patronage in the system of church school education as a form of communication in educational space of russia in the late 19th early 20th century

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236 (2016) 338 – 342 International Conference on Communication in Multicultural Society, CMSC 2015, 6-8 December 2015, Moscow, Russian Federation Patronage in the system of church-school education as a form of communication in educational space of Russia in the late 19th-early 20th century Tatiana Krasnitskajaa,b,* b a Shuya branch of Ivanovo State University, Kooperativnaya Street 24, Shuya 155900, Russian Federation National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation Abstract The paper discusses the issue of patronage as a form of communication, both religious and secular elements at the micro level within the system of church school education in Russia in the late XIX-early XX century The author reveals the reasons of occurrence of patronage and analyzes the conditions for establishing linkages with church-school system, forms of support organization of elementary Orthodox and teacher training institutions and their contribution to schooling at both country and separate regions The conclusion about specifics of patronage as a form of communication in the educational sphere in the prerevolutionary period is made © 2016 2016Published The Authors Published Elsevier Ltd.access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © by Elsevier Ltd by This is an open Peer-review under responsibility of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) Keywords: Trustee; church school; church patronage authorities; church councils; school boards Introduction The Russian Orthodox Church in the late XIX-early XX century, actively participating in the field of public education, has created a multi-step system of church school education, which offered the opportunity to receive elementary education and pedagogical education for the members of different social classes, especially the lower * Corresponding author Tel.: +7-905-109-8722 E-mail address: krasniz_t@mail.ru 1877-0428 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.042 Tatiana Krasnitskaja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236 (2016) 338 – 342 ones, of different national origin and religion This phenomenon allows speaking about intercultural communication in educational space of the country in the pre-revolutionary period Different composition of primary and teachers church schools as a specific factor, along with other aspects of their functioning has been the subject of research in works of scientists (Kwon, 2000; Vvedensky, 2004; Zhitenev, 2004; Krasnitskaja and Bauer, 2012; Krutitskaja, 2004; Petrenko, 2008) Along with this, a scientific interest has the question of communication within a single system at the micro level, in particular the patronage as a form of interaction and communication of spiritual and secular element in education Data and methods The basis of the source base of the study of this question was a set of documents in the Central and local archives and libraries of the country First of all legislative and normative-legal acts in the field of Russian Church-school education of the late XIX-early XX century ("Regulations about parochial schools" 1884, "Regulations about schools of grammar" 1891, "Regulations on the management of parochial and grammar office of the Orthodox Confession" 1896, " Regulations for Trustees of church schools" 1898, "The Regulation of church schools of Department of Orthodox confession" 1902, "The Regulations of parochial patronage in the parochial schools," 1914, the Definition of Holy Synod the establishment of relations of parochial councils, parochial sponsors, brotherhood and similar existing and operating institutions to church schools, 1906) The analysis of these documents allowed tracing the organization and changes in the system of church-school patronage, as well as conditions of communication with the church and schooling management However, they only specify general situation, not showing real practical experience in this matter Secretarial documentation (records of the chief procurators of the Holy Synod of the unpublished records of the diocesan school councils and their county offices, reports on the activities of the parish wards, of the church schools of different regions of the country in the late XIX-early XX century), which allowed to identify, compare and summarize daily activities of the patronage, forms of their work, mechanisms to address pressing problems and the specificity of the interaction of spiritual and secular elements Unpublished sources deserve special attention, because they contain not only positive but also negative sides of the problem, allowing the researcher to give an objective assessment of events Quite informative was the analysis of the materials of periodicals (magazines "Church news", local diocesan newspaper, the messengers of the country council), and historical sketches of the development of church schools, containing explanations of official authorities on the subject and information on the activities of the wards The latter, created to show the successful development of church-school education, though fully presented information, needed to be taken critically To determine the general position of affairs in the sphere of patronage in quantitative way, church school management reference materials (collections of statistical information) were involved, details of which were correlated with other (archival) sources In general, groups of sources, complementing each other, created a representative basis of the study To study the specificity of patronage as a form of communication in the Russian educational space, the author used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) and specific (historical-comparative, historical-systemic, historical-genetic, historical-statistical) research methods The second group of methods allowed tracing the evolution of patronage in case of the context of interaction of religious and secular elements, to determine the conditions of their interaction, forms of communication both throughout the country and individual regions Results One of the reasons for the emergence of trusteeship in church schools of different types and consequently the involvement of the secular element was the lack of financial resources in Russian Orthodox Church and in the state for the maintenance of educational institutions Due to the widespread distribution of the first Orthodox schools since the mid 80-ies of the XIX century the church school management relied on local sources (grants from the 339 340 Tatiana Krasnitskaja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236 (2016) 338 – 342 societies, parish wards and congregations, district councils and other public institutions), including private philanthropists A necessary condition for the establishment of the interaction of church and school organizations and Trustees were regulatory framework, which defined the composition and functions of the latter Fundamental legislative document "Regulations about parochial schools" 1884 At national level the position was assigned, according to which a person established a school at his own expense, could be approved by the diocesan Bishop to the rank of Trustee of this school Those who had "a special will in the spread of education in the spirit of the Orthodox Church” were approved by the Holy Synod to the honorary Trustees of the Church schools of one or more deaneries [L, p 386-387] Further, concerning those who could claim that title, clarifications were made In "Regulations for Trustees of church schools"1898, which was used as the main piece of legislation until 1917, the Trustees could only be persons of Orthodox confession In special cases, diocesan bishops were permitted to set those who belonged to non-Orthodox Christians [I] Such deviation from the rules was due to the fact, that not all church schools had Trustees The right to elect the Trustee of the elementary church schools had the head of the educational institution, society or institution that provided funds for its maintenance In teaching schools, such person was appointed by the school Council and confirmed by the diocesan Bishop The Church and school management set a moral compass in the selection of secular element to support their schools The owners and employees of drinking establishments were not allowed to be trustees In some cases, the Trustees had a uniform [K] Among the Trustees were the representatives of all classes To certain categories of secular persons, the patronage gave certain privileges Peasants were freed from corporal punishment, and natural duties The Trustees had the right to receive awards for special material and moral assistance to schools The most common according to archival materials was a medal In 1898, in the Vladimir diocese hereditary honorary citizen K A Zubova, who had donated more than 000 roubles for church school was awarded silver medal at Stanislav ribbon, the merchant's son S A Ganshin was awarded a Silver medal at Anninsky ribbon, whose donation was 1575 RUR [F] Trustee of Iljinskoj school in Kuban, manufacturer Kormilitsyn was awarded in 1915 the Golden neck medal at the Anninsky ribbon for a donation for the school building [G] Among other awards were the blessing of the Holy Synod, Archbishop, Metropolitan, receiving the Bible A kind of posthumous reward was permission from the Holy Synod to place the portraits of the Trustees in church schools [F] However, there was a rule deprivation of the title of the Trustee for failure to perform their duties for three years [I] Some individuals for various reasons (for health reasons) removed from themselves their powers of Trustees [E] A number of normative documents of the late XIX-early XX century determined the functions of the Trustees, and therefore a valid possible line of communication in the sphere of church school education First, honorary Trustees decided household problems (arrangement of school building, "bringing classroom supplies", open accommodation shelters for children living far from school, the establishment of "craft, handicraft and agricultural practice" [I, p 66], financial (the timely pay-out of salaries to teachers) and inspection ( student attendance of school and church) [M] However, they performed their duties together with the parish priest Thus, the Trustees did not have full freedom in making decisions, and were forced to be guided by considerations of lower echelon in the system of church school governance Thus, it can be argued that the process of interaction of two elements was not equal Church school management limited communication with the Trustees on academic issues In accordance with the "Regulations for the Trustees of church schools," the Trustees were able to attend school and to attend exams However, in the first case, they could not comments, in the second if they had education they have the right to vote in the assessment of students ' knowledge (except God's Law) [M] Exclusive rights in this respect had the Trustee of St Vladimir's church school for teachers in St Petersburg E.A Pobedonostseva She was exercising "direct supervision in teaching and education", elected and dismissed "all officials in the school", had the financial means [M, p 67] Such privileges were given not by accident, but because E.A Pobedonostseva was a wife of the Procurator of the Holy Synod Participants carried out patronage activities in different forms: personal and organizational The first was reflected in the fact that one person supported the church school Assistance could be financial (capital, the interest Tatiana Krasnitskaja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236 (2016) 338 – 342 from which went to school or annual allowance) and in natural form (donation of land, construction material, giving building for school, school construction, provision of heating, workers, classroom furniture, educational books and supplies) Financial allocations at the regional level had two directions: diocesan (funds are allocated to all educational institutions) and targeted (to a specific school) In practice, the most common was help to a specific school The Trustees of church schools at their own expense founded a special society for students’ support In 1908, a Trustee of Khrenovsky church school for teachers in Kostroma diocese I.A Kokorev organized a "Society of welfare to students in need of Khrenovsky church school for teachers" [D] The process of interaction with the Trustees were organized by incorporating them as honorary members in the management structure of school system This allowed them to give petitions to higher authorities about the necessary assistance to schools The contribution of Trustees in case of church schools was small In the country scale it was in 1890-91 [G] 13 % of the total amount of local funds [B], and in 1896-97, to 13.7% [C] Nationwide statistics can be proved with regional indicators In Kazan diocese in the XIX-early XX centuries the percentage of financial aid ranged from to 18 % (Zakharyevskij, 1909, p 62), and in Samara it was from 4.9 % to 17 % (Matyushenskij, 1901) In terms of lack of funds, they were given an additional opportunity of more or less safe existence of educational institutions The second (organizational) form was submitted to the existing parish wards and boards [J], school boards The first acted based on the Regulations of 1864 and were designed to take care of the beautification of parish church and of clergy in the economic relation, as well as about opening of schools, hospitals, orphanages The parish patronage was mainly focused on the church events, producing a small amount on educational and charitable needs of the parish, as evidenced by the statistics In 1888 for church schools from parish wards was spent 46000 R (2 % of all funds of the organization) [A], in 1913 – 242963 R (over %) [N] Parish councils also provided minimal aid to the Church in improvement and opening of schools because of weak distribution, as educational institutions, arranged by churches, was a parish only in name, and they taught in the majority children not from the parishioners of this church However, they have contributed to church school education For the thirty-year period of operation of church schools financial contribution of the parish patronage, meetings and councils amounted to 18.8 % of the total amount of local funds [N] In some areas, there were school boards (patronage) which took care about church schools Such public organizations acted in Irkutsk, Yenisei, Vladivostok, Kostroma dioceses They consisted of members of local clergy, schoolteachers, parents, churchwardens, Trustees and other persons who sympathized schools activity, under the leadership of head of the school [H] However, their activity was not associated with a parish wards and councils, although local authorities wanted them to be executive organs of the latter Common to all forms of wards was the lack of real actuators of influence on the development of church school Conclusion The analysis of patronage as a form of communication secular and spiritual elements in church school education in the late XIX-early XX century in Russia allowed revealing its specific features: - it arose from the need to attract additional financial resources for the life of teaching and primary schools in the country; - condition for establishing interaction and communication of church school organization and Trustees was created, a regulatory legal framework, established a certain uniformity and order in the work of schools Trustees, their rights and obligations; unlike the secular system, for the Trustees (excluding church teachers’ school in St Petersburg) was assigned only a business function, indicating the conservative position of spiritual authority; - in the interaction between two elements, there was no equality in the decision-making; -patronage activities in church schools had different forms (personal and organizational) Trustees’ activity was important for the functioning of church school education system References Krasnitskaja, T A., and Bauer, I A (2012) Church schools in Russia in the second half of XIX-early XX centuries Shuya Krutitskaja, E V (2004) Parochial schools in Russia in the late XIX-early XX centuries PhD of Arts (History) thesis research 341 342 Tatiana Krasnitskaja / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 236 (2016) 338 – 342 Kwon, B.L (2000) K P Pobedonostsev and spread of parochial schools, 1884-1904 PhD of Arts (History) thesis research Saint Petersburg Matyushenskij, A (1901) Parochial schools of Samara diocese for 50 years of their existence (1851-1901) Samara Vvedensky, E.S (2004) The activities of Russian Orthodox Church in primary public education in the second half of XIX-beginning of XX centuries (on materials of Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces) PhD of Arts (History) thesis research Yaroslavl Zakharyevskij, P (1909) Church schools of Kazan diocese for 25 years of their existence (1884-1909) Kazan Zhitenev, T E (2004) A parochial school in Russia: 1884-1918 PhD of Arts (History) thesis research Moscow Sources A Most humble report of chief Procurator of the Holy Synod K Pobedonostsev by the Department of Orthodox confession for 1888 and 1889, (1891) Saint Petersburg B Most humble report of chief Procurator of the Holy Synod K Pobedonostsev by the Department of Orthodox confession for 1890 and 1891 (1893) Saint Petersburg C Most humble report of chief Procurator of the Holy Synod K Pobedonostsev by the Department of Orthodox confession for 1896 and 1897 (1899) Saint Petersburg D Case of establishment of church teachers’ school in village Hrenova Kineshma district, Kostroma diocese (1901-1913) The Russian state historical archive Saint Petersburg E The records of sessions of Vladimir diocesan school Council (1895) State archive of Vladimir region Vladimir F The records of the diocesan school Board and County offices (1898) State archive of Vladimir region Vladimir G Records of meetings of Kostroma diocesan school Council (1915) State archive of Kostroma region Kostroma H Historical notes of church-parish schools and schools of grammar of Vladivostok diocese (1907-1909) The Russian state historical archive Saint Petersburg I Handbook on church-school education (1903) Odessa J The definition of the Holy Synod from 25 January to February, 1906, No 488 the establishment of relations of parish councils, parish wards, brotherhoods and similar existing and operating in the parish agencies to church schools (1906) The Church News Journal No K Regulations of church schools Department of Orthodox confession // Complete collection of laws of Russian Empire (1904) Volume XXII 1902 Division Saint Petersburg L Regulations about parochial schools (1884) The newspaper Vladimir diocesan Bulletin, No 16 P 383-388 M Regulations of schools of grammar (1891) The newspaper of Vladimir provincial county council No 12, P 474-478 N Church schools of Russian Empire by 1914 Statistical information (1915) Saint Petersburg  ... interest has the question of communication within a single system at the micro level, in particular the patronage as a form of interaction and communication of spiritual and secular element in. .. forms of wards was the lack of real actuators of influence on the development of church school Conclusion The analysis of patronage as a form of communication secular and spiritual elements in. .. of the study To study the specificity of patronage as a form of communication in the Russian educational space, the author used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization)