504 | Scholarship and Advocacy become unnecessary, to serve chimpanzees in need until there is no more need Reintroductions of chimpanzees in Africa to their native habitat have been marginally successful However, sheer logistics all but eliminates this as an option for non-African chimpanzees The ultimate goal is for chimpanzees to thrive in the wild, and although the era has passed where no human intervention is necessary to protect wild populations, most animal advocates believe that strict effective protection and respect for chimpanzees, other primates, and all natural wildlife must become realized if they are not to perish before our very eyes Sanctuaries are the self-appointed guardians of some of the most complex and remarkable beings with whom we share this earth Chimpanzees’ exquisite evolutionary achievement and their human-like familiarity account for both their intrigue and the cause of their demise Humans reign supreme over this world, and many believe that with that dominion comes not the privilege to exploit and discard at will, but rather the responsibility to protect and preserve The restorative power and potential of sanctuaries have been proven and must continue to advance, but ultimately to preserve chimpanzees in their wild habitat is essential Further Reading Wise, S 2000 Chimpanzee and Bonobo minds In Rattling the cage toward legal rights for animals, 179–237, Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing Bradshaw, G A., Capaldo, T., Lindner, L., & Grow, G 2008 Building an inner sanctuary: Complex PTSD in chimpanzees Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, (1) http://www haworthpress.com/web/JTD Lee Theisen-Watt and Chance French SCHOLARSHIP AND ADVOCACY Traditionally, a strong distinction has been drawn between scholarship and advocacy The scholar’s job, it was held, was limited to providing an understanding of a problem or issue, independent of any advocated position on it In the positivist philosophy of science supporting that distinction, understanding can be independent or neutral, and can provide credible information of use to advocates on all sides of the issue This contrasts with the legal system, in which a lawyer explicitly advocates for a particular party, namely the client The lawyer’s brief is a presentation of facts and their application to relevant case law on one side of the issue, that is, either the innocence or guilt of a defendant Historically, the term advocate was used in a legal context and the word derives from the Latin ad (for or toward) and vocare (to call), and later from the French l’avocat which means legal counsel or lawyer In contemporary use it is broadened beyond the legal context to refer to taking up the cause of another In a free society, any individual can advocate for any cause Scholarship is a researcher’s day job, and he or she can advocate for any issue in her free time However, in practice, when a scholar acts or speaks as a private citizen, the public interprets the pronouncement as being that of a scholar, an expert who works in a space outside of the fray of callings, causes, and partisanship Scientists as individual citizens have been powerful after-hour advocates both outside of and within their primary areas of scholarship Noam Chomsky, the seminal thinker on modern linguis-