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including myocarditis Data remain limited, but there is not sufficient evidence to show any impact on survival from the use of immunomodulatory agents in the pediatric population Andrews RE, Fenton MJ, Ridout DA, Burch M New-onset cardiac failure due to heart muscle disease in childhood: a prospective study in the United Kingdom and Ireland Circulation 2008;163:79–84 Towbin JA, April M, Lowe MS, et al Incidence, causes and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children JAMA 2006;296:1867–1876 The authors report on two recent studies focusing on the incidence and prognosis of dilated cardiomyopathy in children, which are concerned with slightly different populations However, the overall picture is similar The conventional wisdom that one-third of children recover, one-third survive with impaired cardiac function, and one-third die or need transplantation is in fact not far from the truth Outcome in both studies is better in younger patients and in those with better cardiac function at presentation References Abu-Arafeh I, Gray E, Youngson G, et al Myocarditis and haemolytic uraemic syndrome Arch Dis Child 1995;72:46–47 Horowitz HW, Belkin RN Acute myopericarditis resulting from lyme disease Am Heart J 1995;130:176–178 Nagi KS, Joshi R, Thakur RK Cardiac manifestations of lyme disease Can J Cardiol 1996;12:503–506 Baysal K, Sancak R, Ozturk F, et al Cardiac involvement due to salmonella typhi infections in children Ann Trop Paediatr 1998;18:23–25 Heymans S, Eriksson U, Lehtonen J, et al The quest for new approaches in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy JACC 2016;68:2348–2364 Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, et al Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction: evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:466–472 Shimizu C, Rambaud C, Cheron G, et al Molecular identification of viruses in sudden death associated with myocarditis and pericarditis Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:584– 588 Baboonian C, Davies MJ, Booth JC, McKenna WJ Coxsackie B viruses and human heart disease Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997;223:31–52 Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Grisorio B, Barbarini G Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and detection of HIV in myocardial cells of HIVpositive patients N Engl J Med 1998;339:1093– 1099 10 Luginbuhl LM, Orav EJ, McIntosh K, Lipschultz SE Cardiac morbidity and related mortality in children with HIV infection JAMA 1993;269:2869–2875 11 Lipschultz SE, Easley KA, Orav EJ, et al Left ventricular structure and function in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus: the prospective P2C2 HIV multicenter study Pediatric pulmonary and cardiac complications of vertically transmitted HIV infection (P2C2 HIV) study group Circulation 1998;97:1246– 1256 12 Lipshultz SE, Williams PL, Wilkinson JD, et al Cardiac status of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus who are receiving Long-term combination antiretroviral ... ventricular structure and function in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus: the prospective P2C2 HIV multicenter study Pediatric pulmonary and cardiac complications of vertically transmitted HIV infection (P2C2 HIV) study group
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