Annotated References References 46 Congenital Coronary Anomalies Abstract Anatomy and Development Fistulous Connections Developmental Considerations Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Trunk or Bland-White-Garland Syndrome Anomalous Right Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Trunk Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery Single Coronary Arteries Coronary Orificial Atresia Annotated References References 47 Vascular Rings, Pulmonary Arterial Sling, and Related Conditions Abstract Introduction Anomalies of the Aortic Arch Hypothetical Model of the Double Aortic Arch Classification Morphology and Morphogenesis of Individual Anomalies Incidence, Genetics, and Association With Anomalies Clinical Findings Diagnostic Investigations Pulmonary Arterial Sling Clinical Manifestations Diagnostic Investigation Management of Anomalies Causing Tracheal and Esophageal Compression Pulmonary Artery Sling and Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome Vascular Compression of the Airway Without Vascular Ring or Sling Annotated References References 48 Artery of the Fifth Aortic Arch Abstract Introduction Development of the Pharyngeal Arch Arteries– Candidates for Persistent Fifth Aortic Arch Arteries Conclusions Acknowledgments Annotated References References 49 Abnormal Positions and Relationships of the Heart Abstract Introduction Exteriorization of the Heart (Ectopia Cordis) Congenital Deficiency of the Pericardium Conjoined Twins Abnormal Positioning of the Heart Juxtaposition of the Atrial Appendages Criss-Cross or Twisted Hearts, Superoinferior Ventricles, and Related Conditions Annotated References References 50 Arteriovenous Communications Abstract Hepatic Hemangioma Systemic Arteriovenous Malformations and Arteriovenous Fistulas Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations