traumatic subluxations, 324 –325 tumors, associated with, 324 –327 , 329 vascular anomalies, associated with, 329 cervical mass and, 331 chronic symptoms, 331 –332 differential diagnosis, 324 –330 evaluation and decision, 330 –332 neurologic or ophthalmologic examination, 331 Neck traumatic injuries, 1214 –1251 atlantoaxial (AA) subluxation, 1242 –1243 dens fracture, 1242 f–1243 f Down syndrome and, 1242 Steele’s rule of three and, 1243 transverse ligament disruption, 1242 f blunt clinical assessment, 1229 clinical recognition, 1229 COL3A1 gene mutation, 1227 f discharge/admission, clinical indications, 1229 evidences, 1226 –1229 management, 1229 mechanisms of, 1214 t subcutaneous emphysema, 1228 f treatment goals, 1226 triage considerations, 1229 cervical distraction injuries, 1243 –1245 distraction injuries, 1244 f occipital/C1 relationships, 1245 f Steele’s rule of three, 1243 f cervical spine trauma backboard, effects of, 1233 f clinical algorithm, 1235 f clinical assessment, 1232 clinical recognition, 1232 evidences, 1229 –1232 Gardner–Wells tongs, 1239 f immobilization, 1230 f