life-threatening, 318 t congenital, 320 –321 differential diagnosis, 318 t, 320 –322 , 320 f disposition, 323 evaluation and decision making, 317 –320 , 319 f general diagnostic approach, 322 –323 inflammatory, 321 –322 neoplasms, 322 with no distress, 318 –320 respiratory distress and, 317 –318 systemic toxicity and, 317 –318 from trauma, 317 Neck neoplasms, 322 Neck stiffness approach to, 325 f–326 f causes, 324 , 327 t, 330 acute traumatic event, 331 atlantoaxial instability, 330 atlantoaxial subluxation, 327 –328 cervical spine fractures, 324 clavicle fractures, 325 –326 common, 327 t congenital, 329 –330 congenital muscular torticollis, 329 –330 epidural hematomas, 325 fever, 331 Grisel syndrome, 328 infectious/inflammatory conditions, associated with, 327 –329 life-threatening, 327 t non-life-threatening, 325 –327 , 329 potentially life-threatening, 324 –325 , 329 skeletal malformations, 330 space-occupying lesions, associated with, 329 spinal cord involvement, 331 spine infections, 328 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 325 torticollis, 328