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ELECTRO-OPTICS HANDBOOK Ronald W. Waynant Editor Marwood N. Ediger Editor Food and Drug Administration Rockville, Maryland Second Edition McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota´ Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Electro-optics handbook / Ronald W. Waynant, editor, Marwood N. Ediger, editor.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-07-068716-1 (hc) 1. Electrooptical devices—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Waynant, Ronald W. II. Ediger, Marwood N., date. TA1750.E44 2000 621.36—dc21 99-044081 Copyright ᭧ 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 0543210 ISBN 0-07-068716-1 The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S. Chapman and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, Professional Publishing, McGraw-Hill, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (McGraw-Hill) from sources be- lieved to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its au- thors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the un- derstanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying in- formation but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. To our wives and families who tolerated this project and to our colleagues with whom we have enjoyed this field, but mostly to those chapter authors who wrote new chapters or revised their work and made this edition current. xv CONTRIBUTORS Georg F. Albrecht, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California ( CHAP. 5) John E. Bowers, University of California at Santa Barbara ( CHAP. 29) George R. Carruthers, E. O. Hulburt Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Wash- ington, D.C. ( CHAP. 15) Y. J. Chen, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland ( CHAP. 22) James J. Coleman, Microelectronics Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois ( CHAP. 6) Charles M. Davis, Centerville, Virginia ( CHAP. 21) J. G. Eden, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois ( CHAP. 20) Marwood N. Ediger, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland ( CHAP. 1) T. J. Harris, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland ( CHAP. 11) Masamitsu Haruna, Department of Electronic Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan ( CHAP. 26) P T. Ho, Joint Program for Advanced Electronic Materials, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uni- versity of Maryland, College Park, Maryland ( CHAPS. 9, 22) Michael Ivanco, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario ( CHAP. 7) Tung H. Jeong, Chairman, Department of Physics, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois ( CHAP. 19) S. B. Kim, Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California ( CHAP. 20) Beth A. Koelbl, Nulight, Virginia Station, Virginia ( CHAP. 28) Chi. H. Lee, Joint Program for Advanced Electronic Materials, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland ( CHAP. 9) Thomas Liljeberg, University of California at Santa Barbara ( CHAP. 29) James T. Luxon, Associate Dean, Graduate Studies, Extension Services and Research, GMI Engineering and Management Institute, Flint, Michigan ( CHAP. 25) Sharon Miller, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland ( CHAP. 2) Hiroshi Nishihara, Department of Electronic Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan ( CHAP. 26) John A. Pasour, Mission Research Corporation, Newington, Virginia ( CHAP. 8) Stephen A. Payne, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California ( CHAP. 5) xvi CONTRIBUTORS Martin Peckerar, Nonelectronic Processing Facility, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. ( CHAP. 22) Jack C. Rife, Condensed Matter and Radiation Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Wash- ington, D.C. ( CHAP. 10) Paul A. Rochefort, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario ( CHAP. 7) G. Rodriguez, Everitt Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois ( CHAP. 20) Frederick A. Rosell, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Defense and Space Center, Baltimore, Mary- land ( CHAP. 18) Roland Sauerbrey, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Rice Quantum Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas ( CHAP. 3) William T. Silfvast, Center for Research in Electro-Optics and Lasers, Orlando, Florida ( CHAP. 4) Edward J. Sharp, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Fort Belvoir, Virginia ( CHAP. 13) David H. Sliney, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, Edgewood, Maryland ( CHAP. 23) Suzanne C. Stotlar, Yorba Linda, California ( CHAPS. 16, 17) Toshiaki Suhara, Department of Electronic Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan ( CHAP. 26) M. E. Thomas, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland ( CHAP. 11) W. J. Tropf, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland ( CHAP. 11) Carlton M. Truesdale, Corning Industries, Corning, New York ( CHAP. 12) M. J. C. van Gemert, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas ( CHAP. 24) Osamu Wada, Deputy Manager, Fujitsu Laboratires, Limited, Optical Semiconductor Devices Labo- ratories, Atsugi Kanagawa, Japan ( CHAP. 27) Ronald W. Waynant, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland ( CHAP. 1) Ashley J. Welch, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas ( CHAP. 24) Gary L. Wood, Director, Center for Night Vision and Electro-Optics, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Fort Belvoir, Virginia ( CHAPS. 13, 14) Li Yan, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland ( CHAP. 9) Clarence J. Zarobila, Optical Technologies, Incorporated, Herndon, Virginia ( CHAP. 21) McGraw-Hill Optical and Electro-Optical Engineering Series Robert E. Fischer and Warren J. Smith, Series Editors Published Hecht • THE LASER GUIDEBOOK Melzer & Moffitt • HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAYS Miller & Friedman • PHOTONICS RULES OF THUMB Mouroulis • VISUAL INSTRUMENTATION Smith • MODERN OPTICAL ENGINEERING Smith • MODERN LENS DESIGN Smith • PRACTICAL OPTICAL SYSTEM LAYOUT Waynant & Ediger • ELECTRO - OPTICS HANDBOOK Wyatt • ELECTRO - OPTICAL SYSTEM DESIGN Other Books of Interest Optical Society of America • HANDBOOK OF OPTICS , SECOND EDITION , VOLUMES I , II Keiser • OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATIONS Syms, Cozens • OPTICAL WAVES AND DEVICES Chomycz • FIBER OPTICAL INSTALLATIONS ABOUT THE EDITORS R ONALD W. W AYNANT is Editor in Chief of IEEE Circuits and Devices Maga- zine and senior optical engineer at the Food and Drug Administration’s Elec- tro-Optical Branch. He also gathered the distinguished contributors for and edited the first edition of this Handbook. He resides in Clarksville, Maryland. M ARWOOD N. E DIGER has over 12 years’ experience in the use of lasers in medical applications. Marwood lives in Vienna, Virginia. vii CONTENTS Contributors xv Preface to Second Edition xvii Preface to First Edition xix Acronyms xxi Chapter 1. Introduction to Electro-Optics Ronald W. Waynant and Marwood N. Ediger 1.1 1.1 Introduction / 1.1 1.2 Types of Light Sources / 1.1 1.3 Materials / 1.4 1.4 Detectors / 1.5 1.5 Current Applications / 1.6 1.6 References / 1.7 Chapter 2. Noncoherent Sources Sharon Miller 2.1 2.1 Introduction / 2.1 2.2 Definition of Terms / 2.1 2.3 Characteristics / 2.6 2.4 Measurements and Calibration / 2.10 2.5 Sources of Noncoherent Optical Radiation / 2.21 2.6 References / 2.35 Chapter 3. Ultraviolet, Vacuum-Ultraviolet, and X-Ray Lasers Roland Sauerbrey 3.1 3.1 Lasers in the Electromagnetic Spectrum / 3.1 3.2 Principles of Short-Wavelength Laser Operation / 3.4 3.3 Ultraviolet and Vacuum Ultraviolet Lasers / 3.11 3.4 X-Ray Lasers and Gamma-Ray Lasers / 3.36 3.5 References / 3.43 viii CONTENTS Chapter 4. Visible Lasers William T. Silfvast 4.1 4.1 Introduction / 4.1 4.2 Visible Lasers in Gaseous Media / 4.2 4.3 Visible Lasers In Liquid Media—Organic Dye Lasers / 4.14 4.4 Visible Lasers in Solid Materials / 4.18 4.5 References / 4.21 Chapter 5. Solid-State Lasers Georg F. Albrecht and Stephen A. Payne 5.1 5.1 Introduction / 5.1 5.2 Solid-State Laser Devices / 5.2 5.3 Solid-State Laser Materials / 5.34 5.4 Future Directions / 5.56 5.5 References / 5.57 Chapter 6. Semiconductor Lasers James J. Coleman 6.1 6.1 Compound Semiconductors and Alloys / 6.1 6.2 Energy Band Structure / 6.3 6.3 Heterostructures / 6.6 6.4 Double Heterostructure Laser / 6.7 6.5 Stripe Geometry Lasers / 6.10 6.6 Index-Guided Stripe Geometry Lasers / 6.12 6.7 Materials Growth / 6.13 6.8 Quantum Well Heterostructure Lasers / 6.14 6.9 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers / 6.17 6.10 Laser Arrays / 6.18 6.11 Modulation of Laser Diodes / 6.21 6.12 Reliability / 6.23 6.13 References / 6.25 Chapter 7. Infrared Gas Lasers Michael Ivanco and Paul A. Rochefort 7.1 7.1 Introduction / 7.1 7.2 Gas Laser Theory / 7.1 7.3 Specific Gas Lasers / 7.12 7.4 Conclusions / 7.30 7.5 References / 7.30 Chapter 8. Free-Electron Lasers John A. Pasour 8.1 8.1 Introduction / 8.1 8.2 FEL Theory / 8.3 8.3 FEL Components / 8.8 8.4 FEL Devices / 8.14 8.5 Future Directions / 8.17 8.6 Conclusions / 8.20 8.7 References / 8.20 CONTENTS ix Chapter 9. Ultrashort Optical Pulses: Sources and Techniques Li Yan, P T. Ho, and Chi. H. Lee 9.1 9.1 Principles of Ultrashort Pulse Generation / 9.1 9.2 Methods of Generation / 9.5 9.3 Ultrashort Pulse Laser Systems / 9.18 9.4 Methods of Pulse Width Measurements / 9.26 9.5 Conclusions / 9.31 9.6 References / 9.32 Chapter 10. Optical Materials—UV, VUV Jack C. Rife 10.1 10.1 Fundamental Physical Properties / 10.3 10.2 Transmissive UV Optics / 10.7 10.3 Reflective UV Optics / 10.16 10.4 Damage and Durability / 10.26 10.5 Fabrication / 10.31 10.6 References / 10.37 Chapter 11. Optical Materials: Visible and Infrared W. J. Tropf, T. J. Harris, and M. E. Thomas 11.1 11.1 Introduction / 11.1 11.2 Types of Materials / 11.1 11.3 Applications / 11.2 11.4 Material Properties / 11.5 11.5 Property Data Tables / 11.9 11.6 References / 11.71 Chapter 12. Optical Fibers Carlton M. Truesdale 12.1 12.1 Theory of Fiber Transmission / 12.1 12.2 Materials for the Fabrication of Optical Fiber / 12.10 12.3 Fabrication Methods / 12.12 12.4 Fiber Losses / 12.16 12.5 Pulse Broadening / 12.19 12.6 References / 12.26 Chapter 13. Nonlinear Optics Gary L. Wood and Edward J. Sharp 13.1 13.1 Introduction / 13.1 13.2 Linear Optics: The Harmonic Potential Well / 13.1 13.3 Nonlinear Optics: The Anharmonic Potential Well / 13.4 13.4 Second-Order Nonlinearities: / 13.7 13.5 The Third-Order Susceptibilities: / 13.9 13.6 Propagation Through Nonlinear Materials / 13.12 13.7 Acknowledgments / 13.27 13.8 References / 13.27 [...]... double heterostructure optoelectronic switches depth of focus diluted multi-quantum well device under test dense wavelength division multiplex electron affinity electron beam electron bombarded charge coupled device electron bombardment silicon emitter-coupled logic erbium doped fiber amplifiers electronic Kerr effect exposure limits electromagnetic impulse / electrostatic discharge electro- optic electrical... toward composition Ronald W Waynant Marwood N Ediger xvii PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION Our concept for a new handbook on electro- optics integrates sources, materials, detectors and ongoing applications The field of electro- optics now encompasses both incoherent optical sources and lasers that operate from the millimeter wavelength region to the x-ray region In this handbook we provide coverage of the most important... to surface transmission electrophotonic vacuum ultraviolet wavelength add / drop multiplexer wavelength division multiplexing cross-gain modulation cross phase modulation yttrium aluminum garnet ytterbium erbium doped fiber amplifiers LiYF4, lithium yttrium fluoride CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRO- OPTICS Ronald W Waynant and Marwood N Ediger 1.1 INTRODUCTION The field of electro- optics has become increasingly... cathode ray tubes We believe that the material in this book will find an interested audience for many years This second edition of the Electro- Optics Handbook both updates individual chapters where needed and adds additional chapters where new fields have emerged Electro- optics remains a dynamic area and that will continue and broaden into many new areas Our thanks to Steve Chapman for his help getting... temperature, pressure, and displacement measurements, and a variety of medical probes INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRO- OPTICS 1.7 The principles of lithography for optoelectronics are presented in Chap 22 Lithography involves many of the topics covered in this handbook including vuv and x-ray sources and optics, holography, material properties, and laser chemistry of resists The important subject of laser... electrical to optical excited state absorption fast axial flow with axial discharge Fiber Bragg Gratings Food and Drug Administration flame hydrolysis deposition free electron laser free electron lasers field-effect transistors field-effect transistors selfelectro-optic effect devices fast Fourier transform focusing grating coupler flame hydrosis deposition free-induction decay frequency modulation Fiber Optic Gyroscope... separate absorption and multiplication layers surface acoustic waves strontium barium nitrate stimulated Brillouin scattering separate confine heterostructure secondary electron bombardment-induced response secondary electron conduction self -electro- optic effect devices self-focusing slowly varying envelope approximation stimulated four photon mixing amplifiers second harmonic generation semi-insulating... The authors are all experts in their fields We make no statement that this handbook is complete although it was our goal to work toward complete coverage of this field It is a dynamic field continually advancing and changing We hope to follow these changes and to strive for further completeness in future editions We believe electro- optics will be part of a new field with new ways of transferring knowledge... sources might travel From there we consider the detectors that might be used to observe them When all the components have been covered, we consider the applications for which electro- optical systems can be used The applications for electro- optics systems is growing at a phenomenal rate and will most likely do so for the next fifty years or more Applications range from the astronomical to the microscopic Laser... lasers for microelectronic applications is surveyed The principles of optical integrated circuits and optoelectronic integrated circuits are covered in Chaps 26 and 27 Combining an array of electro- optic devices in miniature form involves integrating diode lasers, detectors, materials, and fiber optics The topics and devices described in these last two chapters are undoubtedly critical to the future . Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Electro-optics handbook / Ronald W. Waynant, editor, Marwood N. Ediger, editor.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes. references and index. ISBN 0-0 7-0 6871 6-1 (hc) 1. Electrooptical devices—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Waynant, Ronald W. II. Ediger, Marwood N., date. TA1750.E44