ROYAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY APA REFERENCING - LESS COMMON FORMATS This guide is intended to cover elements of the APA style of referencing at the Royal Agricultural University that are not included in the main, essential guide, including new media formats such as social media posts Act of UK Parliament In text: - Provide the official name of the Act and the year - Page numbers must be included if you use direct quotations - Do not put a comma between the Act and the year - Do not italicise the Act’s title - Use capitalisation as shown on the front cover of the Act - After the first mention of the Act you can use the recognised shorter version if there is one, and it doesn’t cause confusion Show this abbreviation when you first mention the Act in your citation, e.g Disability Discrimination Act 1995 [DDA] Example: According to the Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 Example (citing a specific section of an Act): According to s.1 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987… or, S.1 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987 states that… In reference list: Acts of Parliament should not be included in the APA reference list This is because the information given in the citation will allow your reader to locate the full text of the Act in a variety of different formats Parliamentary Paper (Command Papers, Green Papers, White papers) Command Papers can be treated very much as normal books, and referenced in-text accordingly following APA rules However, it is important to include the series designation where there is one in the full reference The format for the reference is: Corporate author (Date) Title (Series statement) Place of Publication Publisher Example: Department of the Environment (1994) Biodiversity: the UK action plan (Cm 2428) London: HMSO Law Report (case law) On the first mention of a case in an assignment, a full in-text citation is given This should include: Parties to the case [year] Volume number (if there is one) Abbreviation for the name of report First page of report Example: First mention (Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593) Example of subsequent mentions: …the case of Pepper v Hart demonstrates that… In reference list: Case law should not be included in the APA reference list This is because the information given in the citation will allow your reader to locate the full text in a variety of different formats Social Media (e.g Twitter, Facebook, and Google+ etc) NB: Do be aware that Facebook and Twitter are NOT dependable academic sources There are three possible ways in which you might cite social media using APA, depending on the context Please use the one that applies to you If you discuss any website or page in general in a paper (including but not limited to social media) in passing, it is sufficient to give the URL in the text the first time it is mentioned No reference list entry is needed Example: News agencies like the BBC provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website (https://www.bbc.co.uk/) and Twitter account (https://twitter.com/BBC) If you paraphrase or quote specific information from social media but your readership will be unable to access the content (e.g., because of friends-only privacy settings or because the exchange occurred in a private message), cite the content as a personal communication (see the RAU essential Guide to APA Referencing, p.3) A personal communication citation should be used because there is no direct, reliable path for all readers to retrieve the source Example: K M Ingraham (personal communication, October 5th, 2018) stated that she found her career as a farm manager intellectually stimulating as well as emotionally fulfilling If you paraphrase or quote specific, retrievable information from social media, provide an in-text citation (with the author and date) and a reference list entry (with the author, date, title, and source URL) The date format for the reference is year, month and date When citing new media – other points to note - If no author is named on the item you are trying to reference, move the title to the start of the reference and follow that by the year of publication Do not use Anon or Anonymous unless the publication actually says that - If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name - If it is the original blog post use [Web log post]; if it is a reply or comment made to the original post, use [Web log comment] - Do not italicise title of posts - Most social media posts don’t have a title, in which case you can use the first few words of the post instead - If the date is unknown but can be reasonably approximated, use “ca.” (for circa) followed by the approximated year, in square brackets Example (Blog): Lee, C (2013, October 8) How to Cite Social Media in APA Style (Twitter, Facebook, and Google+) [Web log post] Retrieved from https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/10/how-to-cite-social-media-in-apa-style.html NB: You can use the above url to see a lot more examples of how to reference social media! Example (facebook post): APA Style (2011, March 10) How you spell success in APA Style? Easy! Consult Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary or APA’s Dictionary of Psychology Read more over at the APA Style Blog [Facebook status update] Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/APAStyle/posts/206877529328877 Example (Twitter): Clinton, B [billclinton] (2017, June 1) Walking away from Paris treaty is a mistake Climate change is real We owe our children more Protecting our future also creates more jobs [Tweet] Retrieved from https://twitter.com/billclinton/status/870413077413605376 Podcast In text: Just use the author/s and year as per the ‘Essentials’ guide Example: (Evans, 2007) In reference list: Surname of primary contributor, Initial(s) (Role of primary contributor, e.g Producer, Director) (Year, Month, Day) Title [Audio podcast] or [Video podcast] Retrieved from URL Example: Evans, W (Producer) (2018, November 2) Rock & Roll Farming: episode 093 Farm Business Innovation Show [Audio podcast] Retrieved from http://rockandrollfarming.libsyn.com/website/093-farm-business-innovation-show Video sharing websites (e.g YouTube, TED Talk) In text: Just use the author/s and year as per the ‘Essentials’ guide Example: (UK Trade & Investment (UKTI), 2018) In reference list use the format: Author Surname, Initial(s) [Author screen name if different from author] (Year, Month, Day) Title of video [Video file] Retrieved from URL Example: UK Trade & Investment (UKTI) (2015, Jul 15) Agri-tech: UK excellence [Video file] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Fa_WWs4InI Industry Reports, Market Research Reports and similar Reports can be treated very much as normal books, and referenced in-text accordingly following APA rules In text, just use the author (often a Corporate author) and year as per the ‘Essentials’ guide In the reference list for a print report use the format: Author (Year) Title of report (additional details if applicable, e.g Report No xxx) Place of publication: Publisher Example: International Food Policy Research Institute (2014) 2013 global food policy report Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute The online version would look like this: Example: International Food Policy Research Institute (2014) 2013 global food policy report Retrieved from http://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/128043/filename/128254.pdf Example: Marketline (2018) Real Estate in the United Kingdom, April 2018 Retrieved from http://advantage.marketline.com/Product?ptype=Industries&pid=MLIP2634-0024 Film, Television and Radio In text: Just use the author/s and year as per the ‘Essentials’ guide Then follow these examples for film, television and radio: Example (Film): Gore, A (Presenter) & Guggenheim, D (Director) (2006) An inconvenient truth: A global warning [DVD] United States: Paramount Example (Television: single programme): Wildman, S (Producer) (2017, October 25) All aboard! The country bus [Television broadcast] London: BBC Example (Television: single episode of a series): Edirisinghe, A & Reid, J (Directors) (2018) Dexter cattle auction [Television series episode] In L Hards (Series Producer), The farmers' country showdown London: BBC Example (Radio): Tandoh, R (Presenter) (2015, March 15) Food in the frame [Radio broadcast] London: BBC Radio Advertisements Reference advertisements according to the style for their source, i.e an advertisement found in a magazine, journal or newspaper should be treated as much like an article from that source as possible Example (Print): In text: (Kubota, 2018) In reference list: Kubota (2018, November) MGX-VI: The next generation of enhanced productivity [Advertisement] Dairy Farmer, 15 Example (Broadcast): In text: (Lidl, 2017) In reference list: Lidl (2017, July 6) What would you to get to the middle aisle first? [Television advertisement] London: ITV Conference papers, proceedings and poster sessions These can be published in book or journal form, or online If you are citing proceedings from a book, use the same format as for Books in the ‘Essential’ guide If you are citing proceedings that are published regularly (e.g annually), use the same format as for journals Use this format for book format (i.e., a chapter in a book of proceedings): Last name/s, Initials (Year) Title of chapter/paper In Initials editor’s last name (Ed.), Title of conference proceedings (pp page range) Place of publication: Publisher Example (Book form): In text: (Lehtinen & Torkko, 2004) In reference list: Lehtinen, U & Torkko, M (2004) Outsourcing as a challenge for food firms In H J Bremmers, S.W.F Omta, J.H Trienekens, & E.F.M Wubben (Eds.) Dynamics in chains and networks: proceedings of the sixth international conference on chain and network management in agribusiness and the food industry (pp 65-71) Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers Use this format for journal forms of a conference paper: Last name/s, Initial(s) (Year) Paper title Proceedings title, volume, page numbers doi: or Retrieved from Example (Journal form – online): In text: (Herculano-Houzel, Collins, Wong, Kaas & Lent, 2008) In reference list: Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C.E., Wong, P., Kaas, J H., & Lent, R (2008) The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105, 12593-12598 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805417105 Specialised software References are not necessary for standard software such as Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop etc In text you just need to give the proper name of the software and its version number (if known), e.g IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 However, you need to provide reference entries for specialised software APA recommends the following: - Use an individual’s name in the reference if he or she has proprietary rights to the program In all other cases, create a reference as you would for unauthored works - After the title, in brackets, provide a descriptor for the item - If the software is available online, provide the URL rather than the publisher name and location - Do not italicise the name of the software, but treat it as a proper noun and capitalise the first letter of each word Example (in-text): (Alloway, Wilson & Graham, 2005) Example (in reference list): Alloway, T., Wilson, G., & Graham, J (2005) Sniffy the Virtual Rat (pro version 2.0) [Computer software] Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth Tables & Figures Any image or illustration in APA is treated as either a Table or a Figure - Tables are numerical values or text displayed in rows and columns - A Figure is any type of illustration (chart, graph, photograph, drawing, map etc.) other than a table - You should only use tables and figures when they have a purpose and value Tables - Each table needs to be numbered in the order in which they appear in the document eg Table 1, Table - A table should have a brief but explanatory title This should appear below the table number, with the title given in italic font - Remember to refer directly to the table in your text (“As can be seen in Table 1, …”) Always refer to a table by its number Statements such as “in the table below” or the table shown on page 78” should not be used - If relevant, a table note (caption) should be included below the table to acknowledge that the table has been reproduced or adapted from another source The word “Note” is included at the start in italics - Include the full reference in the reference list The full reference should follow the format for a book if the table is from a book, for a journal article if taken from a journal, for a website if taken from a web resource etc So the format would be: - Table No - Title that Explains the Contents of the Table - Then the table itself - Then the Note Example: Figures Figures are visual images to support ideas in a paper (drawings, graphs, photographs and maps) They appear as numbered figures in the assignment (Figure 1, Figure 2…etc) When you use a figure (illustration) in your paper that has been adapted or copied directly from another source, you need to reference the original source This reference appears as a caption underneath the figure that you copied or adapted for your paper Number all figures consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text, (i.e., Figure 1, Figure 2) In the text refer to the figures by their numbers, e.g (see Figure 1) Format for figures: - Figures must be clear scaled to fit appropriately on the page - Below the figure, type the word Figure (italicised) on the left followed by the number and a full stop - One space after the figure label, type the title (sentence style capitalisation NOT italicised) followed by a full stop – The title or caption serves as an explanation of the figure and as the figure title If there is a title or caption in the original document, use that - If you have copied or adapted the figure from another source, these details should follow the title of the figure (see example below) - Reference the source that you found the figure in e.g a graph taken from a book would be referenced as a book - Generally speaking, you not need permission to reproduce other people’s work when it forms part of your coursework (essays, reports, exam papers, dissertations etc.) – though of course you need to acknowledge/reference the original source! This is known as the ‘examinations’ exception However, if you are using other people’s intellectual property for other purposes you will need usually need their permission In particular, PhD students whose thesis might become ‘published’, i.e available to others outside their university need to be very careful about using ‘third-party’ copyright materials Example (from a journal article): Figure Factors influencing the formation of tourists' needs Reprinted from "Factors that Obstruct Tourism Development in Bangladesh", by N Jahan and S Rahman, 2016, CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, (9), p.53 In-text citation: As shown in Figure 1, there are five groups of factors that influence In Reference list: Jahan, N., & Rahman, S (2016) Factors that obstruct tourism development in Bangladesh CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 7(9), 48–55 If you spot any errors in this Guide to Referencing Less Common Formats, or if you think there are formats that aren’t covered but should be please e-mail peter.brooks@rau.ac.uk with your suggestions and comments Thank you! ... to Cite Social Media in APA Style (Twitter, Facebook, and Google+) [Web log post] Retrieved from https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/10/how-to-cite-social-media-in -apa- style.html NB: You can... (facebook post): APA Style (2011, March 10) How you spell success in APA Style? Easy! Consult Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary or APA? ??s Dictionary of Psychology Read more over at the APA Style... Show [Audio podcast] Retrieved from http://rockandrollfarming.libsyn.com/website/093-farm-business-innovation-show Video sharing websites (e.g YouTube, TED Talk) In text: Just use the author/s