e-TABLE 94.2 CAUSES OF ENCEPHALITIS AND MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN IMMUNOCOMPETENT CHILDREN Viral Bacterial Fungal Protozoal Helminthic Relatively more common: enterovirus, HSV, EBV, West Nile, St Louis, tick-borne encephalitis virus, VZV, equine encephalitides (Eastern, Western, Venezuelan), La Crosse, influenza Less common: LCMV, Japanese encephalitis virus, measles, mumps, rabies Relatively more common: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) Less common: Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Coxiella burnetti (Q fever), Treponema pallidum (syphilis) Often identified, but most evidence anecdotal: Mycoplasma pneumoniae Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides Naegleria fowleri (primary amebic meningoencephalitis), Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba (both causes of granulomatous amebic encephalitis), Toxoplasma gondii Baylisascaris (raccoon roundworm, endemic in US.), Gnathostoma (nematode of fish, reptiles, and amphibians most common in Southeast Asia and Latin America), Angiostrongylus (rat lungworm, a cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Southeast Asia) HSV, herpes simplex virus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; VZV, varicella zoster virus; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus