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LV iARINE U TRUCTURAL DESIGN Ultimate strength, Structural reliability, Fatigue and frature Risk assessment Loads Functional requirements I I I I Limit-state design R(ftJym, ,) > S(Y,Q,) ELSEVIER MARINE STRUCTURAL DESIGN Elsevier Internet Homepage: http:Nwww.elsevier.com Consult the Elsevier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and services. Elsevier Titles of Related Interest Ocean Engineering Series WATSON Practical Ship Design ISBN 008-042999-8 YOUNG Wind Generated Ocean Waves ISBN: 008-04331 7-0 BAl Pipelines and Risers ISBN 008-043712-5 JENSEN Local and Global Response of Ships ISBN: 0080439S3-S TUCKER & PITT Waves in Ocean Engineering ISBN 008-043566-1 Other Titles OWENS Steel in Construction (CD-ROM Proceedings with Printed Abstracts Volume, 268 papers) ISBN 008-042997-1 GODOY Thin-Walled Structures with Structural Imperfections: Analysis and Behavior ISBN: 008-042266-7 FUKUMOTO Structural Stability Design ISBN: 008-042263-2 GUEDES-SOARES Advances in Safety and Reliability (3 Volume Set) ISBN: 008-04283s-S CHAN & TENG ICASS '02. Advances in Steel Structures (2 Volume Set) ISBN. 008-04401 7-7 MOAN & BERGE 13& Int Ship & Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC 1997) ISBN: 008-042829-0 OHTSUBO & SUM1 14' Int. Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC 2000) ISBN: 008-043602-1 Related Journals Free specimen copy gladly sent on request. Elsevier Lid, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 IGB, UK Applied Ocean Research Advances in Engineering Software CAD Coastal Engineering Composite Strua~res Computers and Structures Construction and Building Materials Engineering Failure Analysis Engineering Fracture Mechanics Engineering Structures Finite Elements in Analysis and Design International Journal of Solids and Structures Journal of Constructional Steel Research Marine Structures NDT & E International Ocean Engineering Structural Safety Thin-Walled Structures To Contaet the Publisher Elsevier welcomes enquiries concerning publishing proposals: books, journal special issues, conference proceedings, etc. All formats and media can be considered. Should you have a publishing proposal you wish to discuss, please contact, without obligation, the publisher responsible for Elsevier's civil and strucutral engineering publishing programme: James Sullivan Publishing Editor Elsevier Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK Phone: -4-44 1865 843 178 Fax: +44 I865 843920 E.mail: j.sullivan@elsevier.com General enquiries, including placing orders, should be directed to Elsevier's Regional Sales Offices - please access the Elsevier homepage for full contact details (homepage details at the top of this page). MARINE STRUCTURAL DESIGN YONG BAI 2003 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford Paris - San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo ELSEVIER SClENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 IGB, UK 8 2003 Dr. Yong Bai. All rights reserved This work is protected under copyright of Dr. Yong Bai with assigned rights to Elsevier Science. 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Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electmnic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department, at the phone, fax and e- mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Bai, Yong Marine Structural Design 1. Offshore structures - Design and construction 2. Marine engineering 1. Title 627.9’8 ISBN: 0-08-043921-7 8 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSVNISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in Hungary. PREFACE This book is written for marine structural engineers and naval architects, as well as mechanical engineers and civil engineers who work on struch~ral design. The preparation of the book is motivated by extensive use of the finite element analysis and dynamidfatigue analysis, fast paced advances in computer and information technology, and application of risk and reliability methods. As the professor of offshore structures at Stavanger University College, I developed this book for my teaching course TE 6076 “Offshore Structures” and TE6541 “Risk and Reliability Analysis of Offshore Structures” for M.Sc and Ph.D. students. This book has also been used in IBC/Clarion industry training courses on design and construction of floating production systems for engineers in the oil/@ industry. As reliability-based limit-state design becomes popular in structural engineering, this book may also be a reference for structural engineers in other disciplines, such as buildings, bridges and spacecraft. My former supervisors should be thanked for their guidance and inspiration. These include: Executive Vice President Dr. Donald Liu at American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), Professor Torgeir Moan at Norwegian University of Science and Technology 0, Professor Robert Bea and Professor Alaa Mansour at University of California at Berkeley, Prof. Preben Terndrup Pedersen at Technical University of Denmark, Professor T. Yao at Osaka University and Professor M. Fujikubo at Hiroshima University. The friendship and technical advice from these great scientists and engineers have been very important for me to develop materials used in this book. As manager of advanced engineering department at JP Kenny Norway office (now a section of ABB) and manager of offshore technology department at the American Bureau of Shipping, I was given opportunities to meet many industry leaders in oil companies, desigdconsulting offices, classification societies and contractors. From ISSC, IBC, SNM, OMAE, ISOPE and OTC conferences and industry (ISO/APYDeepstar) committees, I leamed about the recent developments in industry applications and research. The collaboration with Dr. Ruin Song and Dr. Tao Xu for a long period of time has been helpful to develop research activities on structural reliability and fatigue respectively. Sections of this book relating to extreme response, buckling of tubular members, FPSO hull girder strength and reliability were based on my SNAME, 0- and ISOPE papers co-authored with Professors Preben Temdrup Pedersen and T. Yao and Drs. Yung Shin, C.T. Zhao and H.H. Sun. Dr. Qiang Bai and Ph.D. student Gang Dong provided assistance to format the manuscript. Professor Rameswar Bhattacharyya, Elsevier’s Publishing Editor James Sullivan and Publisher Nick Pinfield and Senior Vice President James Card of ABS provided me continued encouragement in completing this book. I appreciate my wife Hua Peng and children, Lihua and Carl, for creating an environment in which it has been possible to continue to write this book for more than 5 years in different culture and working environments. I wish to thank all of the organizations and individuals mentioned in the above (and many friends and authors who were not mentioned) for their support and encouragement. Yong BAI Houston, USA TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v Part I: Structural Design Principles CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Structural Design Principles 3 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 Limit-State Design 4 1.2 Strength and Fatigue Analysis 5 1.2.1 Ultimate Strength Criteria 6 1.2.2 Design for Accidental Loads 7 1.2.3 Design for Fatigue 8 1.3 Structural Reliability Applications 10 1.3.1 Structural Reliability Concepts 10 1.3.2 Reliability-Based Calibration of Design Factor 12 1.3.3 Requalification of Existing Structures 12 1.4 Risk Assessment 13 1.4.1 Application of Risk Assessment 13 1.4.2 Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) 13 1.4.3 Human and Organization Factors 14 1.5 Layout of This Book 14 1.6 How to Use This Book 16 1.7 References 16 CHAPTER 2 WAVE LOADS FOR SHIP DESIGN AND CLASSIFICATION 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Ocean Waves and Wave Statistics 19 2.2.1 Basic Elements of Probability and Random Process 19 2.2.2 Statistical Representation of the Sea Surface 21 2.2.3 Ocean Wave Spectra 22 2.2.4 Moments of Spectral Density Function 24 2.2.5 Statistical Determination of Wave Heights and Periods 26 2.3 Ship Response to a Random Sea 26 2.3.1 Introduction 26 2.3.2 Wave-Induced Forces 28 2.3.3 Structural Response 29 2.3.4 Slamming and Green Water on Deck 30 Ship Design for Classification 32 2.4.1 Design Value of Ship Response 32 2.4.2 Design Loads per Classification Rules 33 2.5 References 35 CHAPTER 3 LOADS AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 39 3.1 General 39 1.1 2.4 [...]... 602 603 607 Part I: Structural Design Principles Part I Structural Design Principles Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction Structural Design Principles 1.1.1 Introduction This book is devoted to the modem theory for design and analysis of marine structures The term marine structures” refers to ship and offshore structures The objective of this book is to summarize the latest developments of design codes, engineering... rules and design codes The basic scantling of the structural components is initially determined based on stress analysis of beams, plates and shells under hydrostatic pressure, bending and concentrated loads Three levels of marine structural design have been developed: Level 1: Design by rules Level 2: Design by analysis Level 3: Design based on performance standards Until the 1970’s, structural design. .. which enable designers to optimize structural design The design by analysis approach is now applied throughout the design process The finite element analysis has been very popular for strength and fatigue analysis of marine structures In the structural design process, the dimensions and sizing of the structure are Part I Struchlral Design Principles 4 strengthened, and structural analysis re-conducted... such as CAD (Computer Aided Design) for scantling, CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) for structural design and analysis and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) for fabrication Structural design may also be conducted based on performance requirements such as design for accidental loads, where managing risks is of importance Limit-State Design 1.1.2 In a limit-state design, the design of structures is checked... load combinations is the first step in marine structural design For structural design and analysis, a structural engineer needs to have basic concepts of waves, motions and design loads Extreme value analysis for dynamic systems is another area that has gained substantial developments in the last decades It is an important subject for the determination of the design values for motions and strength... RELIABILITY-BASEDDESIGN AND CODE CALIBRATION 26.1 General 26.2 General Design Principles 26.2.1 Concept of Safety Factors 26.2.2 Allowable Stress Design 26.2.3 Load and Resistance Factored Design 26.2.4 Plastic Design 26.2.5 Limit State Design (LSD) 26.2.6 Life Cycle Cost Design 26.3 Reliability-BasedDesign... structures that are designed according to the same code Load Effect Char value Sk is factored up Figure 1.1 1.2 Caoacitv Char value & is factored down Use of Load and Resistance Factores for Strength Design Strength and Fatigue Analysis Major factors that should be considered in marine structural design include: Still-water and wave loads, and their possible combinations Ultimate strength of structural components... and structural reliability analysis standardization of the finite element models and benchmark of the models development of procedures for the determination of partial safety factors for finite element analysis and strength design based on testing 1.2.2 Design for Accidental Loads The accidental loads that should be considered in the design of ship and offshore structures are e.g.: Part I Structural Design. .. CHAPTER 7 LIMIT-STATE DESIGN OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 7.1 Limit State Design 7.2 Ultimate Limit State Design 7.2.1 Ductility and Brittle Fracture Avoidance 7.2.2 Plated Structures 7.2.3 Shell Structures 7.3 Fatigue Limit State Design 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Fatigue Analysis 7.3.3 Fatigue Design ... components and systems Fatigue/fracture in critical structural details Knowledge of hydrodynamics, bucklinglcollapse, and fatiguehacture is the key to understanding structural engineering Part I Siruciural Design PrincipIes 6 1.2.1 Ultimate strength Criteria Ultimate strength criteria are usually advocated in design codes for various basic types of the structural components such as: columns & beam-columns . Cataloguing in Publication Data Bai, Yong Marine Structural Design 1. Offshore structures - Design and construction 2. Marine engineering 1. Title 627.9’8. Part I: Structural Design Principles CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Structural Design Principles 3 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 Limit-State Design