clinical-pathway ) In children with suspected reactive airway disease based on history alone, a trial of bronchodilator therapy is warranted Follow-up with the primary care physician is crucial for establishing an ongoing treatment plan Children with suspected foreign bodies or airway masses (intrinsic or extrinsic to the airway) need appropriate intervention for diagnosis and removal Croup treatment consists of corticosteroid therapy in all cases, and the addition of racemic epinephrine and oxygen for more severe episodes with stridor at rest or significant respiratory distress (see Chapters 75 Stridor , 94 Infectious Disease Emergencies ) Treatment of pneumonia depends on the age and suspected pathogen (see Pneumonia, Community-Acquired Pathway https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/pneumonia-community-acquired-clinicalpathway and Chapter 94 Infectious Disease Emergencies ) Patients with pertussis require antibiotics for eradication of the organism, and young infants or any child with significant paroxysms need hospitalization Patients with recurrent or moderate-to-severe hemoptysis require attention to airway, breathing, and circulation first and foremost Timely consultation with otolaryngology and pulmonology is warranted to assist in medical and procedural treatment of persistent bleeding Antitussive medications have limited value and should not be used routinely in young infants It is better to give specific therapy (e.g., bronchodilators in asthma, antibiotics in sinusitis) and avoid suppressing a cough in conditions with increased sputum production (e.g., asthma, pneumonia) In children older than year of age, honey may be a useful treatment for symptomatic relief of acute cough In older children with a nonproductive cough that interrupts sleep, antitussives can be prescribed Using cool mist humidifiers, elevating the head during sleep and suctioning the nares with nasal saline spray in infants can be beneficial for coughs associated with viral URIs Suggested Readings and Key References Abaya R, Crescenzo K, Delgado E, et al ED Pathway for Evaluation and Treatment of Bronchiolitis The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Posted: September 2005 Last revised: March 2018 Available at https://www.chop.edu/clinical-pathway/bronchiolitis-emergent-evaluationclinical-pathway Anne S, Yellon RF What are management options for chronic cough in children? Laryngoscope 2016;126(9):1963–1964 Bolton SM, Saker M, Bass LM Button battery and magnet ingestions in the pediatric patient Curr Opin Pediatr 2018;30(5):653–659