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Dieter Stoye,WernerFreitag
(Editors)
Paints, Coatings
and Solvents
8
WILEY-VCH
Other Titles
of
Interest:
Industrial Inorganic Pigments
Edited by Gunther Buxbaum
Second, Completely Revised Edition 1998
ISBN: 3-527-28878-3
W.
Herbst,
K.
Hunger
Industrial Organic Pigments
Second, Completely Revised Edition 1997
ISBN: 3-527-28836-8
Automotive Paints andCoatings
Edited by Gordon Fettis
First Edition 1995
ISBN: 3-527-28637-3
Hans
G.
Volz
Industrial Color Testing
First Edition 1995
ISBN: 3-527-28643-8
Heinrich Zollinger
Color Chemistry
Second, Revised Edition 1991
ISBN: 3-527-28352-8
Dieter Stoye,WernerFreitag (Editors)
Paints, Coatings
and
Solvents
Second,
Completely
Revised
Edition
@3
W
I
LEY-VC
H
Weinheim New York
-
Chichester
-
Brisbane
-
Singapore Toronto
Dr. Dieter Stoyr
Am Geckahach
42
D-462M Dorctcn
Federal Repuhlic of Germany
Dr. WernerFreitag
Creanova Spezialchernie GrnhH
Gehaude 132Xilh
D-45764 Marl
Federal Repuhlic
ot
Germany
This hook was carefully produced. Nevertheless. authors. editors and publisher do not warrant the infor-
mation contained therein
to
he free
of
errors. Readers are advised to kcep in mind that statements. data,
illustrations. procedural details or other items may inadvertently
he
inaccurate.
First Edition
lW3
Second. Conlpletely Revised Edition.
1YW
Library
of
Congreaa Card No.:
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:
Die Deutsche Bibliothek
-
CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Paints, coatingsand solvents
I
Dieter Stoye
;
Werner Freitag (ed.).
-
2
completely rev. ed.
-
Weinheim
;
New York
:
Basel
:
Cambridge ;Tokyo
:
Wiley-VCH.
1998
ISBN 3-527-28863-5
0
WILEY-VCH Verlag GmhH, D-69469 Weinheim
(Federal Republic
of
Germany).
IYYX
Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free paper.
All
rights reserved (including those
of
translation into other languages).
No
part
of
this book may be reproduced
in any form
-
by
photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means
-
nor transmitted or translated into
a
machine lan-
guage without written permission from the publishers. Registered names. trademarks. etc. used in this hook. even
when not specifically marked as such. are not
to
he considered unprotected by law.
Composition, Printing and Bookbinding: Graphischer Betrieb. Konrad Triltsch. D-97070 Wurzhurg
Printed
in
the Federal Republic
of
Germany
Preface to the Second Edition
The work at hand offers a wealth of information about coating materials and
coating processes
in
a form that is clearly laid out. The swift pace of developments
in the past few years has made a revised edition seem appropriate. The organization
and structure
of
the work have been maintained, but changes and additions to
content have been made where necessary. In particular, attention has been paid to
updating economic data and information on standards, laws, and regulations. Com-
mercially available products and their producers have also been subject to clearly
recognizable changes, and these changes have been in part caused by the growing
tendency of companies to merge and concentrate on their core businesses.
Among products and processes, the trend to environmentally friendly alternatives
has also increased, even though the share of solvent-containing coating materials still
dominates the market. Therefore, the article on solvents will remain indispensable
for some time to come. The second edition will serve to confirm the book in its role
as
a
standard reference for anyone working with coatings.
Marl, April
1998
WERNER FRE~TAC
Preface to the 1st edition
Paints andcoatings are used to protect substrates against mechanical, chemical,
and atmospheric influences. At the same time, they serve to decorate and color
buildings, industrial plants, and utensils.
Coatings are of high economic importance because they provide protection
against corrosive and atmospheric attack.
It
is therefore understandable that in
industrialized countries such as the European Community, the United States, and
Japan the annual consumption per capita is high and is continuing to rise.
There are numerous paint systems, production and process technologies due to the
many demands made on quality, processibility, and economical importance. These
have been fully discussed in this book, which presents the articles “Paints and
Coatings” and “Solvents” as published
in
the 5th Edition of Ullmann’s Encyclope-
dia of Industrial Chemistry.
Comprehensive information on all paint systems and binders, pigments, tillers,
and additives has been given in individual chapters. Modern, low-emission paints
such as high-solids paints, water-borne paints, powder paints, and radiation-curing
systems are also discussed in detail.
There are special sections which deal with different production and processing
technologies. Recommendations for each target application of a coating system are
provided. Finally, special treatment of state-of-the-art paint testing, analysis, envi-
ronmental protection, recycling, and toxicology is offered.
Although the paint industry has made great efforts to substitute volatile and
organic solvents for environmental reasons, the majority of paints today still contain
these solvents since they are useful processing agents. A knowledge of their physical
data, their toxicological and environmental properties as well as the interaction
between solvent and binder forms the basis for practice-oriented paint development.
The inclusion of the chapter on Solvents is an ideal addition to this presentation of
coating systems.
The special value of this book is that
it
provides a concise, up-to-date overview of
all the properties of paints and coatings, their production and processing technolo-
gies, and applications for a wide readership. The book is generously illustrated with
numerous figures that aid further understanding, and the extensive literature refer-
ences serve to deepen one’s knowledge of the topics described.
The publisher has successfully gathered together authors of international renown.
Undoubtedly, the book will become a standard work for all producers of raw
materials, paints and coatings, for users of paints and coatings, as well
as
for
institutes and public authorities.
August
1993
Dieter Stoye
Authors
DIETER STOYE, Hiils AG, Marl, retired, Federal Republic of Germany
(Chap.
1,
Chap. 14)
WERNER FREITAG, Creanova Spezialchemie GmbH, Marl, Federal Republic of
Germany (Revision of Sections 2.1, 2.6, 3.3, Chapter 11, apart from Sections 11.4
and
11.9,
Chapter 13)
WERNER FUNKE, Institut fur Technische Chemie, Stuttgart, Federal Republic
of
Germany (Section 2.1)
LUTZ HOPPE, Wolff Walsrode AG, Walsrode, Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 2.2.1)
JURGEN HASSELKUS, Krahn Chemie GmbH, Hamburg, Federal Republic of
Germany (Section 2.2.2)
LARRY G. CURTIS, Eastman Chemical Products, Kingsport, Tennessee 37662,
United States (Section 2.2.2)
HANS KERRES, Bayer AG, Dormagen, Federal Republic of Germany (Revision
of Section 2.3.1)
KLAUS HOEHNE, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Section 2.3)
JURGEN SCHWIND, Bayer AG, Leverkusen. Federal Republic of Germany
(Revision of Section 2.3.2)
HANS-JOACHIM ZECH, Hiils AG, Marl, Federal Republic of Germany
(Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2)
PETER HEILING, Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Sections 2.4.1 -2.4.7, apart from Section 2.4.3.3)
MASAAKI YAMABE, Asahi Glass Co. Ltd., Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama,
Japan (Section 2.4.3.3)
KLAUS DOREN, Polymer Latex GmbH
&
Co. KG, Marl, Federal Republic
of Germany (Section 2.4.8)
HANS SCHUPP, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 2.5)
ROLF KUCHENMEISTER, Bayer AG, Leverkusen. Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 2.6)
MARTIN SCHMITTHENNER, Creanova Spezialchemie GmbH, Marl, Federal
Republic of Germany (Section 2.7)
WOLFGANG KREMER. Bayer AG. Krefeld, Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 2.8)
MANFRED MULLER, Bayer AG, Leverkusen. Federal Republic of Germany
(Revision
of
Section 2.8)
WOLFHART WIECZORREK, Bayer AG. Leverkusen. retired, Federal Republic
of
Germany (Section 1.9)
HANS GEMPELER. WOLFGANG SCHNEIDER. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc Basel.
Switzerland (Section 2.10)
JAMES W. WHITE, ANTHONY G. SHORT, Dow Corning Ltd., Barry. South Glamorgan,
CF6
7YL,
United Kingdom (Section 2.11)
WERNER
J.
BLANK, LEONARD J. CALBO, King Industries, Norwalk, Connecticut
06851, United States (Section 2.11)
DIETER PLATH. Hoechst AG, Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 2.13)
PAUL OBERRESSEL, Vianova Resins GmbH, Wiesbaden, Federal Republic
of Germany (Revision of Section 2.13)
FRIEDRICH WAGNER
t.
Sika-Chemie, Stuttgart, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Section 2.14)
KEKSTEN OBDENBUSCH. Deitermann. Datteln, Federal Republic of Germany
(Revision
of
Section 2.14)
WERNER HALLER, Henkel KGaA. Diisseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 1.15.1)
ELMAR
VISCHER.
Keimfarben. Diedorf, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Revision
of
Section
1.1
5.1)
KARL-MARTIN RODDER
t,
Huls AG, Troisdorf, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Section
2.15.2)
ROLAND EDELMANN, Hiils AG, Rheinfelden. Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Revision
of
Section
2.15.2)
HANS-JOACHIM STREITBERGER, BASF Coatings AG, Miinster, Federal Republic
of Germany (Sections 3.1 and 3.8)
EDMUND URBANO, Vianova Resins AG, Graz, Austria (Section 3.2)
RICHARD LAIBLE, Akzo Coatings GmbH, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 3.3)
BERND D. MEYER, Akzo Nobel Powder Coatings GmbH, Reutlingen, Federal
Republic
of
Germany (Sections 3.4 and 8.3.5)
ENGIN BAGDA, Deutsche Amphibolin-Werke, Ober-Ramstadt. Federal Republic
of
Germany (Section 3.5)
FREDERICK A. WAITE.
ICI
Paints, Slough, Berkshire SL2
5DS,
United Kingdom
(Section 3.6)
DAVID TAYLOR.
1CI
Paints. Slough, Berkshire SL2 SDS. United Kingdom
(Revision of Section 3.6)
MICHEL PHILIPS. UCB Chemicals Corp., Smyrna. Georgia 380. United States
(Section 3.7)
KLAUS KOHLER. Bayer AG. Krefeld, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 4.1)
PETER SIMMENDINGER. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc Basel, Switzerland
(Section
4.2)
WOLFGANG ROELLE, Bassermann
&
Co. KG, Mannheini. Federal Republic
of Germany (Section 4.3)
WILFRIED SCHOLZ, WOLFGANG KORTMANN. BY K-Cheniie GmbH, Wesel.
Federal Republic of Germany (Chap.
5.
apart from Section 5.7)
ANDREAS VALET, MARIO SLONGO. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc., Basel.
Switzerland (Section
5.7)
THOMAS MOLZ, Henkel KGaA. Dusseldorf, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Chap.
6)
RAINER HILLER, DIETMAR MOLLER. BASF Coatings AG, Munster,
Federal Republic
of
Germany (Chap.
7)
JURGEN
STEFFENS. BASF Coatings
AG,
Munster. Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Revision of Chapter
7)
KLAUS
WERNER THOMER. ABB Flexible Automation. Butzbsch, Federal Republic
of
Germany (Chap. 8, apart from Section 8.3.5)
KLAUS
VOGEL.
Herberts GmbH, Wuppertal, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Chap. 9)
ULRICH SCHERNAU.
BERNHARD
HUSER, BASF Coatings AG. Munster. Federal
Republic
of
Germany (Chap.
10)
ALFRED
BRANDT,
ICI Lacke Farben GmbH. Hilden. Federal Republic of Germany
(Sections
11.1
-
11.3,
11.5-
11.8)
ALEX MILNE, Occam
&
Morton. Newcastle.
NE2
2DE. United Kingdom
(Section
11.4)
HELMUT WEYERS,
IC1
Lacke Farben GmbH. Hilden. Federal Republic of Germany
(Section 11.9)
WOLFGANG PLEHN, Umweltbundesanit. Berlin, Federal Republic
of
Germany
(Chap. 12)
HANNS-ADOLF LENTZE. CEPE. Brussels, Belgium (Chap. 13)
MARTINA ORTELT, Creiinova Spezialcheniie GnibH, Marl. Federal Republic of
Germany (Revision of Chapter 14)
[...]... be manufactured that are consistently of the highest quality Paints, Coatingsand Solvents Second, CompletelyRevised Edition DieterStoye,WernerFreitag copyright 0WILEY-VCH Verlae CirnhH I Y Y X 2 Types of Paints andCoatings (Binders) In this chapter paints andcoatings will be discussed according to their binders 2.1 Oil-Based Coatings ~2.11 Composition Oil-based paints (oil paints) are among the... 366 368 372 401 Paints, Coatingsand Solvents Second, CompletelyRevised Edition DieterStoye,WernerFreitag copyright 0WILEY-VCH Verlae CirnhH I Y Y X 1 Introduction 1.1 Fundamental Concepts Paints or coatings are liquid, paste, or powder products which are applied to surfaces by various methods and equipment in layers of given thickness These form adherent films... flexibility, and adhesion properties Chemically, plasticizers are largely inert and do not react with the binder components Most binders used today are inherently flexible and can be regarded as "internally plasticized" resins For this reason, use of plasticizers has declined 1.3.3 Pigments and Extenders Pigments and extenders in coatings are responsible for their color and covering power, and in some... ventilation and air exhaust are necessary To protect the environment, incineration and sometimes solvent-recovery plant is installed to prevent solvents entering the atmosphere Other measures for the protection of the workplace and the environment from solvent vapors include the development and use of new low-solvent or solvent-free coatings, e.g., high-solids paints, waterborne coatings, and powder coatings. .. 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.8 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch Coatings Asphalt and Asphalt Combination Bitumen Coatings 92 Bitumen Combination Coatings 93 Pitch Coatings 94 Silicate Coatings Water Glass Coatings Alkyl Silicates ... components to be overcome, improve pigment wetting and dispersion, and control storage stability and viscosity of the coating They promote the release of included air from the liquid coating film, control the drying behavior of the coating, and optimize flow properties and luster Organic solvents are used in most liquid coatings systems, including, waterborne coatings, in which they perform important fluctions... the handicraft and DIY areas Modern mechanized and automated application methods are used today for industrial-scale application because of greater efficiency, low material losses, qualitatively better results, and lower labor costs They include high-pressure spraying using compressed air or electrostatic charging, modern automatic and environmentally friendly dipping and electrophoretic processes, and. .. aldehydes, acetals, and other volatile compounds are released In practice drying of coatingsand paints does not take place by one method alone With solvent-containing and waterborne heat-curing coatings, physical drying by solvent evaporation always precedes chemical drying Depending on the composition of the binder system, physical and chemical drying can take place simultaneously, and the various mechanisms... countries of Europa and in North America, annual paint consumption of coatings per capita is > 20 kg, and high growth rates can be expected in the less industrialized countries of Eastern Europe, Asia, and South East Asia The volume of coatings produced in Western Europa in 1994 was ca 5.4 x lo6 t, and in the United States, 6.2 x lo6 t The annual growth rates of solvent-containing conventional coatings are... 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 XVI 11.8 260 Coatings for Packaging (Can Coatings) Furniture Coatings 261 11.9 11.9.1 11.9.2 Coatings for Buildings Exterior-Use Coatings Interior-Use Coatings 262 263 265 12 Environmental Protection and Toxicology .
Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag
(Editors)
Paints, Coatings
and Solvents
8
WILEY-VCH
Other Titles
of
Interest:.
Second, Revised Edition 1991
ISBN: 3-527-28352-8
Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag (Editors)
Paints, Coatings
and
Solvents
Second,
Completely
Revised
Edition