morphology of, 822–823, 822f natural history of, 831 in newborn/infancy clinical features of, 828 physical examination of, 828–829 in older child clinical features of, 828 physical examination of, 829 pathophysiology of, 828 surgical intervention for, 833–834 timing of intervention for, 833, 833b Aortic-to-pulmonary arterial communications fifth aortic arch and, 906–909 Aortic-to-pulmonary arterial confluence, 906–907 Aortic translocation, 690–692, 691f Aortic valve congenital anomalies of, 819–842 morphogenesis of, 825–827, 826f–827f morphology of, 819–825 disease, chronic rheumatic heart disease and, 1027–1030, 1030b, 1031f implantation of, interventional techniques for, 263 overriding of, in tetralogy of Fallot, 636 surgery for, 1037 three-dimensional echocardiography of, 314t Aortic valve apparatus, in diagnostic catheterization, 250 Aortopathies in pediatric cardiology, 1077–1085 in pregnancy, 1447 recommended screening for, 1543 Aortopulmonary collateral embolization, in Fontan circulation, 1342 Aortopulmonary collaterals, in diagnostic catheterization, 251 Aortopulmonary windows, 949–951, 950f–951f clinical features of, 951–952 interventional techniques for, 269 investigations of, 952, 953f management of, 952–956, 954f Aortoventricular tunnels, 956–958, 957f–958f clinical features of, 958 investigations of, 958–959, 959f management of, 959 Apical trabecular component, of ventricles, 4, 5f left, 24, 24f, 28 ARBs, Adrenergic receptor blockers Area under the curve (AUC), 1429, 1430f ARF, Acute rheumatic fever Arrhythmias, 137 additional testing for, 358 in adults with congenital heart disease, 356–357 ambulatory monitoring of, 357–358 atrial, interatrial communication and, 514 cardiac MRI in, 358 in cardiac tumors, 965 documentation of, 357–358 event monitors of, 358 exercise testing for, 358, 401 following surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot, 648 Fontan circulation, 1324–1329, 1324f atrial fibrillation in, 1328 atrial tachyarrhythmias in, 1327–1328 bradycardia and pacing in, 1325, 1325f–1326f catheter ablation, role of, 1328–1329 implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in, 1325–1326 intraatrial reentrant tachycardias in, 1327–1328, 1327f–1328f functional cardiac abnormalities, 449–450 in interstage management, 1309 laboratory evaluations of, 358 recording methods of, 357–358 in superior cavopulmonary connection, 1299 supraventricular, 341–349 symptoms of, 357 ventricular, 350–351 Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, 1146b, 1161–1163 cardiopulmonary exercise testing in, 1162 clinical features of, 1162 clinical outcomes of, 1161 definition of, 1161 echocardiography in, 1162 electrocardiography in, 1162 ambulatory, 1162 signal-averaged, 1162 epidemiology of, 1161 etiology of, 1161–1162 exercise testing in, 1162 magnetic resonance imaging in, 1162 management of, 1162–1163 pathology of, 1162 Arterial duct, 755–773 anatomy of, 757–773 closure of biology of, 195 in infants born with extremely low weight, 195–196 embryology of, 756–757, 756f–757f fetal circulation and, 87 hemodynamically significant, 195–198 diagnosis of, 197–198 echocardiographic confirmation of, 197–198, 197f management of, 198 pathophysiologic effects of, 196, 196f historical considerations for, 755 nomenclature, 755 normal closure of, 757–759, 758f–759f normal fetal circulation, 755 patent, interventional techniques for, 268–269, 269f pathogenesis of, 756–757 persistently patent, 756–757, 760f–762f