goals of treatment, 966 weight-based daily maintenance fluid, 967 t nephrotic syndrome, 985 –987 potassium homeostasis, disorders of goals of treatment, 971 hyperkalemia, 972 –974 , 973 t hypokalemia, 971 –972 , 971 t sodium homeostasis, disorders of goals of treatment, 969 hypernatremia, 970 –971 , 970 t hyponatremia, 969 –970 , 969 t Renal colic/nephrolithiasis, 1340 clinical recognition, 1340 management, 1340 treatment goals, 1340 triage considerations, 1340 Renal dysfunction, definition, 77 t Renal fracture, 1135 f Renal injuries See also Kidney, genitourinary trauma blunt trauma, 1132 cardinal marker, 1133 classification of, 1134 f penetrating, 1135 –1136 Renal replacement therapy, 1040 , 1040 t Renal scarring, 202 Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome, 218 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAA), 74 Reperfusion injury, 74 Repetitive microtraumas, 362 Respiration, primary goals of, 478 Respiratory depression, 1078 Respiratory distress, 73 , 505 , 574 , 1422 , 1423 f cardiovascular involvement in, 482 causes, 480 t CNS disturbances and, 481 endocrine disturbances and, 482 evaluation and decision, 482 –490 approach to, 484 f–485 f, 487 diagnostic studies for, 488 t–489 t history, 482 –483 physical examination, 483 , 485 –487 , 486 t triage and stabilization, 482 ultrasound for, 489 t gastrointestinal involvement in, 482 hematologic factors, 482 life-saving maneuvers to relieve, 483 t metabolic disturbances and, 482 neck masses and, 317 –318 pathophysiology, 478 respiratory rates, 486 t treatment, 487 , 490 vital sign abnormalities, 485 Respiratory dysfunction, definition, 77 t Respiratory failure, 478 , 949 criteria for, 479 t Respiratory foreign body, 207 , 208 f, 211 –212 Respiratory paralysis, 558 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 102 , 307 –308 , 500 , 572 Respiratory system, 478 –481 Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM), 613 Reticulocyte counts in aplastic crisis, 420 in Diamond–Blackfan syndrome, 418 in hemolysis, 296 in hemolytic anemias, 419 –420 in hypochromic anemia, 419 in iron-deficiency anemia, 417 MCV and, 423 in sickle cell disease, 374 in transient erythroblastopenia, 419 Reticulocyte index, calculation, 423 Reticulocytosis, 420 Retinal artery occlusion, 190 Retinal artery thrombosis, 191 Retinal detachment, 189 Retinal hemorrhages, 191 Retinoblastomas, 909 –910 Retractile testis, 256 Retrocecal appendicitis, 412 Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA), 322 , 328 , 379 , 509 , 1325 , 1326 f Retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal infections clinical recognition, 1325 discharge/admission, clinical indications, 1326 evidences, 1325 initial assessment, 1326 management/diagnostic testing, 1326 treatment goals, 1325 triage considerations, 1325 –1326 Retropharyngeal infections clinical recognition, 1325 discharge/admission, clinical indications, 1326 evidences, 1325 initial assessment, 1326 management/diagnostic testing, 1326 treatment goals, 1325 triage considerations, 1325 –1326 Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), 68 Reversible etiologies, treatment of, 84 Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), 120 Reye syndrome, 121 , 126 , 203 , 744 Rhabdomyolysis, 560 , 562 , 984 –985 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 318 , 351 , 353 , 1309 Rheumatoid arthritis, 402 Rheumatologic emergencies arthritis, 1010 1011 Behỗet disease, 1010 emergency care, goals of, 990 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, 1018 –1019 juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), 1006 –1010 , 1007 t juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 1011 –1018 Kawasaki disease, 1019 –1027 Lyme disease See Lyme disease macrophage activation syndrome, 1018 –1019 mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 1002 polyarteritis nodosa, 1003 –1006 , 1005 t scleroderma, 999 –1002 systemic lupus erythematosus, 990 –999 vasculitis, 1002 –1003 Rhinitis, 136 , 166 , 167 t, 168 Rhinitis sicca , 166 Rhinovirus, 307 , 572 RhoD immune globulin (RhoGAM), 360 Rhus dermatitis, 434 Rib fractures, 1283 Richiasis, 172 Ricin, 480 Rickets, 674 –676 Rickettsiae, 891 Rickettsial disease, 805 –806 Riga–Fede disease, 347 , 1318 Ringer lactate solution, 1099 Rinne test, 225 Risk of Suicide Questionnaire (RSQ), 1446 Risperidone, for schizophrenia, 1442 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 196 , 198 , 441 –442 , 441 f, 643 –644 Rocuronium, 39 t, 40 for neuromuscular blockade/paralysis, 1256 Rodent bites, 721 Rodenticides, 1065 , 1066 t Romberg testing, 564 –565 Rosai–Dorfman syndrome, 314 , 909 Roseola infantum, 645 Rotary atlantoaxial subluxation, 325 , 327 Rotary subluxation, 1242 , 1247 , 1248 f, 1249 , 1249 f Rubella, 313 , 646 Rumack–Matthew nomogram, 293 Ruptured arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 556 ... 1309 Rheumatoid arthritis, 402 Rheumatologic emergencies arthritis, 1010 1011 Behỗet disease, 1010 emergency care, goals of, 990 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, 1018 –1019 juvenile dermatomyositis