This review summarizes the understanding of endothelial function and dysfunction in health and disease, the methodologic issues for clinical assessment of endothelial function in different vascular beds, and potential applications of different techniques in the clinical and research arenas Aggoun Y, Szezepanski I, Bonnet D Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events in children Pediatr Res 2005;58:173–178 Groner JA, Joshi M, Bauer JA Pediatric precursors of adult cardiovascular disease: noninvasive assessment of early vascular changes in children and adolescent Pediatrics 2006;118:1683– 1691 These reviews provide summaries of the current utilization of noninvasive methods for evaluating vascular function and discuss the potential usefulness of these techniques in the assessment of atherogenic risk in the pediatric population Kass DA, Kelly RP Ventriculo-arterial coupling: concepts, assumptions, and applications Ann Biomed Eng 1992;20:41–62 This review summarizes the frameworks of the ventriculoarterial coupling, examines their assumptions, and provides insight into the clinical applications of these frameworks This provides the basis for the application of coupling frameworks in the study of ventriculo-vascular interactions in the various congenital and acquired heart conditions, as discussed at length in this chapter Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications Eur Heart J 2006;27:2588–2605 This review, representing the consensus document of the proceedings of meetings of the European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large Arteries, provides an overview of the methodologic issues and clinical applications in the assessment of arterial stiffness Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF, Vlachopoulos C McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles 6th ed CRC Press: Florida; 2011 This classic text provides a theoretical basis for the understanding of arterial hemodynamics in normal and diseased conditions The scientific basis of the complex relationship between pulsatile pressure and flow in arteries and the practical applications of such relationship are highlighted In particular, the topics on pulse waveform analysis, pulse-wave transmission and reflection, arterial impedance, and ventriculoarterial coupling are clearly presented O'Rourke MF, Staessen JA, Vlachopoulos C, et al Clinical applications of arterial stiffness; definitions and reference values Am J Hypertens 2002;15:426–444 This review summarizes the definition of various terms used clinically to describe arterial stiffness, methods used for its estimation, and pediatrics and adult reference values Sunagawa K, Maughan WL, Burkhoff D, et al Left ventricular interaction with arterial load studied in isolated canine ventricle Am J Physiol 1983;245:H773–H780 This paper introduces the crucial ventriculoarterial coupling framework that has proved extremely useful in the characterization of both the vascular and ventricular properties, in the prediction of functional variables such as stroke volume, and ultimately in the understanding of integrated cardiovascular performance This framework has been used extensively in the evaluation of ventriculovascular interactions in congenital and acquired heart disease in the young ... stiffness, methods used for its estimation, and pediatrics and adult reference values Sunagawa K, Maughan WL, Burkhoff D, et al Left ventricular interaction with arterial load studied in isolated canine ventricle Am J Physiol 1983; 245:H773–H780