FIGURE 115.1 Algorithm showing approach to blunt thoracic trauma AP: anterior-posterior; CT: computed tomography; CXR: chest x-ray; ECG: electrocardiogram; ED: emergency department; e-FAST: Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma; OR: operating room; PA: posterior-anterior; PTX: pneumothorax; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; US: ultrasound (Reproduced with permission from: Nekhendzy V Anesthesia for head and neck surgery In: UpToDate, Post TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA (Accessed on 5/21/2019.) Copyright © 2019 UpToDate, Inc For more information visit www.uptodate.com ) PNEUMOTHORAX AND HEMOTHORAX