MOTIVATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURSUIT OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS - AN INTERNATIONAL STUDY TRAN NGOC THIEN THY Doctor of Philosophy ASTON UNIVERSITY September 2021 © Tran Ngoc Thien Thy, 2021 Tran Ngoc Thien Thy asserts their moral right to be identified as the author of this thesis This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright belongs to its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without appropriate permission or acknowledgement T.T.N.Tran, PhD Thesis, Aston University, 2021 ASTON UNIVERSITY MOTIVATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURSUIT OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS - AN INTERNATIONAL STUDY Tran Ngoc Thien Thy Doctor of Philosophy 2021 Thesis summary The thesis aims to advance our understanding of how socially and environmentally oriented entrepreneurial activities are shaped by the interplay between individual and contextual factors Accordingly, the thesis builds a multi-level framework to answer two research questions: How is entrepreneurs' pursuit of social and environmental goals shaped by the interplay of entrepreneurial motivation (opportunity/necessity motivation perspective) and contexts? (Research question 1, chapters and 3) How are entrepreneurial consequences (innovation and employment growth aspirations) shaped by the interplay of entrepreneurs' pursuit of social/environmental goals and contexts? (Research question 2, chapter 4) After the introduction chapter 1, the three empirical chapters use Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data (GEM) 2009 to answer the research questions Drawing on the integration of the literature of opportunity/necessity motivation perspective with the insights from cultural theory, chapter explores the entrepreneurial motivation of social and environmental entrepreneurs The finding in chapter shows that necessity entrepreneurs are more socially and environmentally oriented than opportunity entrepreneurs In addition, national culture plays important role in explaining the difference between opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs in pursuing social and environmental goals While cultural norms in socially supportive and performance-based societies moderate this relationship, cultural values in postmaterialism not The difference between the opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs in pursuing social and environmental goals is lessened by socially supportive norms but is intensified by performance-based norms Chapters and investigate the consequences of social and environmental entrepreneurship by integrating the literature on innovation and growth aspirations with insights from institutional theory and economic crisis The results show that socially and environmentally oriented entrepreneurs, compared to their commercial counterparts, are more innovative and growth-aspiring (especially, in the context of the economic crisis) The findings also provide evidence of the important role of the contextual factors, in particular, three institutional pillars (regulatory, cognitive and normative institutions) as well as the change in the economic climate (economic crisis), in influencing these relationships Specifically, government activism (representing regulatory institution) and postmaterialism cultural values (representing cognitive institution) intensify the positive relationship between the pursuit of social goals and the engagement in product innovation while socially supportive cultural norms (representing normative institution) attenuate this association When considering the impact of the economic crisis, the study finds the mediating effect of perceived competition on the positive relationship between the pursuit of social/environmental goals on growth aspirations Altogether, the thesis advances our understanding of the important role of the interplay of individual and contextual variables in social and environmental entrepreneurship, in both formation and post-formation stages, which is underdeveloped in the existing literature This study also offers new insights into social and environmental entrepreneurship by revealing the motivation heterogeneity of social and environmental entrepreneurship Thereby, the research provides a new approach in researching motivations of socially and environmentally oriented entrepreneurs (opportunity-necessity motivation perspective), complementing the existing emphasis on pro-social and pro-environmental motivations Besides, the thesis paves the way for future both theoretical and empirical research into social and environmental entrepreneurship by introducing innovation and employment growth aspirations as their important consequences Keywords: social and environmental goals, opportunity-necessity motivation, innovation, growth aspirations, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor T.T.N.Tran, PhD Thesis, Aston University, 2021 ... UNIVERSITY MOTIVATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURSUIT OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS - AN INTERNATIONAL STUDY Tran Ngoc Thien Thy Doctor of Philosophy 2021 Thesis summary The thesis aims to advance... Altogether, the thesis advances our understanding of the important role of the interplay of individual and contextual variables in social and environmental entrepreneurship, in both formation and. .. complementing the existing emphasis on pro -social and pro -environmental motivations Besides, the thesis paves the way for future both theoretical and empirical research into social and environmental