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DECLARATION I certify that all the material in this study which is not my own work has been identified and acknowledged and that no material is included for which a degree has already been conferred upon me Hanoi, April 24, 2018 Pham Thi Thu i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the main difficulties encountering English majors at Thuongmai University while giving presentations To achieve the aim of the study, I applied two tools, a questionnaire and an observation According to the questionnaire, the following results were reached: Most problems are came from the primary element including subjective difficulties and objective difficulties The subjective difficulties are that students not have a good preparation, they not feel confident with their performance or they sometimes make some mistakes And the objective difficulties including time allowed to perform the presentation, pressure to perform well and listener's support So students feel dissatisfied with their presentation Through some observations, I found some difficulties of students The presenter and listeners not have any alignment While the speaker was presenting, audiences can sleep, talk together or even play their phone Moreover, presenters not know how to attract the audience, the voice is too small and there is no interaction with the audience by eye-contacting or some question or telling funny story In addition, from the results of the study, some suggestions and recommendation are offered for students to have a good presentation ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and support of many individuals in assisting me to accomplish this study First of all, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor, Tran Thi Bich Lan for her valuable time, suggestions, guidance, and assistance in this study She always guides me with valuable suggestions, helpful comments and whole-hearted guidance during my implementation of this study Without her help, the thesis would not have been possible In addition, I also wish to express my sincere thanks to all the lecturers of English Faculty at Thuongmai University for their very useful lectures My profound thanks also go to the teachers and the students at English Faculty at Thuongmai University for help and support Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my loving family and my special friends who always encouraged and helped me to complete this study iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vii CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Previous studies 1.2.1 The research of Orsmond, Merry &Reiling, (2000) 1.2.2 The research of Otoshi and Heffernen (2008) 1.2.3 Wu (2008) 1.2.4 Derwing (2003) .4 1.3 Aims of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Research subject 1.6 Scope of the study 1.7 Research methodology 1.7.1 Questionnaire 1.7.2 Observation 1.8 Organization of the study .6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .7 2.1 Definition of Presentation 2.2 Role of presentation to students 2.3 Importance of presentation 2.4 Purposes of student presentations 2.4.1- Advocacy/persuasion 2.4.2- Training 2.4.3 Teaching and learning 10 2.4.4 Informing .10 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2.4.5 Assessment 10 2.5 Benefits of student presentations 10 2.6 What Constitutes a Professional Presentation? 12 2.7 Ten Steps for Preparing your Presentation 12 2.8 Classification of difficulties in presentation 13 2.8.1 Not preparing enough 13 2.8.2 Not familiarizing yourself with the venue and equipment 13 2.8.3 Ignoring your audience 13 2.8.4 Using inapproriate body language 13 2.8.5 Using inappropriate content .14 2.8.6 Using ineffective visuals 14 2.8.7 Overcrowding text .14 2.8.8 Showing a lack of dynamism .15 2.8.9 Avoiding eye contact 15 2.8.10 Mispronunciation 15 2.8.11 Using slang or idioms .15 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH FINDINGS 16 3.1 Result from the questionnaire 16 3.1.1 Attitudes of the students towards studying through making presentations 16 3.1.2 Students’ performance before, during and after making a presentation 18 3.1.3 Students’ difficulties when making presentations 23 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTION .27 4.1 The things we need to before, during and after the presentation 27 4.1.1Before the presentation 27 4.1.2 During the presentation .29 4.1.3 After the presentation 30 4.2 Things to keep in mind when making presentations 30 4.3 Some tips to have a good presentation 32 CONCLUSION 34 REFERENCE APPENDICES v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS EFL English as a Foreign Language TESOL Test of English as a Foreign Language TMU Thuongmai University MA The Master of Art vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Chart 1: Students’ attitudes towards making presentation .16 Chart 2: The application of the learning method through making presentation to student 17 Chart 3: What you before presenting? 18 Chart 4: How you feel when presenting in English 19 Chart 5: What you focus on when presenting? 20 Chart 6: Where you see when presenting? 21 Chart 7: Can you evaluate your presentation? .22 Chart 8: What problems you encounter when presenting English? 23 Chart 9: What factors affect your presentation? 24 Chart 10: What listeners when you are presenting? .25 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale English language is considered the international language and it is the only foreign language that is being taught to all students all over the world Both native and second-language speakers of English are found on every continent and English has become the lingua franca in many fields, including business, politics, science, technology and entertainment It is also the most-used language of the internet, accounting for more than half of all websites For many people, learning English is a way to get access to a broader range of information, connections, and opportunities Keshta states that "English is a universal language, the language of communication among countries in the international world of trade, business, communications, air transportation and technology." Consequently, English as a language has become an essential demand for all levels and fields In fact, learners need to be motivated in learning English, not only to pass the exams, but also to use English in communicating orally with others Many school and university students wrongly believe that English is a difficult language to learn The ultimate purpose for students is to pass the final exams in order to move to the next level To so, students would memorize questions and answers and successfully regurgitate them word by word on the final exam Worse than that, teachers praise, appreciate and encourage their students to so That’s why the majority of the students lose the main aim of the language which is to speak English language and develop themselves to communicate orally with others Moreover, the importance of speaking English language stems from the fact that new trends of the whole institutions and organizations stipulate speaking English language fluently and communicating orally with others as necessary requirements to get high rank jobs in them Studying and teaching English has a difference at universities in Vietnam Nowadays, education always emphasizes the autonomy and self-learning ability of students, especially for the training program of the English Faculty at LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TMU The education program always focuses on improving self-learning and good communication skills and the application the presentation skills in the subject of students are conducted very widely However, for the first- year students, this approach is completely different compared to previous programs, so many students get difficulties in presenting in English As a result, I decided to study on the difficulties faced by first-year English students in the process of presenting in English and giving solutions 1.2 Previous studies 1.2.1 The research of Orsmond, Merry &Reiling, (2000) The study shows that the first step is for teachers and learners to establish marking criteria for the presentation Attracting learners in this process will be of great benefit to them in preparing for their own presentations The researchers explain that learners must clearly understand the criteria set out for evaluating presentations The study recommends that teachers need to monitor that learners are using the criteria correctly and applying the tenets of the rubric in an accurate manner The study indicates that students are able to comprehend and critically assess marking criteria that they have a hand in making, and have more difficulty in comprehending marking criteria that are imposed on them by teachers The study explains that teachers can carry out practice sessions with their learners by having them watch and evaluate past presentations on video Then, after the appropriate training has been completed (which may take two to three class periods), students prepare their presentations (individually or in groups) with the criteria they helped create firmly in mind Next, learners evaluate their peer’s presentations with the rubric they helped create Finally, after the presentations are completed, learners receive their evaluation from their peers and reflect on their performance and how to improve on it All of this can serve to be extremely useful not only to the learners in the classes, but also for the teachers 1.2.2 The research of Otoshi and Heffernen (2008) This study outlines and explores what factors EFL learners consider to be important when making presentations A questionnaire was used to discover what components were considered to be important to learners in doing effective English LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com presentations The results of the study indicate that the participants consider the following three factors as the major criteria for effective English oral presentations: clarity of speech and voice quality; correctness of language; and interaction with the audience The researchers explore which aspects of oral presentations Japanese university students view to be most effective Incorporating students’ ideas while establishing the criteria for presentations is an important factor when considering alearner-centered approach in EFL classes Therefore, this study suggests specific ideas as to how to carry out oral presentation activities using student-established evaluation criteria One aim of the study suggests a set of specific recommendations such as using specific criteria of the presentation to improve peer assessment activities for oral presentations The researchers recommend peer evaluation can be a valuable method in assisting EFL learners in how to properly structure English oral presentations The study shows that learners gain a firm knowledge of the form and process of what makes an effective oral presentation By involving them in the process of actually creating the rubrics to be used in evaluating their peers, the study suggests that teachers should give their learners an opportunity to gain independence while learning more about exactly what makes a successful presentation 1.2.3 Wu (2008) This study is an exploratory study that was conducted on students’ behavior and belief about academic oral presentations The study shows that five Taiwanese TESOL graduate students were studied The study finds that academic oral presentations involved complex and constant decision-makings for the students from the beginning – the preparation stage, to the final stage – the presenting stage The study indicates that based on a student’s account, the presenting stage was likely the most anxiety- provoking stage because much of the decision-making was required immediately Moreover, the study also shows that a discrepancy existed between the instructor and the students about what constitutes an academic oral presentation and its goal This may also contribute to students’ anxiety about oral presentations because students were likely uncertain about the quality of their preparation and performance The researcher explains that Oral presentation is a LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Time allowed to perform the presentation 24.6 Motivation to speak 19.3 Listner's support 29.8 Pressure to perform well 50.9 Time for preparation 26.3 10 20 30 40 50 60 Chart 9: What factors affect your presentation? 50.9% of the students feel pressured because of good presentation 29.8% of the learners respond that audience support is an important factor in influencing a good presentation In addition, 24.6% say that the time given for a presentation is a factor influencing the presentation 26 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Question 10: “What listeners when you are presenting?” 61.4 17.5 14 4.5 Supporting Sleeping Talking Listening to your presentation Chart 10: What listeners when you are presenting? Audience is an indispensable factor to help you complete your presentation well Just like "the speaker must have a listener." The speaker needs the support of the audience, and sometimes the audience just listens to your presentation from beginning to end and give you some contributions However, according to observations, listeners often their own work during the presentation, such as playing with the phone, sleeping, talking, instead of listening to your presentation This greatly affects your mood to present 3.2 Observation results Class observations were carried out with a view to seeing how students really performed and what problems they encountered when they presented English The researcher randomly chose two classes to observe They were K53N1 and K53N2 After observing, the following difficulties are the most common ones in the classes observed: 27 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Before a presentation: The students were not given enough time to prepare for making a presentation Before presenting they showed their unconfident and anxious about their presentation Some people practice until the lesson started The researcher also saw that the students spent too much time to learn by heart instead of focusing on performing style During the presentation: When I observed during the student's performance, I realized that It was a boring presentation Presenters only focused on the words to deliver the content of the topic and sometimes they just saw on their slide to read instead of presenting As a consequence, speakers not have any listener For the slide design, i saw that slide had many words and lacked of images It did not focus on the main points of the topic and it was difficult for audiences to follow After presentation: After the presentation, there had only some questions to be asked between the audiences and presenters to discuss Regularly, some questions were asked from teachers for the presentation group This is a limitation for students because the discussion about the questions which were related to the topic will help us to understand more exactly 28 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTION The ability to communicate well is an important skill for any student attending university In addition, possessing excellent communication skills are highly valued in the workplace This means, among other things, you should be able to present your topic and research results fluently; for example, during seminars with peers or with managers and clients in the workplace A persuasive presentation not only requires thorough preparation of content, but also a good style It takes quite a bit of skill to come across understandable for any particular audience and to stay in control of the situation After studying and analyzing the difficulties encountering first-year English majors at Thuongmai University in making presentations, I will give some solutions with a view to helping you improve your speaking skills as well as gain more experience and knowledge for a good presentation In this chapter, I will divide it into some following parts Firstly, the things we need to before, during and after the presentation Next, I will give some notes needed to avoid when making a presentation And finally, there are some tips and short summaries for you to have a good presentation 4.1 The things we need to before, during and after the presentation 4.1.1Before the presentation Preparation, preparation and preparation There is no easy way out Giving an excellent presentation is all about the preparation that goes into it, and this theme applies to every single aspect you include in your presentation So what we prepare? I think that we should prepare from the little things to the biggest thing when we are preparing a presentation, apart from preparing the content, the slides, the general story line, we need to pay attention to some things like how we start our presentation to attract the audience? or what we should say to end the presentation And I am sure that the more carefully you will prepare, the more perfect your presentation is 29 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Make your presentation more simple Try to keep your presentation straightforward and to the point Fancy talks, loads of facts and figures and complicated sentences can overwhelm both you and your audience They will fidget, zone out or go to sleep If you keep it simple, your audience is more apt to grasp the message you are trying to transmit You should perform in a simple and easy way for the audience to understand by using simple words to express what you want to say so the audience can capture the content of the presentation and continue to listen to you Moreover, in order to avoid overwhelming your audience with too much information, you should narrow your presentation down to no more than three main points You may state the three points at the beginning of your presentation and then reiterate the points at the end Even if they forget most of what you said, they will remember the three points Slide design However, one essential thing to remember is, : don’t put anything on a slide (text, images, pictures, tables, and graphs) if you are not going to talk about them, or mention them It will only confuse your audience (unless they are either part of the template, or faded in the background) In addition, respect your audience and not overload your slides with text and read this text to them Most likely your audience will have finished reading your text before you Less is more and remember that you not need to write in complete sentences on your slides Understand your topic Before you can effectively present any information, you first need to be passionate about your subject matter If you are not, your audience members will lose interest, which will make them lose confidence in you as a presenter and the information you are trying to convey Think audience When you are preparing your presentation, there is one thing you should always keep in the back of your mind: the audience The sole purpose of a presentation is to communicate whatever you have to say to an audience 30 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Position yourself being in their shoes and answer the following questions: who, what, why, how? Who are they and who are you? It is essential to know who your audience will be: are they your classmates, professors, professionals, etc and what they know about you Do you need to inform them? Do you need to introduce yourself? Different audiences have different needs, and different audiences may need different communicative approaches What they want? What they know? What can I tell them? Knowing this information will help you decide what content to include in your presentation Furthermore, the best presentations engage the audience so come up with ways to make them feel involved Pose questions Ask for their points of view, or use them to help with your demonstration Your presentation is very much like a journey Guide your audience through the content Use signposts to indicate what you are presenting and where you are going Examples of signposts are, “Next, I will discuss ”, “Now I’d like to move on to….”, and “Finally, …” or “To conclude ” Signposts are also great tools to keep you audience awake, focused and engaged Have you ever listened to a less engaging presentation and the presenter said, “Finally”, surely that was the moment you found yourself waking up Practice makes perfect Whether you are an expert or an amateur, you can never practice too much Even the most seasoned speakers rehearse before every presentation Rehearse in front of a mirror or before other people Get feedback and adjust your material and technique accordingly Practice and time your presentation Practice delivering you speech out loud Record your presentation using the record tool available in PowerPoint Practice delivering you presentation to an audience, for example, your peers If you not have an audience, practice in front of a mirror 4.1.2 During the presentation Use visuals Confucius said, “I hear and I forget. I see and I remember. I and I understand.” A flat presentation, where you speak all the time, will not be as 31 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com effective as the one where you use visuals or as memorable as the one where you engage the audience Use pictures, animations, charts, graphs or even real-life objects to emphasize and illustrate your point Try to stay away from a multitude of bullet points in your presentation For example, when I give a dining etiquette presentation, I pass around unique pieces of antique silverware A presentation using different images not only captures the audience but also stimulates their imagination, so instead of just listening, they feel more interested in seeing strange pictures Move around Get out from behind the lectern to bring vibrancy to your presentation Be spontaneous, move around the stage, or walk into the audience area Do not be afraid to look each person in the eye If for some reason you cannot be mobile, use your hands, facial expressions and gestures to make your point visually appealing The larger the audience, the larger your gestures should be Share stories To keep boredom at bay, call upon your own experiences to make things interesting Pepper your message with your personal stories Your audience will better relate to your message, and remember it to a greater degree Be conversational The best speeches are given in a conversational tone Try not to lecture your audience Even if the subject matter is dry, use real-life examples to keep your presentation interesting 4.1.3 After the presentation After you have finished your presentation, not forget to smile with the audience and thank them for listening to your presentation Next, ask if they have any questions or any tips to help make your presentation more complete In addition, you can also make the atmosphere more comfortable by opening a song or a comedy video So people will feel relaxed after a stressful lesson 4.2 Things to keep in mind when making presentations Communicate A presentation is never a one way communication, despite the fact that you are the only one speaking Communication is always two ways Although you not 32 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com want your audience interrupting your speech, make it engaging: look at the audience, speak to the whole audience Your audience wants to be spoken to Ask rhetorical questions, use short pauses when you are, for example, changing the subject or moving on to another topic Rhetorical questions will often raise the audience awareness as pauses Do not hide behind a computer, a paper, or a desk Structure your presentation The purpose and content are the important things that you need to be carefully considered How much detail can you cover in the allotted time? Going back to a point made earlier, what does your audience already know about your topic? What they need to know, and more importantly, what is your take-home message? What you want your audience to remember? Most presentation will have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion You introduce yourself in the introduction, your topic, and what you will cover during your presentation Remember, this part can be as short as 30 seconds The body will include key points, new knowledge, trends in your data, or progress to date The level of detail may depend on the task and time available Remember to signpost! Highlight the implications of your discussion or possible applications of your findings in your conclusion and finish with your take-home messages Finding your voice Although there are general rules and structures, it is important to find your own voice Know your strengths and weaknesses For most of us, giving a presentation is a learning process and definitely not something we on a daily, weekly or even monthly basis Therefore, stay in your comfort zone to give you confidence but push the boundaries: explore new techniques, try something different, use a different power point template, try using cue cards rather than reading from a paper, watch what others and learn from them You can set yourself a target What kind of presenter you want to be? Take your time, prepare, prepare, prepare 33 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Do not read or read like you mean it When giving a presentation, from a communication perspective, speaking is always better than reading However, when you find yourself in the situation where you are going to read, there are a few techniques you can use to make it more enjoyable for the audience (remember your audience) Always address the audience, even when reading Make sure you take your eyes off the paper and look at the audience Highlight parts in the text that you wish to stress, e.g keywords, signposts, words that evoke, etc Cut your A4 paper into four parts The size of cue cards They are less distracting to hold and most often preparing cue cards helps you to remember your presentation PowerPoint comes with a handy print function which allows you to print handouts Use these so you have an overview which slides come next Do you know about the presenter’s view in PowerPoint? If you not, you should definitely check it out! If you go through these steps, you’ll often find that you actually don’t need to read 4.3 Some tips to have a good presentation Greet the audience and try to look confident and relaxed - smile! Wait for the audience to focus their attention on you before you start Begin by introducing yourself (and your colleagues if you work with others) State the topic clearly and give an outline of what you will cover Use your visual aids to highlight the main ideas as you progress through the presentation Stand to the left or right of the screen; make sure you are not standing between the image and your audience Face the audience as you speak and take care not to turn your body away from them Try to maintain eye contact with the audience, but not just stare at one person! If you get nervous, take deep breaths and use natural pauses in the content to regain control Remember that everyone feels nervous at times and the audience will make allowances Do not rush through the presentation and the series of visuals so fast that the audience becomes confused 34 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Use your voice by changing volume, pitch and by using pauses to indicate that you are moving onto a new point Vary your intonation for statements, questions and emphasis Conclude by summarising the main points of your presentation Reinforcing the main points, both verbally and by repetition, will help your audience assimilate the information Try to answer questions simply and directly Virtually no one has all the answers all the time and if you not have the answer, say so You can, however, offer a helpful solution such as, 'I'm afraid I'm not familiar with that topic, I will find out and get back to you 35 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONCLUSION We can reaffirm that English language is a powerful tool for communication It is a global language that people of different languages use to communicate and engage in business and other fields It also provides access to much of the world’s knowledge Thus, having a good command of the language is likely to bring many advantages because it allows one to communicate with people around the world and have first-hand access to the latest knowledge Moreover, English is used as the medium of communication in many international conferences (Nunan, 2003) Therefore, students in tertiary education, especially graduate students, have an increasing chance to use English as their working 13 language, either in graduate seminars or in conferences They are required to read books, journal articles that are written in English and use English as a tool for scholarly discussion in classrooms or in conferences More importantly, the English learners, in general, need to improve their capabilities in speaking English language and communicating orally with others English majors want to develop their speaking skill and academic oral presentations abilities, but they are encountering many difficulties In order to use English as a communicated tool, making presentation plays an important role to improve speaking skill, to be more confident to present in front of audience The purpose of this study is to identify difficulties encountering English majors at TMU in giving presentations It is hoped that the results of the study may help English majors in developing their abilities in giving academic oral presentations and as a result, they will particularly improve their speaking skill and academic achievement in general Moreover, this study will assist English learners not only in improving the speaking skill but also developing the oral communication skills including academic oral presentations 36 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com REFERENCE https://www.activia.co.uk/blog/why-are-presentation-skills-important https://biteable.com/blog/tips/how-to-make-good-presentation/ https://careerprocanada.ca/presentation-skills-important-success/ https://www.cleverism.com/skills-and-tools/presentation-skills/ https://www.duarte.com/presentation-skills-resources/presentation-mistakes/ http://epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20131057/urn_nbn_fi_uef20131057.pdf https://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/presentationskills.html http://library.iugaza.edu.ps/thesis/96026.pdf https://www.managementstudyguide.com/role-of-communication-inpresentation-speech.htm https://www.princeton.edu/~archss/webpdfs08/BaharMartonosi.pdf https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3763066631/the-importance-ofeffective-presentation-for-organizational https://www.skillsyouneed.com/present/presentation-tips.html http://www.stars.rdg.ac.uk/pdfs/seminar_probs.pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03043790802564103 https://text.123doc.org/document/1027329-a-study-on-oral-presentationdifficulties-of-second-year-english-majors-of-phuong-dong-university-in-thespeaking-lessons-and-solutions.htm https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1060546.pdf http://www.torok.com/articles/presentation/ WhyArePresentationSkillsImportant.html https://vi.scribd.com/document/118447407/Some-difficulties-of-the-first-yearstudents-ESL-in-speaking-skill LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com APPENDICES Questionnaire on difficulties encountering First-year English majors at Thuongmai University in making presentations in English Do you like studying English through making presentations? a Really like b Like c Normal d Don’t like e Hate Do you often present in English in front of an audience? a Always b often c Sometimes d Rarely e never What you before presenting? a Relax b Learn by heart c Practice d Others…… How you feel when presenting in English? a Confident b Interesting c Anxious d Afraid e e Others…… What you focus on when presenting? a Grammar b Fluency c Pronunciation d All of the above LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com e Others…… Where you see when presenting? a Teacher b Listener c Slide d the wall e outside f Others… What problems you encounter when presenting English? (you can choose more than one option) a Be worried about making mistakes b Be fearful of criticism or losing face c can’t think of anything to say d have no idea to express yourselves e present very little or not at all f Be shy g Others… What factors affect your presentation? (you can choose more than one option) a Time for preparation b Pressure to perform well c Listeners’ support d Motivation to speak e Time allowed to perform the presentation f Others Can you evaluate your presentation? a Very well b well c Average d badly e Very badly LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 10 What listeners when you are presenting? (you can choose more than one option) a Supporting b Sleeping c Talking d Listening to your presentation e Others… LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... studies, aims of the study, research subjects, significance of the study, scope of the study, research methodology and organization of the study The second chapter presents a review of theories,... luanvanchat@agmail.com others what they have learned It is also a chance to challenge and expand on their understanding of the topic by having others ask questions And in the world of work, a confident... 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Previous studies 1.2.1 The research of Orsmond, Merry &Reiling, (2000) 1.2.2 The research of Otoshi and Heffernen (2008)
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