The Lakes Handbook VOLUME 1 LIMNOLOGY AND LIMNETIC ECOLOGY EDITED BY P.E. O’Sullivan AND C.S. Reynolds THE LAKES HANDBOOK Volume 1 Also available from Blackwell Publishing: The Lakes Handbook Volume 2 Lake Restoration and Rehabilitation Edited by P.E. O’Sullivan & C.S. Reynolds The Lakes Handbook VOLUME 1 LIMNOLOGY AND LIMNETIC ECOLOGY EDITED BY P.E. O’Sullivan AND C.S. Reynolds © 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The rights of P.E. O’Sullivan and C.S. Reynolds to be identified as the Authors of the Editorial Material in this Work have been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The lakes handbook / edited by P.E. O’Sullivan and C. S. Reynolds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-04797-6 (hardback, v.1: alk. paper) 1. Limnology. 2. Lake ecology. I. O’Sullivan, P. E. (Patrick E.) II. Reynolds, Colin S. QH96.L29 2003 551.48’2 — dc21 2003000139 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 9 on 11.5 pt Trump Mediaeval by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com List of Contributors, vii 1 LAKES, LIMNOLOGY AND LIMNETIC ECOLOGY: TOWARDS A NEW SYNTHESIS, 1 Colin S. Reynolds 2 THE ORIGIN OF LAKE BASINS, 8 Heinz Löffler 3 THE HYDROLOGY OF LAKES, 61 Thomas C. Winter 4 CHEMICAL PROCESSES REGULATING THE COMPOSITION OF LAKE WATERS, 79 Werner Stumm 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER RELEVANT TO LIMNOLOGY AND LIMNETIC ECOLOGY, 107 Colin S. Reynolds 6 THE MOTION OF LAKE WATERS, 115 Dieter M. Imboden 7 REGULATORY IMPACTS OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES IN LAKES, 153 Christian E.W. Steinberg 8 SEDIMENTATION AND LAKE SEDIMENT FORMATION, 197 Jürg Bloesch 9 ORGANISATION AND ENERGETIC PARTITIONING OF LIMNETIC COMMUNITIES, 230 Colin S. Reynolds 10 PHYTOPLANKTON, 251 Judit Padisák 11 AQUATIC PLANTS AND LAKE ECOSYSTEMS, 309 Jan Pokorn´y and Jan Kveˇt Contents vi contents 12 BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES, 341 Pétur M. Jónasson 13 PELAGIC MICROBES – PROTOZOA AND THE MICROBIAL FOOD WEB, 417 Thomas Weisse 14 ZOOPLANKTON, 461 Z. Maciej Gliwicz 15 FISH POPULATION ECOLOGY, 517 Ian J. Winfield 16 FISH COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, 538 Jouko Sarvala, Martti Rask and Juha Karjalainen 17 SELF-REGULATION OF LIMNETIC ECOSYSTEMS, 583 Claudia Pahl-Wostl 18 PALAEOLIMNOLOGY, 609 Patrick O’Sullivan Index, 667 Blackwell Publishing is grateful to the various copyright holders who have given their permission to use copyright material in this volume. While the contributors to this volume have made every effort to clear permission as appropriate, the publisher would appreciate being notified of any omissions. Jürg Bloesch Swiss Federal Institute for Envi- ronmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Z. Maciej Gliwicz Department of Hydrobiolo- gy, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2, PL 02- 097 Warszawa, Poland Dieter M. Imboden Zürichstrasse 128, CH- 8700 Küsnacht, Switzerland Pétur M. Jónasson Freshwater Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark Juha Karjalainen Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland Jan Kvˇet Faculty of Biological Sciences, Uni- versity of South Bohemia, CZ-37005 C ˇ eske Bude- jovicˇe, Czech Republic Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, CZ-379 82 Trˇebonˇ, Czech Republic Heinz Löffler Institute of Limnology, Univer- sity of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria Patrick O’Sullivan School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Ply- mouth, Plymouth, PL4 4AB, UK Judit Padisák Institute of Biology, University of Veszprém, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary Claudia Pahl-Wostl Institute of Environmen- tal Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstrasse 28, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany Contributors Jan Pokorn´y Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic and ENKI o.p.s. Dukelská 145, CZ-379 82 Trˇebonˇ , Czech Republic Martti Rask Finnish Game and Fisheries Re- search Institute, Evo Fisheries Research, FIN- 16900 Lammi, Finland Colin S. Reynolds Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Windermere, The Ferry House, Amble- side, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK Jouko Sarvala Department of Biology, Uni- versity of Turku, FIN-20500 Turku, Finland Christian E.W. Steinberg Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin, Germany Werner Stumm late of EAWAG/ETH, CH- 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Thomas Weisse Institute of Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria Ian J. Winfield Centre for Ecology and Hydrol- ogy Windermere, The Ferry House, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK Thomas C. Winter Denver Federal Center, Box 25046 Denver, Colorado 80225, USA [...]... 82 ,10 0 64,500 62,940 59,500 57,750 32,000 31, 500 31, 326 28,568 25,657 24,387 22,490 19 ,500 19 ,000 18 ,13 0 18 ,13 0 16 ,350 10 ,000 Number in category Total area of category (km2) 1 18 374,000 624,000 (c) Inland waters 10 00 10 ,000 km2 (d) Inland waters 10 0 10 00 km2 (e) Inland waters 10 10 0 km2 (f) Inland waters 1 10 km2 (g) Inland waters 0 .1 1 km2 (h) Inland waters 0. 01 0 .1 km2 12 4 13 80 12 ,300 12 7,000 1, 110 ,000... us towards a better understanding of the ecology of lakes and their biota The ostensible purpose of The Lakes Handbook is, plainly, to provide a sort of turn-of -the- century progress report which brings together the most recent perspectives on the interactions among the properties of water, the distinguishing features of individual basins and the dynamic interactions with their biota Such reviews are... years, the Paratethys drained into the Mediterranean As a result, both the Sarmatian and the Mediterranean basin became a network of lakes The Pannonian descendants of the former Sarmatian Sea — many of them not well defined with regard to their extent — comprise, among others, the Euxine (Black) Sea, the Caspian and the Aral Sea With the refilling of the Mediterranean by the Atlantic, the Black Sea and, ... in the functioning of limnetic biota Through the pages of the two volumes of this handbook, we seek to project something of the extraordinary diversity of lake basins and their ecologies However, we strive to reveal the common constraints that link the properties of water, the movements generated in lakes, the sources of input water and its chemical composition, the structure of the pelagic biota, the. .. [km3 ¥ 10 00] Arrows denote annual water flow [km3 ¥ 10 00] (Modified from Stumm & Matter-Müller (19 84) and other sources.) 14 h löffler Table 2 .1 The existing mass of global water resources (km3 ¥ 10 00) Ocean Ice and snow Air moisture Rivers Lakes (fresh) Lakes (salt) Soil Groundwater, more than 800 m Groundwater, less than 800 m 1, 319 ,800 29,000 12 .9 (instantaneous mean) 1. 1 (instantaneous mean) 12 5 10 4... skewed: the volume stored in Ozero Baykal, Russia (c.23,000 km3), alone represents over 10 % of the total water quantity in the world’s lakes and rivers Discounting the salt waters of the Kaspiyskoye More, the other nine lakes in Table 1. 2 together account for 25% of the surface store of fresh water So it is that, although most lake habitats are really rather small (each . The Lakes Handbook VOLUME 1 LIMNOLOGY AND LIMNETIC ECOLOGY EDITED BY P.E. O’Sullivan AND C.S. Reynolds THE LAKES HANDBOOK Volume 1 Also available. Inland waters 10 10 0 km 2 12 ,300 319 ,000 (f) Inland waters 1 10 km 2 12 7,000 323,000 (g) Inland waters 0 .1 1 km 2 1, 110 ,000 288,000 (h) Inland waters 0. 01 0.1km 2 7,200,000