chest radiography, 498 computed tomography angiography in, 498 course and prognosis of, 500 differential diagnosis of, 500 echocardiography, 498, 499f electrocardiography in, 498 etiology of, 496 lung transplant, 500–501 magnetic resonance imaging in, 498 management of, 500 of most or all pulmonary veins, 500 of one or two pulmonary veins, 500 pathophysiology of, 497–498 presentation and symptoms of, 498 radionuclide angiography in, 498 traditional angiography in, 499–500, 499f Pulmonary veins in diagnostic catheterization, 249 echocardiographic quantification and identification of patterns of flow in, 303, 304f Pulmonary venoocclusive disease, pulmonary hypertension and, 1386 Pulmonary venous anomalies, 475–501 anomalous pulmonary-to-systemic collateral veins and levoatrial cardinal vein as, 496, 496f–497f anomalous venoatrial connections, with isomeric atrial appendages, 443–444 atresia of common pulmonary vein as, 490 anatomy of, 490, 494f clinical presentation and investigation of, 490 imaging of, 490 management of, 490 pathophysiology of, 490 stenosis or atresia as, 496–501 anatomy of, 496, 497f, 499f cardiac catheterization in, 498–499 catheter-based interventions, 500 chest radiography, 498 computed tomography angiography in, 498 course and prognosis of, 500 differential diagnosis of, 500 echocardiography, 498, 499f electrocardiography in, 498 etiology of, 496 lung transplant, 500–501 magnetic resonance imaging in, 498 management of, 500 of most or all pulmonary veins, 500 of one or two pulmonary veins, 500 pathophysiology of, 497–498 presentation and symptoms of, 498 radionuclide angiography in, 498 traditional angiography in, 499–500, 499f unilateral pulmonary venous atresia as, 490–491 Pulmonary venous obstruction consequences of, totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection, 480 pulmonary hypertension associated with, 1386 totally anomalous pulmonary vein connection and, 480 Pulmonary venous stenosis, interventional techniques for, 273–275 foreign bodies, removal of, or devices from the circulation, 274–275 stenting, of arterial duct, 274, 274f Pulmonary-to-systemic veins, anomalous, levoatrial cardinal vein and, 496, 496f–497f Pulsatility index, 90, 90f Pulse contour analysis, 1362 Pulse index continuous cardiac output system, for acute circulatory failure, 1181 Pulse oximetry in Fontan pathway, 1275, 1288 for interstage management, 1307 screening, 1536–1537 Pulse transit time, 1365, 1365f Pulse-wave Doppler echocardiography, 284 optimizing settings for, 286 fetal, 127–129 of arterial duct, 130, 130f of atrioventricular valves, 131, 132f of middle cerebral artery, 129–130, 130f of umbilical artery, 129, 129f of umbilical vein, 130, 131f of venous duct, 131, 131f Pulse wave velocity (PWV), 101–102, 436, 436f, 1365 Pulseless disease, cardiac involvement in, 1109–1110 Pumps, in cardiopulmonary bypass, 226–227 Purkinje cell tumors, 975–976 PWV, Pulse wave velocity Q Quality improvement, in congenital cardiac disease, 1505–1518 care data registries in, 1510, 1511t–1514t data sources in, 1509–1510 defining outcomes in, 1509 improving outcomes in, 1510–1516 in improving outcomes, role of transparency, 1516–1518 model for, 1505–1506, 1506f patients and their families, 1505 targets for, 1509 variation and, 1506–1509, 1507f–1508f Quality of life for children with cardiac disease, 1459 following cardiac transplantation, 1238 in Fontan-associated liver disease, 1335 projections and definitions of, in congenital heart disease, 164 Quantification of volume, 101 Quantitative echocardiography, 302–305 quantification of echocardiographic dimensions using, 302, 302f quantification of flow and identification of patterns of flow using, 302–305 in abdominal aorta, 303, 303f in atrioventricular valves, 304, 304f