of uva-ursi during pregnancy and lactation is best avoided,” but in the last paragraph on page 259, the hydroquinone concentrations “provided by ingestion of therapeutic doses of uva-ursi are not thought to represent a risk to human health” (CAN) Extracts (Bearberry) — Aqueous and methanol extracts molluscicidal at 50 ppm Antiseptic (bactericidal) activity of arbutin, at least on urinary-tract bacteria, depends on beta-glucosidase activity of the microbe, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Streptococcus being highest, Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Shigella, and Staphylococcus apparently intermediate, with Escherichia being lowest Arbutin is absorbed from the GI tract virtually unchanged During renal excretion, it is hydrolyzed to the active principle, hydroquinone, which exerts an antiseptic and astringent action on the urinary mucous membranes The crude extract is reportedly more effective than isolated arbutin, due to other chemicals that may also yield hydroquinone Gallic acid in the crude extract may prevent beta-glucosidase cleavage of arbutin in the GI tract before absorption, thereby delivering more hydroquinone in renal excretion (CAN) Methanol extract (50%) inhibits tyrosinase This could also inhibit the formation of melanin from DOPA (KOM) LD50 2% hydroquinone = 320–550 mg/kg orl (MAB); Arbutin = codeine as antitussive and stronger than the non-narcotic dropropizine (MAB) BEAUTY BERRY (Callicarpa americana L.) + Activities (Beauty Berry) — Algicide (1; JAF48:3008); Cyanobactericide (1; JAF48:3008); Depurative (f; FAD); Diuretic (f; DEM); Fungicide (1; JAF48:3008); Herbicide (1; JAF48:3008) Indications (Beauty Berry) — Cancer (f; JLH); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Colic (f; DEM); Dermatosis (f; DEM; JLH); Dizziness (f; DEM); Dropsy (f; FAD); Dysentery (f; DEM); Dysuria (f; DEM); Enterosis (f; DEM); Fever (f; DEM); Fungus (1; JAF48:3008); Gastrosis (f; DEM); Infection (1; JAF48:3008); Itch (f; DEM); Malaria (f; DEM); Mycosis (1; JAF48:3008); Rheumatism (f; DEM); Stomachache (f; DEM); Water Retention (f; DEM) B ... Varicosis (f; CRC); Vertigo (f; CRC) B 66 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Bayrum Tree) — Leaf held in the mouth to help quit smoking (JFM); seeds in cup of water as stimulant (JFM) B Contraindications,... (f; JLH); Virus (1; APA); Water Retention (f; CRC; HHB); Wen (f; CRC); Wound (1; APA) Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 65 Dosages (Bayleaf) — 1–2 tsp leaf/cup water to ×/day (APA); 1–2 drops EO added...64 Handbook of Medicinal Herbs BAYLEAF, LAUREL (Laurus nobilis L.) ++ B Activities (Bayleaf) — Abortifacient (f;