ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AS A CORRELATE OF JOB CREATION IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

i ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AS A CORRELATE OF JOB CREATION IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA BY AGADA, ROSE ONYECHE PG/M.Ed/12/64235 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS FACULTY OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA JANUARY, 2015 i TITLE PAGE ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AS A CORRELATE OF JOB CREATION IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA BY AGADA, ROSE ONYECHE PG/M.Ed/12/64235 A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE (M.Ed) IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING JANUARY, 2015 ii APPROVAL PAGE This project work has been approved for the Department of Educational Foundations, University of Nigeria, Nsukka By …………………………………… Dr A N Okolo Supervisor ……………………………………… External Examiner …… Internal Examiner ………………………………… Prof C.J.A Onwuka Head of Department ……………………………………… Prof Uju C Umo Dean, Faculty of Education iii ii CERTIFICATION AGADA, Rose Onyeche, a postgraduate student in the department of Educational Foundations with registration number PG/M.Ed/12/64235 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the course and research work for the award of Master degree in Educational Administration and Planning The work embodied in this project report is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma or degree of this or any other university …………………………… Agada, Rose Onyeche Student ………………………… DR A.N Okolo Supervisor iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my husband Engr S.A Agada iii v iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher’s profound gratitude first and foremost goes to the almighty God the giver of good health and life who saw me through the duration of the study The researcher owe a lot of thanks to her supervisor Dr A N Okolo who despite her tight schedule, painstakingly scrutinised each stage of this work making constructive criticism and giving helpful advice Her motherly support made this work a reality Much thanks to the researcher’s lecturers Dr S C Ugwoke, Rev Dr Ejionueme and Dr Ezeugwu who validated the instrument making corrections that guided the study, Dr A U Okere, Dr L T Ugwuanyi and Dr (Mrs) C Enyi who read through the work and made necessary corrections In a very special way, the researcher thank her husband Engr S A Agada for his understanding, financial and moral support throughout the duration of the study Also to be thanked are the researcher’s parents Mr and Mrs C A Ameh for their prayers and encouragement Not to be forgotten are the researcher’s children Chris, Ben, Paul and Ann and my sister Grace, thank you for bearing with my frequent absence God bless you all vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE APPROVAL PAGE i ii CERTIFICATION iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES viii ABSTRACT ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem 11 Purpose of the Study 13 Significance of the Study 13 Scope of the Study 15 Research Questions 15 Research Hypotheses 16 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 17 Conceptual Framework 18 Concept of Education 18 Concept of Entrepreneurship 20 Concept of Entrepreneurship Education 23 Concept of Job Creation 33 Theoretical Framework 41 Human Capital Theory (HCT) 41 Need for Achievement Theory (NAT) 42 Risk Taking Theory (RTT) 42 Empirical Studies 43 Entrepreneurship Education and Career Intention of Students 43 Entrepreneurship Education and Self-productivity 46 v vii Entrepreneurship Education and Poverty Alleviation 49 Summary of Review of Literature 51 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD 53 Design of the Study 53 Area of the Study 53 Population of the Study 54 Sample and Sampling Technique 54 Instrument for Data Collection 55 Validation of the Instrument 55 Reliability of the Instrument 56 Method of Data Collection 56 Method of Data Analysis 57 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 58 Summary of the Results 64 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY 65 Discussion of the Findings 65 Conclusion 69 Implication of the Study 70 Recommendations 72 Limitations of the Study 73 Suggestions for further Study 74 Summary of the Study 74 REFERENCES 77 APPENDICES Appendix A: Letter to the Respondents 86 Appendix B: Questionnaire 87 Appendix C: Reliability Test Result 92 Appendix D: Analysis 93 vi viiivii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Mean and Standard Deviation of respondents on skills undergraduate Students acquire after completing an entrepreneurship education course 58 Table 2: Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis of skills students Acquire after an entrepreneurship education course and career Intention 59 Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis of skills students Acquire after an entrepreneurship education course and selfProductivity 60 Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis of skills students Acquire after an entrepreneurship education course and poverty Alleviation 61 Regression Analysis of the significant relationship between skills Students acquire after an entrepreneurship education course and Career intention 62 Regression Analysis of the significant relationship between skills Students acquire after an entrepreneurship education course and Self-productivity 62 Regression Analysis of the significant relationship between skills Students acquire after an entrepreneurship education course and Poverty alleviation 63 ix viii ABSTRACT The present study examined the relationship between entrepreneurship education programme of universities in Benue State and job creation, career intention, self-productivity and poverty alleviation of undergraduate students Four research questions and three hypotheses guided the study The correlational research design was adopted for the study The sample for the study consisted of 225 final year undergraduate students drawn from three universities in Benue state The instrument used for the study was a researcher developed instrument tagged Entrepreneurship Education and Job Creation Questionnaire (EEJCQ) which was validated by experts and used for data collection Mean and standard deviation, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis and regression analysis were used to analyse the data collected Major findings of the work showed that; (i) undergraduate students acquire entrepreneurship skills after completing an entrepreneurship education course (ii) There was a high positive relationship between entrepreneurship skills and entrepreneurial career intention of students (iii) There was a moderate positive relationship between entrepreneurship skills and self-productivity.(iv)There was a high positive relationship between entrepreneurship skills and poverty alleviation (v) Entrepreneurship skills significantly influence students’ career intention, self-productivity and poverty alleviation Based on these findings, conclusions were drawn and the implications were extensively discussed Among the recommendations made were that universities should organize industrial tours, field trips, mentorship programmes, seminars, workshops and exchange programmes for students to engender entrepreneurship culture in them Government and all stake holders in education industry should ensure that entrepreneurship education is adequately funded as no effective planning and implementation can take place in the absence of funds 77 REFERENCES Adamu, U.A (2008) Motionless points in chaos: Education reforms, innovations and the challenges for tertiary education in Nigeria A paper presented at the 1st national conference organized by Kano State Polytechnic Adejimola, A.S., & Olufunmilayo, T (2009) Spinning off an entrepreneurship culture among Nigeria university students: Prospects and challenges African Journal of Business Management, 1(3), 80-88 Adejumo, G (2001) Indigenous entrepreneurship development in Nigeria: Characteristics, problems and prospects Ogun: Ilaro Publishers, Nigeria Adofu, I & 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the Department of Educational Foundations, University of Nigeria, Nsukka currently conducting a research on Entrepreneurship Education as a Correlate of Job Creation in Benue State, Nigeria You have been identified as one who could provide the researcher with the relevant information to effectively carryout the study The researcher therefore humbly requests your sincere opinion in completing the attached questionnaire You are assured that the information given by you will be treated in strict confidentiality and used for the purpose of this study Thank you for your anticipated cooperation Yours faithfully, Agada Rose Onyeche 87 APPENDIX B QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA Instruction: Tick (√) in the appropriate box where applicable Gender: Male Female Age Range: 16-20 Year of Study: Three 21-25 26-30 Four 31-35 Five SECTION B Students’ Response on the Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Job Creation Instruction: Kindly indicate your opinion by ticking (√) in the column that best expresses your opinion using the key Key: Strongly Agree (SA) Agree (A) Points Points Disagree (D) Strongly Disagree (SD) Points Point 88 CLUSTER A S/N Skills undergraduate students acquire after an entrepreneurship education course I have identified available career options through entrepreneurship education I have gained a good understanding of economics and free enterprise to start and sustain a new business I know about the practical details needed to start a business The number of events outside my control which could prevent me from starting a business are very few Developing business ideas will be easy for me I believe I would be completely unable to start a business I can identify potential sources of resources I can identify creative ways to get things done with 10 limited resources For each problem I will find a solution I am willing to work hard to set up my own business SA A D SD 89 CLUSTER B S/N 11 Relationship between Entrepreneurship education skills and Entrepreneurial career intention of undergraduate students My professional goal is to become an 12 entrepreneur I am more interested in establishing my own 13 business than getting a paid employment A career as an entrepreneur is totally unattractive 14 to me Being 15 advantageous than disadvantageous to me I am determined to start and run my own 16 business in the future Starting a firm and keeping it viable would be an entrepreneur will be SA A D SD SA A D SD more easy for me CLUSTER C S/N Relationship between Entrepreneurship education skills and self-productivity of 17 undergraduate students Entrepreneurship Education provides good and adequate preparation for starting up and growing 18 a new business Entrepreneurship education has the prospect of 19 enhancing job creation in society entrepreneurship education can stimulate youth 20 empowerment Entrepreneurship education helps in generating new ideas CLUSTER D S/N Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education SA A D SD 90 21 skills and poverty alleviation Being an entrepreneur would give me financial 22 23 freedom through self-employment Being an entrepreneur would give me great satisfaction A catalyst to poverty alleviation is anchored on job 24 creation The standard of living of people can be improved 25 through job creation A clear understanding of entrepreneurship education and the correct application of skills to create jobs can 26 27 28 29 30 greatly influence self-empowerment for better living Lack of entrepreneurship skills is responsible for the high rate of poverty in the society People would be better off financially as entrepreneurs than engaging in paid jobs Entrepreneurs live up to expectation as bread winners of their families I cherish entrepreneurship as a family tradition Being an entrepreneur improves ones quality of life 91 Number of final year students in the three (3) universities in Benue State Private University State University Federal University Two hundred and sixty One thousand two hundred and Seven hundred and one (261) fifty-five (1255) Source: Registry Department University of Mkar, Mkar Benue State Benue State University, Makurdi University of Agriculture, Makurdi thirty four (734) ... (Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN, 2010) According to a survey carried out as part of its membership operational audit in January 2010, the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) stated that... government officials, infrastructural decay, exorbitant cost of raw materials etc (Gabadeen and Raimi, 2012) Even though many scholars have argued against non-availability of capital as the prime... About half of the remaining operating firms have been classified as “ailing’’, a situation that poses a great threat to the survival of manufacturing in the country in the next few years (Manufacturers