Nonpharmaceutical toxicity alcohols and glycols, 1053 –1054 ciguatera, 1057 –1058 ethanol, 1053 –1054 ethylene glycol, 1056 foods/fish, 1056 –1057 isopropyl alcohol, 1054 –1055 methanol, 1055 –1056 paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 1058 scombroid poisoning, 1057 Nonrebreathing masks, 49 Nonshivering model of severe hypothermia, 694 Nonspecific vaginitis, 753 –754 Nonspecific viral exanthems, 646 Nonsteroidal analgesics, 1329 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 215 , 325 , 332 , 445 , 452 , 456 , 465 , 536 , 929 , 982 , 1014 , 1014 t, 1315 Nontoxic ingestion, 1040 –1041 , 1041 t Nontoxic plants, 1066 t Nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis, 689 Nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), 309 , 311 f Noonan syndrome, 164 Norepinephrine, 80 t Normal tracheal buckling, 516 , 516 f Normothermia, 68 –69 Nose and sinuses trauma, 1115 –1117 See also Sinus barotrauma clinical recognition, 1116 evidences, 1116 foreign body See Nasal foreign body initial assessment, 1116 management, 1116 –1117 nasal bone deformity, 1117 f treatment goal, 1116 triage, 1116 Nose picking, 167 Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), 383 , 534 , 544 –545 Nummular eczema, 432 , 433 f Nutcracker syndrome, 237 Nutritional anemias, 778 Nystagmus, 124 –125 , 157 , 159 –160 O Oasthouse urine disease, 333 Obstruction, 87 Obstructive shock history and physical examination findings, 76 POCUS findings, 76 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), 960 –962 , 962 f Occlusion dermatitis, 463 Occult injury, 620 , 623 , 627 , 629 Occult pneumonia, 358 Occult spinal dysraphism, cutaneous manifestations, 1355 Ocular albinism, 465 Ocular chemical injury clinical assessment, 1400 clinical recognition, 1400 evidences, 1400 management, 1400 –1401 treatment goals, 1400 Ocular damage, 698 Ocular trauma, 1263 –1272 blow-out fracture clinical recognition, 1268 evidences, 1267 management, 1268 treatment goals, 1267 triage considerations, 1268 corneal and conjunctival injury, 1270 clinical recognition, 1270 evidences, 1270 fluorescein-staining corneal defect, 1270 management, 1270 treatment goals, 1270 triage considerations, 1270 emergency care, goals of, 1263 eyelid lacerations, 1269 t clinical recognition, 1268 evidences, 1268 lateral canthotomy/cantholysis, 1269 f management, 1270 tear drainage system, 1269 f treatment goals, 1268 triage considerations, 1269 hyphema, 1270 –1271 , 1271 f clinical recognition, 1271 evidences, 1271 management, 1271 treatment goals, 1271 triage considerations, 1271 injury mechanism, assessment of, 1263 medical history of, 1263 open-globe injury clinical recognition, 1266 –1267 by corneal laceration, 1266 f evidences, 1266 eye shield, 1267 f management, 1267 scleral laceration, 1266 f with teardrop pupil, 1266 f treatment goals, 1266 triage considerations, 1267 physical examination of, 1263 –1266 anterior surface of eye, evaluation of, 1265 bedside ultrasound, 1265 –1266 emergency department, 1265 t emergent consultation, 1264 t eyelids, opening of, 1264 , 1264 f papilledema/retinal hemorrhages, direct ophthalmoscopy to, 1265 periorbital tissues and eyelids, inspection of, 1264 pupils and extraocular movements, evaluation of, 1265 red reflex, checking, 1264 upper lid eversion, 1265 f visual acuity, assessment of, 1263 –1264 traumatic iritis child abuse, 1272 clinical manifestations, 1271 management, 1271 retinal hemorrhages, in abusive head injury, 1272 f traumatic vs nonorganic visual loss, 1272 Oculoglandular syndrome, 312 Odontalgia (toothaches), 1313 Odontogenic infections, 1313 dentoalveolar infection and abscess, 1313 –1314 Odors, unusual after smoking or inhaling marijuana, 337 from bitter almonds or peach pits, 337 causes common, 339 t life-threatening, 340 t clinical source and cause, 334 t–335 t dermatologic conditions and, 338 differential diagnosis, 333 –339 evaluation and decision, 339 –340 , 339 f foreign body, 338 from garlic, 337 incidence of, 333 from infectious diseases, 337 –338 metabolic disease associated with, 333 –339 , 336 t orifice, 338 pathophysiology, 333 from salicylates, 337 stool, 338 systemic diseases and, 338 –339 from toxins, 337 from vaginal secretions, 338 Oil-based cathartics, 1036 Olanzapine, for schizophrenia, 1442 Olecranon fractures, 1189 ... fluorescein-staining corneal defect, 1270 management, 1270 treatment goals, 1270 triage considerations, 1270 emergency care, goals of, 1263 eyelid lacerations, 1269 t clinical recognition, 1268 evidences,... examination of, 1263 –1266 anterior surface of eye, evaluation of, 1265 bedside ultrasound, 1265 –1266 emergency department, 1265 t emergent consultation, 1264 t eyelids, opening of, 1264 , 1264 f papilledema/retinal