CARCINOGEN Edited by Margarita Pesheva, Martin Dimitrov and Teodora Stefkova Stoycheva Carcinogen Edited by Margarita Pesheva, Martin Dimitrov and Teodora Stefkova Stoycheva Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published June, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Carcinogen, Edited by Margarita Pesheva, Martin Dimitrov and Teodora Stefkova Stoycheva p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0658-6 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Model of Carcinogenesis 1 Chapter 1 The New Model of Carcinogenesis: The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis 3 Brenda Loaiza, Emilio Rojas and Mahara Valverde Section 2 Environmental Carcinogenesis 33 Chapter 2 Genotoxic Effects of Exposure to Formaldehyde in Two Different Occupational Settings 35 Susana Viegas, Carina Ladeira, Mário Gomes, Carla Nunes, Miguel Brito and João Prista Chapter 3 Ecological Risk Assessment on the Territory of Belarus After Chernobyl Accident 55 Irina Saltanova, Alexander Malenchenko and Svetlana Sushko Chapter 4 Focus on Bisphenol A, an Uncertain Environmental Pollutant 69 Salvatore Sciacca, Gea Oliveri Conti, Maria Fiore and Margherita Ferrante Section 3 Test for Detection of Carcinogens 81 Chapter 5 The Ty1 Retrotransposition Short-Term Test for Selective Detection of Carcinogenic Genotoxins 83 Teodora Stoycheva, Margarita Pesheva, Martin Dimitrov and Pencho Venkov Chapter 6 Isolation and Detection of Carcinogenic Nucleic Acid Adducts 111 Dickson M. Wambua, Amanda L. Brownstone, Charles A. Barnes and Norman H. L. Chiu VI Contents Section 4 Food and Carcinogens 131 Chapter 7 Carcinogen Role of Food by Mycotoxins and Knowledge Gap 133 Margherita Ferrante, Salvatore Sciacca and Gea Oliveri Conti Chapter 8 Food Borne Carcinogens: A Dead End? 163 Rosa Busquets Santacana Preface During the last decades, cancer diseases have increased all over the world. The low quality of food and strong pollution of environment are the main prerequisites for carcinogenesis. The main problem for scientists is to find strategy for prevention of cancer diseases. Therefore, the information about models for studying carcinogenesis and mutagens which appear during cooking, environmental pollutants, and tests for specific detection of carcinogens is particularly important. The book “Carcinogen” contains a collection of reviews and original papers which illustrate: Models of Carcinogenesis - a review focused on the role of stem cells as target to carcinogenesis Tests for Detection of Carcinogens - one of the reviews describes different methods for analyzing nucleic acid adducts, while the other describes the Ty1 retrotransposition short-term test, which can be used to study carcinogenicity of chemicals, including such applied in agriculture, nutrition and pharmacy. The test is highly sensitive, selective to carcinogenic substances, and can be used to control environmental pollution. Food and Carcinogens - one of the reviews gives general information about mycotoxins. Some of them have biological effect on human health, the others, however, are carcinogenic according to their mechanism of action. The quality of food depends on the heat treatment during cooking process, which may cause the formation of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. Food industry has to monitor and control food technology to ultimately reduce food born carcinogens. Environmental Carcinogenesis - four reviews are closely focused on environmental pollution with carcinogens and their effect on human health - the risk of leukemia arising from formaldehyde exposure, the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure to cancer risk, the consumption of high amount of water containing humic acid, and genome instability caused by ionizing radiation. The book “Carcinogen” is intended for biologists, researchers, students in medical sciences and professionals interested in associated areas. Dr. Margarita Peshev Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Bulgaria Dr. Martin Dimitrov Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, Bulgaria Dr. Teodora Stefkova Stoycheva Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology, Department of Cryobiology and Lyophilization, Bulgaria . CARCINOGEN Edited by Margarita Pesheva, Martin Dimitrov and Teodora Stefkova Stoycheva Carcinogen Edited by Margarita Pesheva,. obtained from orders@intechopen.com Carcinogen, Edited by Margarita Pesheva, Martin Dimitrov and Teodora Stefkova Stoycheva p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0658-6