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RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ARROYO CENTER Green Warriors Army Environmental Considerations for Contingency Operations from Planning Through Post-Conflict David E. Mosher, Beth E. Lachman, Michael D. Greenberg, Tiffany Nichols, Brian Rosen, Henry H. Willis The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. R AND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R ® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2008 RAND Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2008 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States Army under Contract No. DASW01-01-C-0003. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Green warriors : Army environmental considerations for contingency operations from planning through post-conflict / David E. Mosher [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8330-4318-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. United States. Army—Foreign service—Environmental aspects. 2. United States. Army—Operations other than war—Environmental aspects. 3. Postwar reconstruction—Environmental aspects. 4. Military doctrine—United States— Environmental aspects. 5. Environmental policy—United States. I. Mosher, David E. II. Mosher, David E. UA25.G85 2008 355.4'1—dc22 2007052096 iii Preface Environmental issues have become increasingly important in contin- gency operations the U.S. Army conducts overseas. Countries in which the Army conducts operations tend to have environmental problems caused by industrialization, lack of environmental protection, long- running conflict, and natural conditions. is situation creates health and safety risks for soldiers, can affect missions, and can increase the importance of life-sustaining environmental infrastructures for such things as clean water, sewage disposal, and agriculture to provide food for the local populace. Prompted by the growing importance of environmental consid- erations in military operations, the Army Environmental Policy Insti- tute (AEPI) asked RAND to examine how the Army approaches this issue in overseas contingency operations, particularly during the post- conflict and reconstruction phases. It also asked RAND to identify existing problems and gaps in policy, doctrine, and guidance and to propose solutions the Army could adopt to address them. is report should be of interest to the environmental community within the Army, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), and the other Services, as well as to other military planners, operators, trainers, and policymakers. e report concludes that environmental considerations—includ- ing clean water, sanitation, hazardous-waste management—can be important for achieving overall U.S. objectives during reconstruction and post-conflict operations, including both short- and long-term sta- bility. If not properly addressed in planning or operations, environmen- iv Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations tal considerations can increase the costs of an operation and make it more difficult for the Army to sustain the mission. Yet, environmental considerations are not well incorporated into Army planning or opera- tions in any phase of an operation. To address these shortcomings, the Army should take additional steps to ensure that environmental con- siderations (from strategic to tactical) are appropriately incorporated into planning, operations, training, and research. e research was carried out in RAND Arroyo Center’s Strategy, Doctrine, and Resources Program. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the U.S. Army. e Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project that produced this document is AEPI-04001. For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the Director of Operations (telephone 310-393-0411, extension 6419; FAX 310-451-6952; email Marcy_Agmon@rand.org), or visit Arroyo’s web site at http://www.rand.org/ard/. v Sponsor Guidance vii Contents Preface iii Sponsor Guidance v Figures xi Tables and Boxes xiii Summary xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 Background 1 Why Should Commanders Care About Environmental Issues in Contingency Operations? 5 Environmental Issues Can Affect Soldier Health and Safety 5 Environmental Issues Can Affect Mission Success 6 Long-Term Deployments Amplify the Importance of Environmental Issues 10 e Importance of “Doing the Right ing” 11 e Challenge of Incorporating Environmental Considerations into Contingency Operations 12 Purpose and Methodology of is Report 13 Structure of is Report 15 viii Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations CHAPTER TWO e Context for Environmental Considerations in Contingency Operations 17 Principal Areas of Interaction with the Environment 17 Achieving Strategic Objectives 17 Conducting Tactical Operations 18 Sustaining Forces 18 Providing Humanitarian Assistance 20 Conducting Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations 20 Domestic and International Legal Context 21 Policy Context 25 Presidential Orders and DoD Directives and Regulations 27 Joint Staff and Army Regulations and Guidance 34 e Army Strategy for the Environment 50 Summary of the Policy Context 53 Operational Context 53 Duration of the Operation 54 Objectives and Nature of the Operation 54 Involvement of Other Stakeholders 57 e Environmental Context 59 Severe Degradation of the Local Environment 59 e Importance of Environmental Conditions to the Local Populace 62 Environmental Issues in Contingency Operations Significantly Different from Issues in the United States 66 CHAPTER THREE Experience with Environmental Considerations in Contingency Operations 67 Planning and Guidance in the Field 67 Environmental Considerations in Operation Planning: Annex L 68 Regional Guidance 70 Army Activities in the Field 71 Base Camps 72 Stability and Reconstruction 75 Movement of Forces and Materiel 75 [...]... Army needs to bring about a cultural change regarding the ways environmental issues are viewed and handled in contingen- xviii Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations • • • • cies Such change is difficult and will require a broad-based effort that includes changes in doctrine, training, and equipment The Army needs to improve the incorporation of environmental considerations into planning This... Chemical Weapons Convention Department of Defense Department of Defense directive Department of Defense instruction doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leadership, personnel, and facilities Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service environmental baseline survey xxi xxii Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations EHSA ENMOD EO EOD ESOH EUCOM FCA FGS FM FTCA HAZMAT HN ICC ICJ IED IRI... 4 Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations The extent to which the environment can directly affect military operations or to which the Army should take environmental considerations into account in its plans and operations depends on the specifics of the operation, including the situation on the ground, the military objectives, and the ultimate goals of the operation However, scant policy, doctrinal,... Endemic diseases can significantly affect unit readiness if soldiers are not prop5 Joint Publication 1-02 defines risk as the probability and severity of loss linked to hazards (www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict) 6 Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations erly vaccinated, taught how to protect themselves or control animal or insect vectors for those diseases, or advised on how to avoid high-risk... under way even though combat operations are taking place Indeed, Joint doctrine now emphasizes that the different phases of combat may overlap and that stabilization and reconstruction activities may be occurring simultaneously with other phases (JP 3-0, 2006, p IV-25) 10 See Major General Chiarelli’s comments in Jaffe, 2004 8 Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations disposing of them properly... electrical, and trash United Nations United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Security Council U.S Army Corps of Engineers U.S Agency for International Development U.S Army in Europe xxiii xxiv Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations U.S EPA USMC UXO U.S Environmental Protection Agency U.S Marine Corps unexploded ordnance Chapter One Introduction Background In the past few decades, the... on) active duty of members of the uniformed Services under other (non-enumerated) statutes during war or national emergency declared by the President or Congress” (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2006) 1 2 Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations involved in the post-conflict phase of the operations, which includes stabilizing the country, reconstruction, and nation-building.2 Environmental issues... as farmland and water supplies Third, reconstruction projects and other activities that improve local environmental conditions can foster a positive attitude toward the United States and the xv xvi Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations host-nation government that it is supporting This goodwill can have tangible benefits for U.S national objectives: It can aid the economic and social developments... 2 Environmental Considerations Can Be Particularly Important for Success in the Post-Conflict Phase 121 121 122 123 Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations 3 Environmental Considerations in Contingency Operations Are Significantly Different from Those in Normal Operations in the United States ... Provinces 187 B.10 Comparison of Iraqi Views in Muthanna and Dahuk Provinces 188 xi xii Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations B.11 Respondents’ Views on the Importance of Clean Drinking Water and Whether Coalition Forces Are Working to Improve the Drinking Water . contingen- xviii Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations cies. Such change is difficult and will require a broad-based effort that includes changes in doctrine,. States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ARROYO CENTER Green Warriors Army Environmental Considerations for Contingency Operations from