TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGÂN HÀNG TP HÒ CHÍ MINH KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ
DE THI KET THUC HOC PHAN Tén hoc phan: READING AND WRITING 6 Lớp học phan: GE10 Thời gian làm bài: 60 phút READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage | below The Innovation of Grocery Stores
A At the very beginning of the 20th century, the American grocery stores offered comprehensive services: the customers would ask help from the people behind the counters (called clerks) for the items they liked, and then the clerks would wrap the items up For the purpose of saving time, customers had to ask delivery boys or go in person to send the lists of what they intended to buy to the stores in
advance and then went to pay for the goods later Generally speaking, these grocery stores sold only one brand for each item Such early chain stores as A&P Stores, although containing full-service, were very time-consuming and inefficient for the purchase
B Born in Virginia, Clarence Saunders left school at the age of 14 in 1895 to work first as a clerk in a grocery store During his working in the store, he found that it was very inefficient for people to buy things there Without the assistance of computers at that time, shopping was performed in a quite
backward way Having noticed that this inconvenient shopping mode could lead to tremendous consumption of time and money, Saunders, with great enthusiasm and innovation, proposed an unprecedented solution — let the consumers do self-service in the process of shopping — which might bring a thorough revolution to the whole industry
C In 1902, Saunders moved to Memphis to put his perspective into practice, that is, to establish a grocery wholesale cooperative In his newly designed grocery store, he divided the store into three
different areas: ‘A front lobby’ served as an entrance, an exit, as well as the checkouts at the front “A
sales department’ was deliberately designed to allow customers to wander around the aisle and select their needed groceries In this way, the clerks would not do the unnecessary work but arrange more delicate aisle and shelves to display the goods and enable the customers to browse through all the items In the gallery above the sales department, supervisors can monitor the customers without disturbing them ‘Stockroom’, where large fridges were placed to maintain fresh products, is another section of his grocery store only for the staff to enter Also, this new shopping design and layout could accommodate more customers to go shopping simultaneously and even lead to some unimaginable phenomena: impulse buying and later supermarket
D On September 6, 1916, Saunders performed the self-service revolution in the USA by opening the first Piggly Wiggly featured by the turnstile at the entrance store at 79 Jefferson Street in Memphis, Tennessee Quite distinct from those in other grocery stores, customers in Piggly Wiggly chose the goods on the shelves and paid the items all by themselves Inside the Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were not
Trang 2at the mercy of staff They were free to roam the store, check out the products and get what they needed by their own hands There, the items were clearly priced, and no one forced customers to buy the things they did not need As a matter of fact, the biggest benefit that the Piggly Wiggly brought to customers was the money-saving effect Self-service was optimistic for the improvement ‘It is good for both the consumer and retailer because it cuts costs,’ noted George T Haley, a professor at the University of New Haven and director of the Centre for International Industry Competitiveness, ‘if you look at the way in which grocery stores (previous to Piggly Wiggly and Alpha Beta) were operated, what you can find is that there are a great number of workers involved and labour is a major expense.’ Fortunately, the chain stores such as Piggly Wiggly cut the fat
E Piggly Wiggly and this kind of self-service stores soared at that time In the first year, Saunders opened nine branches in Memphis Meanwhile, Saunders immediately applied a patent for the self- service concept and began franchising Piggly Wiggly
stores Thanks to the employment of self-service and franchising, the number of Piggly Wiggly stores had increased to nearly 1,300 by 1923 Piggly Wiggly sold $100 million (worth $1.3 billion today) in groceries, which made it the third-biggest grocery retailer in the nation After that, this chain store experienced company listing on the New York Stock Exchange, with the stocks doubling from late 1922 to March 1923 Saunders contributed significantly to the perfect design and layout of grocery stores In order to keep the flow rate smooth, Saunders even invented the turnstile to replace the common entrance mode
F Clarence Saunders died in 1953, leaving abundant legacies mainly symbolized by Piggly Wiggly, the pattern of which spread extensively and lasted permanently
Questions 1-5
The reading Passage has six paragraphs A-F
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet NB You may use any letter more than once
1 layout of Clarence Saunders’s store
2 a reference to a reduction by chain stores in labour costs 3 how Clarence Saunders’s ideas had been carried out
4 how people used to shop before Clarence Saunders’s stores opened 5 a description of economic success brought by Larence Saunders’s stores
Questions 6-10
Trang 3Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer 6 Clarence Saunders’s first Job Was aS cà: in a grocery store 7 In Clarence Saunders’s store, people should pay for goods at a - -.- 8 Customers would be under surveillance at the . -
9 Another area in his store was called “ - ˆ, which was only accessible to the internal staff
10 In Clarence Saunders’s shopping design, muụch work was done by
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet
11 Why did Clarence Saunders want to propel the improvement of grocery stores at his age? A Because he wanted to transfer business to retailing
B Because he thought it was profitable
C Because he thought this could enable customers’ life to be more convenient D Because he wanted to create a new shop by himself
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below
Chocolate — Food of the Gods
The cacao plant is believed to have evolved at least 4,000 years ago It is a small evergreen tree, 15-25 feet high, which grows in the tropical forest understory, where it is protected by the shade of larger trees The scientific name for the cacao plant is Theobroma, which means "food of the gods." Native to the Amazon and Orinoco River basins, it requires a humid climate and regular rainfall Small pink flowers grow directly on the trunk and older branches The fruit, a cacao pod, is melon shaped and weighs roughly 1 pound when fully ripened A mature tree may have as many as 6,000 flowers but wil! only produce about twenty pods Each pod contains between twenty and sixty seeds, called beans The beans have a 40-50 percent fat content, referred to as cocoa butter (Cacao is the plant; cocoa is the edible derivative and the primary ingredient in chocolate.)
Trang 4plant was already being used as a beverage ingredient However, it was not the cacao beans that were first used Instead, the first cacao-based drink was probably produced by fermenting the pulp in the cacao pods to yield a beerlike beverage Researchers speculate that the chocolate drink made from the cacao beans and known later throughout Mesoameria may have arisen as an accidental by-product of the brewing process In all, ten small, beautifully crafted drinking vessels were found at the Puerto
Escondido site, suggesting that even then the cacao brew was not consumed on a frequent basis but was reserved for important feasts or ceremonial events
The villagers of Puerto Escondido had likely been influenced by the great Olmec civilization, which flourished for about 800 years beginning 3,200-2,400 years ago in the southern Gulf of Mexico region Although centered in the modern Mexican states of Tabasco and Veracruz, Olmec influence reached as far south as El Salvador and Honduras A majority of scholars concur that the Olmec people created the first civilization in the western hemi-sphere They built large cities with significant architecture and established commerce extending over hundreds of miles Relatively little is known about Olmec society because very little archeological evidence has survived the damp climate of the Gulf of Mexico What is known, however, is that the later Mayan peoples, who did leave behind a great deal of cultural evidence, based much of their high culture on earlier Olmec traditions
Mayan civilization flourished in southern Mexico and Central America from around 500 B.C.E to around 1500, and the word cacao comes from the Mayan word Ka’kau’ However, this is not a native Mayan word but is derived from the Olmec language To the Mayans, the cacao pod symbolized life and fertility Many of the bas-reliefs carved on their palaces and temples show cacao pods It is believed that the Mayans took the cacao tree from its native rain forest and began to cultivate it in plantations After harvesting the seed pods, they scooped out the contents—the cacao beans embedded in a sticky, white flesh—and allowed it all to ferment until the seeds turned dark brown The seeds were then roasted and ground into a thick chocolate paste
From the paste, the Mayans made a hot chocolate drink However, it was very different from
contemporary hot chocolate The basic drink was made by mixing the paste with water, chili powder, cornmeal, and other ingredients and heating it Then the liquid was poured back and forth from one vessel held at arm's height to another resting on the ground This created a chocolate drink with a thick head of dark foam - considered the best part of the drink Among the Mayans, as the chocolate drink grew more popular and the ingredients more readily available, people from all levels of society enjoyed it at least on occasion
The Maya preserved their knowledge of cacao use through stone carvings, some in jade and obsidian,
pottery decorations, and written documents that detailed the use of cacao, described in Mayan as "food of the gods." Cacao was used in ceremonies, medical treatments, and daily life centuries before the
discovery of the New World by Europeans Certain recipes for cacao drinks included vanilla, nuts, honey from native bees, and various flowers
Ek Chuah (meaning "black star" in Yucatec Maya) was the patron god of merchants and commerce Because cacao seeds were light in weight, easily transported, and of great value, they were used as currency throughout Mesoamerica Thus Ek Chuah also became the patron god of cacao Each April, the Maya held a festival to honor this deity The celebration included offerings of cacao, feathers, and
incense, the sacrifice of a dog with cacao-colored markings, other animal sacrifices, and an exchange of
Trang 5Questions 14-18
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
14 The cacao plant originated in the Gulf of Mexico region 15 The cacao plant prefers wet weather
16 Each flower on the cacao plant produces twenty pods
17 Cacao drinks were originally made using the pulp from the pod
18 In ancient Puerto Escondido, cacao drinks were served hot Questions 19-25
Which ancient civilizations do the following phrases (Questions 19-25) describe? A if the phrase describes the ancient Olmec civilization only
B if the phrase describes the ancient Mayan civilization only
C if the phrase describes both the Olmec and the Mayan civilizations
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 19-25 on your answer sheet
NB You may use any letter more than once
19 collapsed around 2,400 years ago 20 was located in Mexico
21 grew cacao on large farms
Trang 625 made a drink by mixing cacao with chili powder and cornmeal
Questions 26-27
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C
Write your answers in boxes 26-27 on your answer sheet 26 The ancient Maya used cacao seeds as A decorations B a dye C money 27 In April, the ancient Maya celebrated A dogs B a god C stars READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below Youth: The Future of Travel
Young people are invariably at the leading edge of change and innovation — and the travel industry is no exception Young people think outside the box, push boundaries and experiment with the new In an era of unprecedented challenge for the travel industry, youth travel represents not just an important market segment, but also a vital resource for innovation and change
The travel industry is itself undergoing rapid change Traditional vertical distribution chains are giving way to a more complex value network involving a wide range of different suppliers from within and beyond the travel sector Travel is no longer solely dependent on the infrastructure of the old economy —
airline seats, hotel beds and travel agents’ shelves We are entering a new, flexible, networked economy
in which information and communications technology (ICT), local culture and society, education, work and play have become part of the tourism value chain In fact, the inter-relationships between travel, other economic sectors and society as a whole have become so integrated that we might conceive of a ‘value web’ rather than the old value chain
New value web
Trang 7of such innovation, because they are willing to cross boundaries and make new links As early-adopting heavy users of new technology, young people are pioneering the use of social networking sites and mobile media in searching for travel information and purchasing products
Young people are the future of travel
Youth travel has grown rapidly in recent decades as living standards have risen and the populations of developing countries are starting-to travel for the first time Indeed, these first-time travellers are often characterized by being young and comparatively affluent The global youth travel is now estimated to represent almost 190 million international trips a year, and the youth travel industry has grown faster than global travel overall By 2020 there will be almost 300 million international youth trips per year, according to UNWTO forecasts
The youth market therefore represents a major opportunity for future growth in the travel industry With effective development and marketing, the potential of the youth market can be increased still further
Why youth travel is important
Youth travel is important because it is a market for the future — not just for the future development of the young people themselves, but also the places they visit WYSE Travel
Confederation research shows that young travellers often spend more than other tourists and they are likely to return and give more value to the destination over their lifetime Moreover, young travellers are a growth market globally, while the spending power of older generations in Western economies may decline in the long term Another reason why young people are important is that they are less likely to be discouraged from travelling by factors such as disease or natural disasters They are also the pioneers who discover new destinations and are at the cutting edge of using new technology Last but not least, young travellers gain cultural benefits from their travel, and contribute to the places they visit
UNWTO and WYSE Travel Confederation are convinced that youth travel has moved far beyond its original status as a specialized travel niche to become an important element of the travel mix in any tourism destination One of the reasons for this is that travel underpins many different aspects of youth lifestyles For young people:
* Travel is a form of learning
* Travel is a way of meeting other people
* Travel is a way of getting in touch with other cultures * Travel is a source of career development
* Travel is a means of self-development
* Travel is part of their identity — you are where you’ve been
Trang 8social and cultural consequences of hosting young people are becoming even more important than the economic effects So the added value to be extracted from youth travel lies in innovation, positioning, cultural links, international trade and exchange, social support, education, learning support for local
communities, and so on Questions 28-34
Complete the summary below using the list of words, (A-O) from the box below Youth travel: a force for change
In all fields, including the travel industry, young people are usually at the forefront of any new
(28) They set trends and so are a (29) for innovation and change This is important as the travel industry is also experiencing its own (30) The modern travel industry is not about airline seats and hotel beds any more, but a new more open economy where factors such as local culture and society have a (31) in tourism Indeed, the (32) of travel and other parts of the economy and society means that traditional vertical distribution chains have been replaced by a (33) , or value web Due to increased numbers of fairly rich young travellers from developing countries, (34) _ now accounts for nearly 190 million trips annually
A transformation B impact C developments D transforming
E crucial force F conflict G interest H block
I role J network K link L older travellers
M integration N circumstances O youth travel
Questions 35-37
Choose three letters, A-G
Which THREE letters of the following reasons for the importance of youth travel are given by the writer of the text?
A They make use of the latest technology that is available
B They spend a large proportion of their money on travelling worldwide C They avoid conflicts with local people more than older people
Trang 9G They give something back to the destinations they have been to
Questions 38-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D
38 Travel is central to young people’s lifestyle, partly because A it helps them to relax
B it is an educational experience C it improves their confidence D it makes them more mature
39 According to the writer, the economic impact of hosting young people is A of no consequence compared to the social and cultural effects
B of greater consequence than the social and cultural effects C of lesser consequence than the social and cultural effects D just as valuable as the social and cultural effects
40 The writer concludes that
A youth travel is not an important area for the travel industry
B the main contribution of young people to the travel industry is in innovation
C young people value the cultural links gained from travelling more than anyone else D there is a wide range of additional benefits to be derived from youth travel
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