Nhu cầu việc làm của người nông dân vùng đô thị hoá ở hà nội

NHU CAU VIEC L A M CUA NONG DAN VUNG DO THI HOA H A NOI PGS.TS Nguyen Hiiu Thii Khoa Tdm Iv luii TrUdng Dgi hoc Khoa hoc Xi hgi & Nhan van T O M TAT Do thi hda dd dang diin vdi mat tdc dg nhanh chua li'lng co a Viet Nam ndi chung vd dcdi thdnh phd ldn ndi rieng dd co Ihu Ha Ngi Ben canh nhimg Igi ich do thi hoa mang Igi Ihi hgu qua cua nd Id dien lieh ddt sdn Midi nong nghiep vimg ngoui lhanh iigdv cdng ht thu hep, ngUai nong ddn khong cd viec ldm hogc bugc phdi thay ddi cong viec truyen thdng nhil can viei Idm li d lhanh vdn de cdp thiei ciia ho Bdi viei ndy se di sdu phan tich thuc trgng viec Idm vd nhu cdu viec Idm ciia nang ddn vimg thi hda d Hd Ngi, cdc mdi bieu hien i lia nhu cdu viec Idm Tren ca sd dd dua mgt sd hien phdp tdm ly - gido due nhdm ddp I'mg nhu cdu viec Idm cho nong ddn vimg tin hda T i khoa: Nhu can: Viec Idm vd nhu cdu vie< Idm ciia nong ddn vimg tin hda Ngdy nhdn hdi: 14/1/2013; Ngdy duyel dang hdi: 25/2/2013 D a t v a n dd Ha Ndi la trung tam chinh tri, kinh le van hda, xa hdi la thu dd - trai tim c i a ca nude Trong nhiing nam gan day, dac biet t i nam 2008, dien tich c i a Ha Ndi khdng n g i n g dupe md rpng, qua trinh dd thi hda didn vdi mpt tdc dp, qui md ldn chua tung cd Hau qua c i a qua trinh la dien tich dat san xua't ndng nghiep vung ngoiii cang bi thu hep Ngudi ndng dan bi ma't da't eanh tac, bi mat viec lam, trd ndn that nghiep, hiinh p h i c gia dinh c i a hp bi de doa, nhieu te nan xa hdi xuat hien lam ilnh hudng nghiem trpng tdi trat tu, an ninh, qudc phdng d dia phuong Nghidn cuu nhu cau viec lam c i a ndng dan v i n g dd thi hda cd y nghia ly luan va thyc tidn het s i c quan trpng bdi canh phat tridn hien Kel qua nghien c i u se chi thuc triing viec lam, nhu cSu viec lam c i a ndng dan v i n g dd thi hda P Ha Ndi, trdn c o sd dd dua mdt sd bien phap tam ly - giao due g i i p cho cae nha hoach dinh chinh saeh, chinh quydn phd, chinh quyen cae dia phucmg dua cae chinh sach phu hpp, gdp phSn tang cudng viec lam, e o hdi viec lam g i i p ndng dan dn dinh cupc sd'ng va tang cudng nidm tin cua hp vao Dang, che dd 12 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (168), - 2013 Dia ban nghien ciiu (dugc lira chgn ngSu nhien) la ba huyen ngoai Ha Ngi - noi da va dang didn qua trinh dd ihi hda he't siic manh me, dd lahuydn Tir Liem, huyen Ddng Anh va huydn Hoai Diic Khach the nghidn ciiu gdm 849 ngudi, dd cd 811 ndng dan va 38 can bd xa (chu tich UBND, bi thu Dang iiy va dai dien cac ban, cac td chiic xa hgi) Khao sat thuc lidn dugc lien hanh ttr thang nam 2011 ddn thang nam 2012 Cae phuong phap dugc sii dung nghidn ciiu bao gdm: phuong phap phSn tich tai heu, van ban; phuong phap quan sal; phuong phap didu tra vidt bang bang hdi; phuong phap phdng van sSu; phan tfch chan dung tSm ly di^n hinh; phuong phap chuyen gia Cae kd't qua khao sat thuc lidn duge xii ly bang ph^n m^m thd'ng ke loan hoc SPSS phidn ban 16.0 Cac items eiia tirng cau hdi cd ba phuong an tra ldi, iing vdi I, va diem Ve dinh lucmg, nhu e^u vide lam cua ndng dan vung dd thi hda dugc danh gia theo miic nhu sau: cao tii 1,0 den 1,66, trung binh tir 1,67 den 2,32 va tha'p tir 2,33 dd'n 3,0 Trong nghien ciiu nay, chung tdi hieu nhu cdu Id nhCfng mong mudn, doi hoi ctia ngudi cdn difcfc thoa man de ton tai vd phdt trien vfiti ttf cdch Id ihdnh vien xd h(}i Nhu cau la ngudn gdc ciia tinh ti'ch cue, la yeu td quyet dinh ddng ccf, muc dich hanh ddng ciia ngudi Khac vdi vat, nhu cau ciia ngudi ludn chiia dung ndi dung xa hdi sau sac va dugc hp y thiic mdt each ro rang Vide lam dugc hieu la: "Moi hogt dgng lao dong tgo ngudn thu nhgp khdng hi phdp litdi ngdn cam deu dift/c thifa nhdn Id viec ldm" (Dieu 13 ciia Bg luat Lao ddng, Hien phap Nude Cgng hoa Xa hdi Chii NghTa Viet Nam) Vdi each hieu nay, vide lam dugc hi^u mpt each rdng nha't, bao gdm nhiing cdng vide phiic tap ddi hdi nhiing tri thiic, kT nang can thiel ihdng qua dao lao va ca nhirng lao ddng don gian, phd thdng khdng qua dao tao Quan niem ve viee lam giiip chting ldi xem xet, nghidn eiiu duge loan bd eac edng viec ma ngudi dan VLing dd thi hda d Ha Ndi dang lam va mong mudn lam Nhu cdu viec ldm duac hieu Id nhifng mong muf'm doi hdi ciia ngifdi ve nhtl'ng viec ldm cii the de cv dittrc lint iilmp chinh ddng cdn diff/c thod mdn de ton tgi vd phdt trien nhu mol thdnh vien tich ci/c xd hpi Vdi each hid'u nay, chiing tdi mudn nha'n manh nhu c5u vide lam khdng don gian chi la hien tugng tam ly gan lien vdi nhan each, vdi nhdm xa hdi ma cdn la va'n de ciia luat hgc, xa hdi hpc va trid't hoc lien quan true tidp tdi su tdn tai va phat trien ciia ngudi xa hdi Thuc trang nhu cau viec lam cua ndng dan vung thi hda d Ha Noi De lam rd duge thuc trang nhu eau viec lam ciia ndng dan viing dd thi hda, trudc het cSn lam rd thuc trang viec lam cua hg hien Trong nghien TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd (168), - 2013 13 ciu nay, thuc trang viec lam eua ndng dan vung dd thi hda d Ha Npi dupe dieu tra theo cac tidu chi sau: (1) da cd viec lam hay dang tim kiem viee lam; (2) loai cdng vide dang lam; (3) thdi gian lam vide va thu nhap cd dupe t i viec lam; (4) mic dp ydn tam vdi ePng viee 2.1 Thuc trang viec ldm cua nong ddn vdng thi hoa aHd Ngi Sd lupng ngudi dang cd viec lam va dia diem lam viec la mpt nhung lieu chi quan trpng danh gia vide lam va sir thda man viec lam cua ndng dan vung dd thi hda d Ha Ndi Didu anh hudng ra't Idn tdi nhu cSu vide lam cia hp Ke't qua nghien euu duoc the hien d bang sau: Bdng I: Thifc trgng viet Idm ctia nong ddn the hien qua sd lugng vd dia diem vice Idm Noi dung Tieu chi Huai Die SL Don ? Anh SL Tir Liem SL Tong mau SL % % % % Tmh trang viec lam Da CO viec lam 203 41,9 148 30,5 134 27.6 485 63,7 Dang lam 84 30.4 71 25,7 121 43.8 276 36,3 Dia difi'm viec lam Dia phuang 147 31,6 170 36,6 148 31.8 456 79,2 Dia phuang khac 44 51,2 15 17.4 27 31.4 86 14,7 Thanh 10 27,8 16,7 20 55.6 36 6,1 tim viec Bang cho thay, sd ngudi dang ed vide lam d cac vung dd thi hda Ha Ndi hien la 63,7%, sd ngudi dang tim kiem viec lam 36,3% Trong sd ngudi da ed viec lam thi ngudi lam vide tai dia phuong la nhieu nhat vdi 79,2%, sd ngudi lam viec tai dia phuang khac la 14,7% va ehi cd 6,1% la lam viec tai phd Ndu so sanh giua cae huyen tren dia ban nghien ciu thi ty le ndng dan huyen Hoai Die cd viee lam cao hon Ddng Anh va Tu Lidm (41,9%, 30,5% va 27,6%) Nguyen nhin la do, thi nha't, ngudi ndng dan cd y thue tim viee lam; thi hai, chi'nh quyen huyen Hoai Due da td chic td't hon viec thu hdi da't va tiio viee lam eho ngudi ndng dan Viee lam cua ndng dan tiii eac vung dd thi hda hien rat phong phi, da dang Dua trdn tinh chat eua viee lam cd the chia lam nhdm vide lam CO ban sau: lao ddng ndng nghidp; hio ddng cdng nghiep; dieh vu san xua't ndng nghiep; lao ddng thuong mill - dich vu; lieu thi edng nghiep; cdng chic vien chic nha nude; nhan vien van phdng tai cac doanh nghiep, td chuc kinh te, xa hpi; xua't khau lao ddng Dd lien so sanh cac nhdm viec lam tren theo thdi gian (trudc, va sau) qua trinh dd thi hda, cac viec lam cua ndng dan lai duoc 14 TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd (168), 3-2013 ching tdi nhdm lai theo eac dac didm sau: cdng viec vdn ed; edng viec mdi; cdng vide dang lam; cdng viee ed the lam; edng vide mud'n lam Ke't qua nghien ciu dupe the hien lai bang dudi day Bdng 2: Thilc trgng viee Idm ciia ndng ddn the hien qua cdc nhdm viee ldm vd dgc diem viec Idm TT Nhom cdng viec Lao d6ng n6ng nghiep Lao dOng cOng nghiep C6ng viec Dac diem viec lam Lam nOng 86,8 2,4 2,5 0,7 3.6 Chan nuOi 82,9 7,9 2.9 2.4 2.0 Tr6ng trot 81,5 5.2 5.5 1.5 2.0 9.2 7,3 COng nhan tai cac Ichu c6ng nghiep 18,9 50,3 8,6 Thg han, thg tien 20,0 62,1 3,5 8,3 2.3 Tha sita may moc 20,9 60,0 6.5 7,7 4,2 Dich vu san xua't nOng nghiep Cung cap cac loai giO'ng vat nuOi cay trdng 41,7 34.0 11.2 9.0 3.2 Cung ea'p phan bon thuo'c bao ve thuc vat 54,0 24.8 9.0 10.8 1,4 Che bie'n thuc ph^m 19,0 45,2 8.0 15,0 12,6 Lao dOng thuang mai, dich vu Dai ly ba't dOng san 12,1 68,5 5.4 9,6 3.0 Chu nha Iro 11,2 37,4 17,5 22,9 4,3 Budn ban, kinh doanh 20,9 26,8 11.1 22,4 9.2 Tieu thil c6ng nghiep Lam dd g6 26,1 55,5 8.6 6,2 3.0 Ngh6 may tre 14,1 51,4 i0,6 9.2 14.4 Ngh^ truyen tho'ng cua dia phuong 28,8 18,0 10,8 18,3 24,1 Dang 48,4 28.2 16.2 3.7 3.2 Chinh quyen 48,1 26,2 19,0 4,7 2.0 Doan th^ Cong chiic vien chiic nha nude 49,5 24.4 17,5 5,4 2.7 Nhan vien van phong tai cac doanh nghiep, td chirc kinh te', xa hOi 35,8 29.1 6,0 11.2 17,9 Xuat khau lao d6ng 13.5 32,2 7,4 16.3 27,7 Ghi chir 1- Cdng viec vdn co: 2- Cong viec mdi; 3- Cong viec dang lam; 4- Cong i ldm; 5- Cong viec mud'n ldm TAP CHI'TAM L t HOC Sd (168), - Biing cho tha'y, viec lam san xua't ndng nghiep truydn thd'ng eua ndng dan vung dd thi hda van chidm ti le rat ldn, cu the la: lam ndng nghiep (86,8%), chan nudi (82,9%) va trdng trpt (81,5%) Trong dd, viec lam ndng nghiep dang lam va mong mud'n lam chiem ti 16 rat nhd (2,5% va 3,6%), nhidn sd ndng dan mong mudn lam viec ndng nghiep truydn thd'ng cao hon sd ngudi dang lam Didu ed the giiii thi'ch rang vide lam ndng nghiep truydn thdng da trd Idi sd'ng in dam vao tam tri, trd thdi quen khdng dd t i bd dd'i vdi ho Ndng dan vung dd thi hda d Ha Npi hien dang lam cdng viec trdng trot nhieu hon chiin nudi va san xuii't nPng nghiep (5,5% so vdi 2,9% va 2,5%) Ket quii nhan dupe cho phep khiing dinh chinh sach thu hdi da't cia Nha nude da lam cho dien tich da't canh lac ndng nghiep bi thu hep, bupc ngudi ndng dan phai ehuydn din t i san xua't lia truydn thd'ng sang trdng rau xanh, ciy an qua hoac chan nudi Theo ndng dan, nhidu vide lam mdi dupe tao d dia phuong dac biet la lao dpng cPng nghiep nhu thp han, thp tien (62,1%); sia ehia may mdc (60,0%) va cdng nhan lai cac khu edng nghidp (50,3%) Tuy nhien, sd ngudi dang ed viec lam thi sd ndng dan lao dpng cdng nghiep khdng nhidu, cu the la; edng nhan tiii cac khu cdng nghiep (8,6%), thp sua may mdc 6,5% va thp han, thp lien (3,5%) Nhu vay ro rang day la mpt mau thuin till cdng vide mdi xua't hien nhidu d dia phuong, ndng dan cd nhu can dd'i vdi cac cdng viee dd ma it ndng dan dupe lam cac edng viee NguyC-n nhan ed the linh tich cue, chu dpng cia ndng dan, trinh va nang lire cia hp chua dap ing yeu ciu tuyen dung hoac chinh quydn dia phupng, doanh nghiep thue hien chua lot ehinh sach cia Nha nude, phd vd tao viec lam cho ndng din Thu nhap cd duoc t i viec lam la ye'u to cP biin quye't dinh sir gan bd lau dai, su thda man hay khdng thda man dd'i vdi cdng viec cua ndng dan ving dd thi hda Day la ydu td quan trpng qui dinh viec tim kiem viee lam mdi (hay khong) eua ho Ket qua nghien ciu vd thu nhap cho thay, ed hon nua (61,3%) sd ngudi ed viec lam hien ed thu nhap cd the nudi duoc ban than, nhung phan tich sau hon cho thay sd chi cd 34.4''; dam bao hoan toan nudi dupe ban than, cdn 26,7% khdng nudi dupe biin than Nhu vay, cd thd ndi sd ngudi cd viec lam hien tai cac vung dd thi hda d Ha Ndi cd thu nhap rat tha'p, khdng d i trang trai cho ban thin va gia dinh Didu da lam cho cupc sdng cia gia dinh hp khong dn dinh, hp khdng ydn tim vdi cdng viee dang lam va cd nhu eiiu tim kiem viec lam mdi Thdi gian lam viec la mpt Irong nhung chi sd quan trpng danh gia viec lam eua nong dan ving dd thi hda d Hit Ndi Theo luat dinh, lam viec du thdi gian la lam viec vdi tieng/ngiiy va tuan Ne'u ngudi ndng dan lam di thdi gian thi ed the ho cd thu nhap dn dinh, bao dam cudc sd'ng, t i dd gan bd lau dai vdi cdng viec Khi lam viec khdng du thdi gian, ddng nghia vdi viee thu nhap khdng dn dinh, lam cho ngudi ndng dan cd nhu cau lam thdm hoac tim kiem viec lam khae Ke't qua nghien ciu eho thay, sd ndng dan TAP CHiTAM LV HOC, Sd (168), - 2013 dang cd viec lam thi thdi gian lam viec ciia hg cijng hdt siic khac nhau, CLi the: cd 20,7% ndng dAn thudng xuyen lam viec tren gid/ngay; 45,6% ndng dan thudng xuydn cd viee lam vdi thdi gian gid/ngay va 34,7% ndng dan lam vide dudi gid/ngay Trong sd dd cd 20,1% ndng dan lam vide dii tufin va 16,1% ndng dan lam vide theo thdi vii Miic ydn tam vdi cdng vide dang lam ciia ndng dan cd anh hudng khdng nhd tdi nhu c^u viec lam ciia hg Neu tinh chat va cac didu kidn ciia vide lam phu hgp vdi nang luc, sd thich va nhu ciu, dgng co ciia ngudi ndng dAn se lam cho hg yen Uim vdi cdng vide dang lam Cdng viec dang lam khdng hoac I'l phil hgp, ho se khdng yen tam, lir dd xua'l hidn nhu cau lim kidm cdng viec mdi phu hgp hon Ke't qua nghidn ciiu cho thay; 46,9% ndng dan dang cd vide lam hidn nity ydn tam vdi cdng vide dang lam vl phii hgp vdi siic khde, kha nang va sd thich ciia hg; cd 53,1% ndng dan khdng yen tam vdi edng viec, mong mudn tim kiem viee khac hoac mudn chuyen cdng viec khac vi cdng vide dang lam khdng phCi hgp Cd the ndi, ehi ed gan mdt niia sd ndng dan vung dd thi hda d Ha Ndi dang cd vide lam hidn la ydn tam vdi cdng vide dang lam, so cdn lai cd nhu cau, mong mudn tim kiem vide lam khac Nhu vay, thuc trang vide lam eiia ndng dan vung dd Ihi hda d Ha Ndi hidn cho thay gan 2/3 ndng dan da cd vide lam Tuy nhidn, so nhirng ngudi cd vide lam hien thi phan ldn chua thda man vdi cdng viec, mud'n tim kiem vide khac nhidu yd'u td chii quan va khach quan Cac cdng vide ngudi ndng dan dang lam chii ye'u van la lao ddng san xua't ndng nghiep truyen thd'ng Sd lugng vide lam mdi qua trinh dd thi hda tao nhu: lao ddng cdng nghiep, lao ddng thucfng mai, djch vu va xuat khau lao ddng Ngudi ndng dan cd nhu cau cao ddi vdi cac cdng viec; xuat khsiu lao ddng; lam nghe truydn thdng eiia dia phuong va lam nhan vidn van phdng lai cac doanh nghidp, id chiic kinh te, xa hdi 2.2 Nhu cdu viec ldm cua ngudi nong ddn the hien qua nhdn thdc Nhu cau viec lam la nhu cau xa hdi, nhu cau bac cao cua ngudi, vi the nhan thiic la mdt nhiing mat bieu hien quan trgng ciia nhu cau Mud'n cd nhu c^u vide lam, trudc het ndng dan can nhan thtic dugc y nghia, tam quan trgng eua viee lam ddi vdi Nha nude, dia phuong va ngudi ndng dan vung dd thi hda Kd't qua nghien ciiu dugc the hidn d bang Biing cho tha'y ndng dan viing dd thi hda da nhan thiie dugc y nghfa, tam quan trgng cila vide lam ddi vdi Nha nude, dia phuong, gia dinh va ca nhan hp Cac gia Iri cdt ldi cua viec lam da dugc ndng dan nhan thiic, danh gia cu the nhu sau: Vi trf thii nha't la, Igi ich ciia viec lam gdp phan phat tridn kmh te, dam bao an ninh qudc phdng eho qudc gia (DTB = 1,08, vdi dd Idch chuan 0,29); Vi tri thii hai la, vide lam gitip cd thu nhap chinh dang dam bao hanh phiic gia dinh va ca nhan (DTB = 1,15 vdi lech chan la 0,42); Vi tri thii ba la gdp TAPCHITAMLyHOCSd (168), 3-2013 17 phiin giiim thieu cac Id nan xa hdi va dam bao an ninh, trat tu d dia phuong (DTB = 1, 19 vdi lech chuyin 0,40); Vi tri thii tu la, dam bao cho sir phat trien ea nhan cua mdi ngudi (DTB = 1,25 vdi lech chu^n 0,53) Ndng dan khdng chi nhan ihiic ve loi I'ch ciia vide lam ddi vdi ea nhan, gia dinh, xa hdi ma cdn ve nhiing hau qua nghiem trgng that nghiep hoac thieu viec lam Khi dugc [ihnng van, chi N.T.A thdn Mc Tii Thugng, xii Md tri, huyen Tir Liem cho bidt: •7)(' itncii vice ldm, thdt nghiep m