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PARASITIC DISEASES -
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Edited by Rashika El Ridi
Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55787
Edited by Rashika El Ridi
Contributors
Ricardo J.P.S. Guimarães, Corina Freitas, Luciano Vieira Dutra, Guilherme Oliveira, Omar Carvalho, Maria José
Conceição, José Rodrigues Coura, André Ricardo Ribas Freitas, Rodrigo Nogueira Angerami, Idowu Sule Akande,
Monday Francis Useh, Rashika El Ridi, Nguessan, Orsot Niangoran Mathieu, Claudineide Oliveira, Rosimeire Oliveira,
Tarsila Frezza, Vera Lucia Garcia Rehder, Silmara Nascimento Fernandes De Allegretti, Denise Silveira-Lemos, Matheus
Fernandes Costa Silva, Amanda Cardoso De O. Silveira, Olindo Assis Martins-Filho, Giovanni Gazzinelli, Pedro Henrique
Guimarães Gazzinelli, Helena Barbosa Ferraz, Maria Carolina Barbosa Álvares, Cristiano Lara Massara, Martin Johannes
Enk, Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho, Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira, Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
Published by InTech
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First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
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Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis, Edited by Rashika El Ridi
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0942-6
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Contents
Preface VII
Section 1 Epidemiology 1
Chapter 1 Multiple Regression for the Schistosomiasis Positivity Index
Estimates in the Minas Gerais State - Brazil at Small
Communities and Cities Levels 3
Ricardo J.P.S. Guimarães, Corina C. Freitas, Luciano V. Dutra,
Guilherme Oliveira and Omar S. Carvalho
Chapter 2 Epidemiological Survey of Human and Veterinary
Schistosomiasis 27
I.S. Akande and A.A. Odetola
Chapter 3 Community-Based Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-
Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Epidemiological Context of a
Large Dam in Cote D’ivoire 49
Nicaise Aya N'Guessan , Orsot Niangoran Mathieu, Abé N’Doumi
Noël and N’Goran Kouakou Eliézer
Chapter 4 Schistosomiasis 63
Monday Francis Useh
Section 2 Clinical Schistosomiasis 95
Chapter 5 Clinical, Laboratory and Ultrasonographic Evaluation of
Patients with Acute Schistosomiasis Mansoni 97
Matheus Fernandes Costa-Silva**, Denise da Silveira-Lemos**,
Amanda Cardoso de Oliveira Silveira, Pedro Henrique Gazzinelli-
Guimarães, Helena Barbosa Ferraz, Cristiano Lara Massara, Martin
Johannes Enk, Maria Carolina Barbosa Álvares, Olindo Assis
Martins-Filho, Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho, Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira,
Giovanni Gazzinelli and Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
Chapter 6 Spinal Cord Schistosomiasis 121
André Ricardo Ribas Freitas and Rodrigo Nogueira Angerami
Chapter 7 Study on Schistosomiasis mansoni and Comorbidity with
Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection 143
Maria José Conceição and José Rodrigues Coura
Section 3 Drugs and Vaccines 149
Chapter 8 Tegument of Schistosoma mansoni as a
Therapeutic Target 151
Claudineide Nascimento Fernandes de Oliveira, Rosimeire Nunes de
Oliveira, Tarsila Ferraz Frezza, Vera Lúcia Garcia Rehder and Silmara
Marques Allegretti
Chapter 9 Solving the Riddle of the Lung-Stage Schistosomula Paved the
Way to a Novel Remedy and an Efficacious Vaccine for
Schistosomiasis 179
Rashika El Ridi and Hatem Tallima
ContentsVI
Preface
Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem in 76 countries of the developing world,
yet information on prevalence and risk maps is incomplete, and often contradictory. To
correct this caveat, Ricardo J.P.S. Guimarães et al. created a Geographic Information System
(GIS) database, containing all social and socieconomic factors, and environmental variables,
such as snail distribution, vegetation index, precipitation, temperature, and sanitation, at
small communities and city levels in the Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The database was used
together with multiple linear regressions to estimate the schistosomiasis positivity index,
and build a schistosomiasis risk map for Minas Gerais State. The methodology used in this
study can be utilized to control schistosomiasis in the areas with occurrence of the disease,
and can also be used to take preventive measures to decrease or eradicate the disease
transmission.
Akande and Odetola relied on community-based pilot control trials for obtaining correct
and accurate estimates of schistosomiasis prevalence in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Nigeria.
Monday Francis Useh, in his chapter: Schistosomiasis, specifically reported that Schistosoma
haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infections have been widely detected in all parts of
Nigeria although the former predominates. A total of 30 million Nigerians, 18% of 162
millions population, are infected with schistosomiasis, with the school age children carying
the greatest burden of the disease. Of note, infection with S. haematobium was reported in
all the regions in Nigeria with a prevalence as high as 60-75% among schoolchildren in some
communities. N'Guessan Aya Nicaise proposed lasting solutions for fighting
schistosomiasis in the Cote d’Ivoire, where urinary schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted
helminthiasis (especially hookworms), which infect > 50% of the population, prevail. The
study was conducted in epidemiological context of large dam in Côte-d’Ivoire, in Taabo-
village, a hyperendemic schistosomiasis locality located near Lake of the great dam Taabo,
with prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school children reaching 94% at the start
of the study. Awareness campaigns and treatments were carried out by the school teachers
and Community health workers. Sociological surveys were made before treatment to
understand risk behaviors. Nevertheless, slight reduction in prevalence to 74% was
obtained, likely due to continuous transmission of the parasite. It was noteworthy that there
was no enthusiasm for the treatment, for the simple reason that these parasites are
considered by the majority of the population as non-serious illnesses and less dreadful.
The Chapters in the section “Clinical Schistosomiasis” are thus timely elaborating on the
dangers not only of chronic, but also of acute schistosomiasis. According to Matheus
Fernandes Costa-Silva et al., the clinical findings most commonly observed in acute
schistosomiasis patients include fever, general weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, anorexia, colic, weight loss, dry cough and hepatosplenomegaly accompanied by a
marked eosinophilia and leucocytosis. Additionally, acute schistosomiasis is difficult to
diagnose, as the clinical findings may be confounded with a number of infections such as
visceral leishmaniasis, typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, mononucleosis
and bacterial infections. Chronic schistosomiasis mansoni and haematobium are certainly
even more dangerous because of their deleterious effects on the liver, intestine, and/or
urinary bladder, and additionally may involve the spinal cord, leading to
neuroschistosomiasis, as documented by André Ricardo Ribas Freitas and Rodrigo
Nogueira Angerami. The proportion of patients who go from schistosomiasis to medullar
neuroschistosomiasis is unknown. There are several indications that this disease has been
under-diagnosed, and difficult to diagnose. This situation has been changing in the last
years, particularly in Brazil, due to the improvement in diagnostic tools and increase of
cases in patients of of endemic countries. Finally, chronic infection with schistosomes
increases the patient susceptibility to infection with viruses, namely hepatitis B and C
viruses as reported by Maria Jose´Conceição and José Rodrigues Coura in the last Chapter of
this section.
Accordingly, the Chapters included in the section “Drugs and Vaccines” are most welcome.
Praziquantel is essentially the only drug commercially available and widely used for
treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni, haematobium, and japonica. Claudineide Nascimento
Fernandes de Oliveira et al. reviewed both the clinical plants that may display
schistosomicidal activity and the schistosomes tegument structure, and found that fractions
of plants belonging to the genus Phyllanthus L have powerful schistosomicidal effects via
destruction of the tegument. The tegument lesions were thoroughly described using
modified scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. In the last chapter of
the book, Rashika El Ridi and Hatem Tallima proposed arachidonic acid as effective remedy
against schistosomiasis mansoni and haematobium. The mechanism of action is likely the
activation of parasite tegument associated neutral sphingomyelinase, hydrolysis of apical
membrane sphingomyelin, and perturbations of the outer lipid bilayer, allowing access of
host antibodies, destruction of the tegument, and eventual worm attrition. They further
reported that several dogmas hinder the development of an effective vaccine, and provided
rationale and evidence for the efficacy of a vaccine based on larval excretory-secretory
products and Type 2 cytokines, such as interleukin-25 and 33, as adjuvants.
The chapters of this book are intended to provide useful information and strong initiative
for researchers and clinicians in the field of schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases.
At the end I wish to thank InTech, particularly Mrs. Ivona Lovric and Mr. Oliver Kurelic, for
the opportunity to edit this interesting, important, and timely book, which I dedicate to the
Martyrs of the Arab Spring Revolution, and to schistosome-infected children worldwide.
Rashika El Ridi
Zoology Department,
Faculty of Science,
Cairo University,
Cairo, Egypt
PrefaceVIII
Section 1
Epidemiology
[...]... 2006;103(18) 693 4-9 [49] Guo J-G, Penelope V, Cao C-L, Jurg U, Zhu H-Q, Daniel A, et al A geographic infor mation and remote sensing based model for prediction of Oncomelania hupensis habi tats in the Poyang Lake area, China Acta Tropica 2005;96( 2-3 ) 21 3-2 2 [50] Yang G-J, Vounatsou P, Zhou X-N, Tanner M, Utzinger J A Bayesian-based ap proach for spatio-temporal modeling of county level prevalence of... it improved the correlation with independent variables 11 12 Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis The analysis of the correlation matrix showed that some variables had non-significative cor relations with lnIp at 95% confidence level, and also some variables were highly correlated among themselves, indicating that those variables could be excluded from future analysis Since multi co-linearity effects... classification, Bayesian model, RS, NDVI, slope, LST - Schistosoma China - spp - S mansoni, GIS, spatial analysis and [65] clustering, Bayesian model, Mali NOAA (AVHRR) Bayesian models, NDVI, LST, [66] GIS, logistic regression S haematobium Biomphalaria sp S.mansoni Brazil - kriging, spatial distribution [67, 68] Biomphalaria sp S.mansoni Brazil - Fuzzy logic [69] 7 8 Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis Vector... prevalence of Schistosoma japoni 23 24 Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis cum infection in Jiangsu province, China International Journal for Parasitology 2005;35(2) 15 5-6 2 [51] Zhang Z-Y, Xu D-Z, Zhou X-N, Zhou Y, Liu S-J Remote sensing and spatial statisti cal analysis to predict the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in the marshlands of China Acta Trop 2005;96( 2-3 ) 20 5-1 2 [52] Brooker S, Alexander N,... temperature, logistic [32] regression Oncomelania spp S japonicum China NOAA (AVHRR), Lansdat TNDVI [33] (TM) - Schistosoma Chad, spp Cameroon NOAA (AVHRR) ecology [34] 5 6 Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis Vector Species Study Area Satellite-sensor Technical-variables Reference B pfeifferi, B S mansoni, Africa (sub- NOAA (AVHRR) SIG [35] senegalensis S Saharan Chad - environmental data [36] Cameroon NOAA... for the Schistosomiasis Positivity Index Estimates in the Minas Gerais State Brazil http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53500 Vector Species Study Area Satellite-sensor Technical-variables Reference - S mansoni Brazil - logistic regression models [52] and Bayesian spatial models Biomphalaria sp S.mansoni Brazil MODIS, SRTM regression, elevation, mixture [53] model, NDVI B glabrata S.mansoni Brazil - spatial... Weighted Regression, Generalized Additive Model, etc) Acknowledgements The authors woud like to acknowledge the support of Sandra da Costa Drummond (Funda ỗóo Nacional de Saỳde) and the support of CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientớfico e Tecnolúgico) (grants # 300679/201 1-4 , 384571/201 0-7 , 302966/200 9-9 , 308253/200 8-6 ) 19 20 Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis Author details Ricardo J.P.S... Science & Medicine 1997;44(7) 94 9-6 8 21 22 Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis [25] Malone JB, Abdel-Rahman MS, El Bahy MM, Huh OK, Shafik M, Bavia M Geograph ic information systems and the distribution of Schistosoma mansoni in the Nile delta Parasitol Today 1997;13(3) 11 2-9 [26] Gong P, Spear R, Seto E, Zhou Y, Xu B, Maxzle D, et al Remote sensing and GIS for schistosomiasis control in Sichuan, China,... S.mansoni Brazil - social and environmental [55] data, regression Biomphalaria spp S mansoni Brazil - GPS and GIS [56] B glabrata S mansoni Brazil - kernel [57] - Schistosoma Africa - ecology, GIS, RS, geostatistics [58] Cụte d'Ivoire - socioeconomic data, logistic [59] spp B pfeifferi S mansoni regression, Bayesian model B sudanica, B S mansoni Uganda - spatial analysis [60] S Tanzania - social and ecological... regional model was developed by doing a regression model separately in each of the four regions formed by first applying the SKATER algorithm using environmental variables [74] The models validation was performed using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Mean Squared Prediction Error (MSPR), given by [80] n RMSE = ồ ( Ipi - Ipi ) i =1 2 (2) n ^ where I pi and I pi represent, respectively, the observed . PARASITIC DISEASES -
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Edited by Rashika El Ridi
Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55787
Edited by Rashika El. obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis, Edited by Rashika El Ridi
p. cm.
ISBN 97 8-9 5 3-5 1-0 94 2-6
free online editions of InTech
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