Lighting with Artificial Light 16 pptx

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Urban Image Lighting 16 Carlos Parrondo, NEDEA, S.L. FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:59 Uhr Seite 39 Contents Editorial 1 City marketing 2 Event lighting 4 Master plan for a city 6 Master plan for Expo 2000 8 Paths: city access routes 10 Edges: bridges and paths 12 Districts: pedestrian precincts, zones for shopping and eating out 14 Districts: parks and gardens 16 Nodes: squares and crossroads 18 Landmarks: houses and façades 20 Landmarks: public buildings and churches 22 Landmarks: sculptures, fountains and towers 24 The basics of lighting design 26 Lamps 30 Luminaires 32 Literature 34 Acknowledgements for photographs 35 Imprint and order forms 36 Information from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 37 Multivision show in Aachen Macerata/Italy FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:18 Uhr Seite 2 Editorial 1 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Zeitung carried a damning article comparing German attitudes to lighting with those in France and the United States. “While there are plenty of shining exam- ples broad”, it read, “the powers that be in Ger- many’s cities seem to have nothing better to do than think of turning streetlamps off”. Looking at applications and principles, this booklet shows what needs to be borne in mind by archi- tects, lighting designers and local officials and politicians seeking to sculpt the night-time scenery of a city with light. It describes actual projects, addresses technical lighting issues and presents financing models. City marketing is a phrase on many lips at present – and understandably so. Cities seeking to attract business, shoppers and tourists today face tough competition. So it is very important for municipal authorities to cast their city in the right light. Advertising campaigns, special events, shops open on Sundays and public holidays – these are just some of the tools used to sharpen a city’s profile. To ensure the message gets across, new ideas are needed. And one option favoured by a growing number of cities at present is urban image lighting, lighting specifically de- signed for city beautifica- tion. Street lighting and other forms of exterior lighting normally found in cities ensure that the basic re- quirements of residents and visitors are met: an adequate level of lighting facilitates orientation and provides security after dark. But light can also be har- nessed to create a distinc- tive atmosphere: an illumi- nated monument, a dra- matically lit square, a park bathed in decorative light – these are sights that make us feel good in a city at night. In recent years, scathing criticism has been voiced in Germany over the coun- try’s miserly use of lighting. On 17 December 2000, the leading national daily Frankfurter Allgemeine Erasmus Bridge in Rotterdam/Netherlands 1 2 3 FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:18 Uhr Seite 1 City marketing 2 Urban designers and architects have been talk- ing since the sixties about cities in crisis. And the most conspicuous signs of crisis are the retail parks mushrooming on green- field development sites. The impact on city centres is shown by a study of spending patterns in the eastern German city of Meissen. In 1995, retailers in and around Meissen registered revenues to- talling some 280 million euros. But only 44 percent of that volume was record- ed in the city itself; 56 per- cent – i.e. well over half of total local spending – went into the tills of re- tailers and service pro- viders in the surrounding area. So local authorities face a major challenge: how can a city or region acquire the profile needed to keep competition at bay? One answer is through urban design lighting. As yet a fairly unconventional city marketing tool, lighting can significantly help boost a town’s or city’s image. Three factors are crucially important: ■ Urban design lighting involves a great deal more than just illuminat- ing an individual monu- ment or church. Any lighting concept today needs to encompass an entire town or urban district, using the tools of architectural lighting to create a harmonious lighting design concor- dant with existing light- ing structures. ■ Imposing buildings, monuments or squares are not prerequisites for creating atmosphere with light. Even the humblest village or hamlet can be visually enhanced through the use of architectural light- ing tools. ■ Image-boosting lighting plans do not need to be abandoned because of budgetary constrictions. Small-scale and short- term projects can also bear fruit, especially if designed for upgrading at a later date. Public private partnership (PPP) models have a proven track record here. Public private partnership project: Hamburg’s “Speicherstadt” The illumination of the world’s biggest warehouse complex, the Speicherstadt in Hamburg (photo 4), is a particularly good example of a successful public pri- vate partnership project. Put on a regular organisa- tional footing in summer 2000, the PPP has made it possible for the Speicher- stadt to be illuminated night- ly since 27 April 2001 (www. lichtkunst-speicherstadt.de). Prior to that, illumination was provided by temporary lighting installations. Visitors can also enjoy an evening boat trip on the canals between the ware- house buildings. Theatre performances in the Spei- cherstadt are another pop- ular attraction. The “Speicherstadt” in Hamburg: illumination of the world's largest warehouse complex is financed by a form of public private partnership. A special sponsors’ association was created for the purpose. 4 FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:19 Uhr Seite 2 nated to create a night- time attraction, an attrac- tion whose value for regional tourism is en- hanced by two-hour guid- ed tours in French and English on three different routes. The lighting is switched on only on days when tours are scheduled. And because it is remote controlled, the route can be changed at short no- tice, e.g. to prevent a tour magnet even after dark. But what of rural areas, which are essentially dependent on the day- time charms of the coun- tryside to attract visitors? In the département of Calvados in France, a group of rural district councils adopted a novel idea: after dark, 19 pro- minent buildings in the area – farms, churches and chateaux – are illumi- Calvados A region setting accents with light Inviting squares and boulevards, imposing medieval architecture, gushing fountains – towns and cities have their privileges. And in the hands of city market- ing managers, such jewels remain a tourist coinciding with a special event at one of the illumi- nated sites. Some of the funding for the project is provided by local and na- tional government and some by the European Union but the biggest financial contribution comes from the regional electricity companies. A sponsorship model that power utilities elsewhere might well consider. 3 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Public private partnership project: Feininger Church Feininger Church in Gelmeroda just outside Weimar is also an impres- sive sight. It was the favourite motif of American artist and Bauhaus lecturer Lyonel Feininger. Since 1999 – when Weimar celebrated its year as Euro- pean cultural capital – the church has been a feature of the night-time land- scape, bathed in light by architect Peter Mittmann. According to Mittmann, the project is “not the conven- tional illumination of a building; it is an autonom- ous work of art communi- cating with the building and the air around it”. Originally supposed to be wound up at the end of 2000, the project has been extended indefinitely and will now run for as long as the electricity costs are covered by sponsorship. Feininger Church in Gelmeroda outside Weimar 5 76 FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:19 Uhr Seite 3 Event lighting 4 Special lighting projects and events are a popular tool of modern city market- ing, a tool rightly welcomed by city fathers seeking to cast their city in the right light. This is because such events can be realised within a fairly short time frame and on a relatively low budget, especially where they are supported by private sponsors. What is more, special lighting events often attract more than just local and regional media coverage, particular- ly if internationally renown- ed artists are involved. 700,000 visitors in The Hague One event of a very spe- cial kind was staged in the Hague. To mark the city’s 750th anniversary in 1998, 42 sculptures by celebrat- ed artists – including Rodin, Arp and Soto - were pre- sented and illuminated in the heart of the city. For two months, visitors had a chance to see major works of sculpture in the street from private collections and museums all over the world. The idea is particularly in- teresting because it made for two exhibitions. The masterpieces could be viewed by day, in natural daylight. Then, after dark, they became a second tourist attraction, presented in a “night-time show” craft- ed by the tools of lighting technology. 50 spots on the ground and 100 in nearby trees were selected and arranged to set off the colour and warmth or cold- ness of each sculpture to best advantage. Owing to the huge success of the event, exhibitions along similar lines are now staged annually in The Hague (www. denhaag- sculptuur.com). The sum- mer 2000 exhibition enti- tled “De Mens in Beweg- ing” is estimated by its or- ganisers to have attracted at least 700,000 visitors. More events are scheduled through to 2004. In 1996, a similar event in Paris was a blockbusting success. Spotlight on sculpture in the heart of The Hague: 42 works by celebrated artists were illuminated at night. 8 10 9 Laser show staged outside Münster City Hall as part of the city marketing project “Ab in die Mitte” FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:21 Uhr Seite 4 5 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Façade installation on the Kunsthaus in Bregenz Another example: the city of Bregenz commissioned internationally acclaimed artist Keith Sonnier to create a temporary exterior installation for the Bregenz Kunsthaus. Entitled “Millen- tion made possible by cor- porate and institutional sponsorship. City marketing initiative “Ab in die Mitte” Urban design lighting also forms part of the “Ab in die Mitte” city marketing project launched by the state of North Rhine-West- phalia (www.abindiemitte. de). This project – its title translates roughly as “tak- ing centre-stage” – in- volves some 25 towns and cities in North Rhine-West- phalia and is a collabora- tive venture between the state ministry for urban development, the congress of municipal authorities, retail trade representatives, two department store chains and a newspaper. As part of it, lighting pro- jects have been realised in Münster (photo 10) and Herne (photo 13). Blue gold Another lighting project was realised from Septem- ber 2001 to April 2002 in the so-called Gasometer at the CentrO shopping cen- tre in Oberhausen. The exhibition was entitled “Blaues Gold” – blue gold – (www. blauesgold. com) and featured, as one of its highlights, a 50-me- tre-high sculpture of water and light. Set in the 117.5- metre-high interior of the Gasometer, it consisted of a 1,600 m2 spotlighted cone of canvas, down which water ran into a lake. nium 2000”, it was on show for two months at the end of 1999 (www.lightlife. de). Sonnier, who has also exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, used 512 red, yellow and green fluorescent lamps in his installation. This was another cultural presenta- The “Kunsthaus” in Bregenz, illuminated by internationally renowned artist Keith Sonnier. Gasometer in Oberhausen 11 12 13 “Ab in die Mitte”: lighting installation in Herne FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:21 Uhr Seite 5 Master plan for a city 6 The Eiffel Tower in Paris, Big Ben in London, the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin – no matter how big or small a town or city, residents and visitors carry a distinctive image of it in their mind. Different people asked to make a sketch of a town or borough will draw the same basic struc- tures: roads, paths, a cen- tral square, an outstanding building or a landmark. The lighting designer’s task is to highlight these fea- tures of the urban land- scape so that people can identify their surroundings and get their bearings. Back in the 1950s, Ameri- can architect Kevin Lynch made a study of perception at the Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology (MIT). His conclusion: the per- ceptions, bearings and memories of people mov- ing in an urban environ- ment are essentially shap- ed by five basic elements. 1. Paths According to Lynch’s stud- ies, paths are the most important structural ele- ment of all for residents and visitors. 2. Edges Edges provide borders between districts. Clear examples of edges are railway embankments and rivers, which draw a visible dividing line through a city. 3. Districts Districts are large or mod- erately large sectors, such as pedestrian precincts. 4. Nodes Nodes are important points of interest along paths, e.g. crossroads and round- abouts. 5. Landmarks Landmarks are unique, memorable objects, such as monuments. These five basic elements are not always distinct. A path, for example, can also be an edge. Lynch calls the basic drawing a person can make of a town a “mental map”. In pursuing his line of research, he hoped to provide pointers for “correct” town planning. His findings are not only instructive for town plan- ners and architects, how- ever; they also provide useful guidance for lighting designers seeking to en- hance an urban environ- ment through urban design lighting. In recent years, it has be- come increasingly com- mon practice for urban de- sign lighting projects to be realised on the basis of a master plan, i.e. a plan for an entire town or adminis- trative district aimed at en- suring continuity and cohe- sive design. As no local authority has the financial resources to renew all the lighting in a town at once, a master plan is also a long-term instrument, one for attaining such objec- tives over a period of sev- eral years. Purpose of a master plan When lighting designers set about devising a master plan for a town, they first need to ask themselves a number of questions. The greatest challenge a light- ing designer faces is inte- grating urban districts with widely differing architectural profiles. The key to developing a successful master plan here lies in establishing connections between the individual elements in line with Kevin Lynch’s theory. Master plan for Hanover FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:22 Uhr Seite 6 7 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht Lighting designers typically need to answer the follow- ing questions: ■ What is the town’s set- ting like? ■ Where are there parks, gardens and water and which routes do resi- dents and visitors take from the town centre to get there? ■ Is there a traditional town centre or a particu- larly fine waterfront? ■ Is the town divided by a railway line? Armed with the answers to these questions, the light- ing designer can then set about developing a master plan – one for casting the town in the right light with a sophisticated hierarchy and variety of light sources. Ambience is determined mainly by mounting height: a luminaire mounted on a very high column, e.g. at a crossroads, makes for a functional atmosphere. An agreeable, more inti- mate atmosphere can be created by luminaires set at lower mounting heights and fitted with lamps of a particularly warm light colour. A master plan can then be developed defining precisely ■ how many luminaires are needed, ■ where they should be positioned, ■ at what mounting height, ■ at what angle ■ and with lamps of which light colour. Fig. 1 FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:22 Uhr Seite 7 Master plan for Expo 2000 8 Expo roof Expo 2000 – a city within a city It was the talk of the town – and the subject of wide- spread debate. But in the end, its organisers were able to parade positive figures: Expo 2000 in Hanover attracted some 17 million people. The office appointed to design the lighting devel- oped a master plan for the 160 hectare site. Because of the numerous car parks, avenues, parkland areas and bridges, the assign- ment amounted to devel- oping a master plan for a city. The lighting planners’ pri- mary task and greatest challenge was to create a common denominator and cohesive structure for the widely differing architecture on the site. Lighting was used to make entrances visible from afar and to meet the functional lighting requirements of parking Parkland areas at the Expo: low-level pathside lighting 14 15 FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:23 Uhr Seite 8 [...]... different lighting arrangements Often, the lighting designer also invites the client to a trial illumination, in which a part of the façade is illuminated by luminaires in a variety of positions Lighting level Lighting level is one of the most important design cri- FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:38 Uhr Seite 27 1/2 Carpet of light 1b Vertical lighting on façade 3 Sculptural lighting (trees) 4 Functional lighting. .. control systems, lighting concepts are becoming increasingly complex At the same time, lighting has become considerably more economical New light sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) have a much longer service life and lower power consumption ratings than other lamps … and with façade illumination Agencies and authorities awarding lighting contracts today favour lighting designers with formal qualifications... floodlights with a total power rating of some 20,000 Watts 47 Sculpture in Dotternhausen near Balingen 25 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:38 Uhr Seite 26 Basics of lighting design Fig 12 3D computer simulation without … Public space lighting has changed dramatically in the last 20 years With more sophisticated lighting productions made possible by new lamps and luminaires with optimal... Berlin, orders: phone 0 69/9 89 55-1 27, fax -1 98 DIN standards: DIN 5035: Interior lighting with artificial light DIN 5044: Stationary traffic lighting – Street lighting for automobile traffic Part 1: General requirements and recommendations Part 2: Calculation and measurement E DIN 5035: Draft European standard on workplace lighting 49 ... variety of lighting scenarios and an appropriate ambience (photo 15) Plateau, staircase, intersection and a place to take the weight of tired feet Fig 2 17 16 Crossroads on a long avenue 9 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:24 Uhr Seite 10 Paths: city access routes 18 Worms city gate Streetlighting is one of the oldest forms of public lighting – yet the only time normal streetlighting... church? s Is the square a communications hub? Lighting depends on function The principal purpose a town square serves effectively dictates the kind of lighting climate required A square which is frequently used for events requires uniform lighting (“carpet of light – see box on facing page) A square with multiple functions can be divided into different lighting zones” And in a square originally designed... Fibre-optic lighting systems Although fibre-optic lighting systems (Fig 26) comprise light guides several metres long, they have only a single light source The lamp – a 230 Volt tungsten halogen lamp or a metal halide lamp – feeds its luminous flux into a cable of fibre-optic light guides, which then direct the light to where it is needed Fig 23 Fig 21 Secondary luminaire (indirect optical control) with high-pressure... presented a special challenge for lighting designers (photo 36) Widely differing illu- The “Place Bir Hakein” in Lyon/ France is divided into two lighting zones 37 19 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:32 Uhr Seite 20 Landmarks: houses and façades For the wave-shaped building in Frankfurt am Main (photo 39), lighting artist Clemens Teichmann created an exterior lighting system based on fibre-optic... highly structured façade Façade lighting Fig 9 Fig 10 Façades can be illuminated in two ways – either by floodlighting from outside with lighting systems on or near the building or by making effective use of interior lighting in the evening, e.g to turn a glass façade into a backlit “stage” Façades with a detailed structure can be illuminated most effectively by using several coordinated floods (Fig 11)... ENEC), s long service life (material quality, surface treatment, compact design), Fig 16 Fig 18 Fig 20 Fig 17 Fig 19 Fig 21 Fig 16 Flood (symmetrical intensity distribution) fitted with high-pressure discharge lamps with high power ratings or small flood/spot fitted with high-pressure lamps with low power ratings for floodlighting Nu- 1st numeral meral Protection against foreign 2nd numeral bodies and physical . present is urban image lighting, lighting specifically de- signed for city beautifica- tion. Street lighting and other forms of exterior lighting normally found. Licht Urban Image Lighting 16 Carlos Parrondo, NEDEA, S.L. FGL16e 17.04.2002 20:59 Uhr Seite 39 Contents Editorial 1 City marketing 2 Event lighting 4 Master