treatment, goals of, 779 vasoocclusive pain episodes, 780 visceral pain crises and hepatobiliary disease, 780 –783 Sideroblastic anemia, 419 Sigmoid volvulus, 1302 , 1302 f Silver sulfadiazine, for burns, 1101 Simple febrile seizures, 202 Sinding-Larsen–Johansson disease, 302 Sinus barotrauma, 1117 Sinus bradycardia, 424 Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, 312 Sinusitis, 119 , 125 , 133 , 134 t, 136 , 163 clinical recognition, 1323 discharge/admission, clinical indications, 1323 evidences, 1322 –1323 initial assessment, 1323 management/diagnostic testing, 1323 treatment goals, 1322 triage considerations, 1323 Sinus rhythm, 608 f Skeletal dysplasia, 330 , 557 Skin biopsy, 450 Skin, eye, and/or mouth (SEM) disease, 459 Skull fractures, 269 , 1259 –1260 basilar, 1260 f, 1261 clinical recognition, 1260 depressed, 1259 f diagnostic imaging, 1260 discharge, clinical indications, 1261 evidences, 1259 –1260 linear, 1259 f management, 1260 –1261 treatment goal, 1259 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), 279 , 302 –304 , 403 , 1371 – 1373 clinical recognition, 1372 diagnostic testing, 1372 discharge/admission, management/indications for, 1372 –1373 evidences, 1371 –1372 hip, 1372 f initial assessment/H&P, 1372 treatment goals, 1371 triage, 1372 Small bowel obstruction (SBO), 504 , 1296 f Smell, 333 Smoke inhalation, 683 –685 carbon monoxide poisoning, 685 –687 chemical injury, 683 clinical recognition, 684 indications for discharge/admission, 685 management and diagnostic studies, 684 –685 treatment, goals of, 680 triage considerations, 684 Sodium bicarbonate therapy, 56 t, 67 Sodium nitroprusside, 245 Sodium oxybate (Xyrem), 1079 Sodium phosphate enemas, 132 Soft tissue infections, 312 , 500 cutaneous larva migrans, 851 filariasis, 851 leishmaniasis, 849 –851 Soft tissue injuries, 1106 clinical considerations, 1105 electrical burns, 1106 evidences, 1105 lacerations, 1127 –1129 management, 1106 orthodontic trauma, 1106 postanesthesia trauma, 1106 regional nerve blocks, 1129 subspecialty consultation, guidelines for, 1129 suturing, 1106 treatment goal, 1105 Soil Helminthic Infections, 849 Solid mediastinal masses, 1419 Solid organ injuries, 1089 –1090 Somatic symptom/related disorders, 1442 –1444 conversion disorder, 1443 initial assessment, 1443 management, 1443 –1444 psychosomatic diagnosis, historical features of, 1443 t treatment goals, 1442 –1443 Sore throat common causes, 509 t diagnostic approach to, 511 f differential diagnosis, 508 –510 , 509 t evaluation and decision, 510 –512 Centor criteria, 512 clinical decision rules (CDRs), 512 tests, 512 life-threatening causes, 509 t Space-occupying lesions of brain and spinal cord, 329 Spasmus nutans, 330 Spermatocele, 413 , 415 Spherocytes, 420 Spider bites, 636 –637 , 636 f Spinal cord concussion, 556 Spinal cord dysfunction, 893 –894 Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA), 1212 Spinal cord syndromes, 1249 –1251 cervical spine demonstrating epidural hematoma, MRI of, 1251 f graphic illustrations, 1250 f os odontoideum, 1250 f ossiculum terminale, 1250 f Spinal cord tumors, 329 Spinal dysraphism, 305 Spinal epidural abscesses, 328 , 1388 Spinal epidural hematomas, 556 , 1250 , 1386 –1387 Spinal hemorrhage, 1386 –1387 Spinal infection, 1387 discitis/osteomyelitis, 1387 –1388 meningitis, 1387 , 1387 t spinal epidural abscess, 1388 Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 128 , 557 –558 , 564 Spinal trauma, 894 Splenomegaly, 87 , 88 t, 90 , 92 t, 296 , 309 , 313 , 421 Spondyloarthropathies, 329 Spondylolisthesis, 305 Spondylolysis, 1377 Spontaneous abortion, 748 Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, 330 , 369 Spontaneous ventilation, 49 Sprengel deformity, 330 Stab wounds, 1092 Staphylococcal food poisoning, 1057 Staphylococcal pustulosis, 458 Staphylococcal-scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), 439 –440 , 439 f, 458 , 459 f Staphylococcus aureus , 166 , 198 –199 , 248 , 308 , 321 –322 , 328 , 338 , 362 , 389 –390 , 431 , 438 , 475 , 479 , 502 , 543 , 556 , 572 , 894 , 909 , 946 , 1113 , 1163 , 1342 , 1387 Staphylococcus enterotoxin B, 480 Staphylococcus epidermidis , 534 Staphylococcus infections, 81 Statistical Process Control (SPC), Status epilepticus (SE), 491 , 496 , 881 Steele’s rule of three, 1243 , 1243 f ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 1026 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , 946 Sterile inner ear fluid, 338 Sternal and scapular fractures, 1282 , 1284 Sternoclavicular dislocation, 1181 f, 1281 , 1281 f, 1284 Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, 1246 , 1350 –1351 spasm, 324 –325 tumor, 321 , 1351 , 1351 Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), 170 , 351 –352 , 379 , 383 t, 439 , 456 –457 , 456 f, 510 –511 , 544 , 1015