International Telecommunications and Space Law Syllabus Rev. 4

INTR 985 SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS & SPACE LAW (Rev Four) Syllabus (Spring, 2021) Instructor: Professor Rob Frieden 102 Carnegie Building 863-7996; e-mail rmf5@psu.edu Class Hours: Monday and Wednesday 9:45-11 a.m General Perspective The study of international telecommunications and space law requires an interdisciplinary perspective Students should understand the past, present and likely future legal, technological, business, philosophical and geopolitical challenges Success in either the public or private sectors may depend on one’s ability to anticipate and react to future trends and upheavals I have designed this course to present, investigate and debate ongoing or evolving conflicts in international telecommunications and space law, with emphasis on actions taken in U.S and intergovernmental policy making and adjudication forums The resulting confrontations may stem from technological innovation, real or perceived changes in the marketplace, or the imperatives of prevailing regulatory, political or economic philosophies Conflict resolution often results from persuasive advocacy, coalition building and accommodation of outsiders with new perspectives or entrepreneurial visions, rather than applying legal precedent or treaty interpretations In other instances, a nation may act unilaterally with little regard for treaty-level commitments The course also will examine how various nations, collectively and individually, have regulated international telecommunications transmitted via fiber optic submarine cables and satellites We will get acquainted with treaties and agreements creating binding national commitments, but also voluntary consensus decisions reached at the United Nations, International Telecommunication Union and the World Trade Organization We will concentrate on the ITU’s management of radio spectrum and satellite orbital parking places, and how nations implement consensus decisions, or pursue unilateral actions Additionally, we will examine both the potential for market-driven regulation in lieu of “command and control” government oversight, but also countervailing factors such as market failure, equity, national security and trade policy In the latter part of the course, we will examine commercialization of telecommunications and space with a review of the current blend of regulatory requirements, such as licensing and cable landing licenses, and market-driven auctioning of spectrum We will wrap up the course with consideration of current regulatory and marketplace challenges presented by new technologies, such as low earth orbiting satellite constellations, non-governmental launch options, fifth generation wireless technologies and the Internet of Things As this course will have a small enrollment in a seminar format, you must commit to active participation in the discussion, particularly because the course will take place via broadband (Zoom) I strongly recommend that you turn on the video feature on Zoom so that we can make eye contact Ten percent of your grade will factor in your class participation Module One: Balancing Government Regulation and Marketplace Resource Allocation in International Telecommunications and Space: An Introduction to Global Telecommunications Technologies, Inter-governmental Forums and Domestic Regulation (Jan 20, 25, 27, Feb 2) In this first module, we will consider how sovereign nations address key issues such as sharing and accessing global resources, e.g., radio spectrum and satellite orbital slots This process balances national sovereignty and security concerns with the benefits of reaching global consensus The nations of the world seek to harmonize the use of shared resources, but invariably conflicts arise Intergovernmental forums, such as the International Telecommunication Union (“ITU”) seek to anticipate and resolve conflicts, optimize the use of technology and promote world peace and understanding Careers in international telecommunications, space and cybersecurity law require an understanding of both business, law and public policy, as they are inextricably linked The assigned readings provide a review of how nations have structured the ITU to address spectrum, satellite, technical standards and development issues Reliance on treaties between sovereign nations and a United Nations affiliated intergovernmental organization underscores the shared view that telecommunications global resources are not the same thing as generic “widgets,” meaning that procompetitive, marketplace-oriented policies are not completely viable Matters of market failure, equity, national security, cybersecurity and trade policy directly impact how the international telecommunications ecosystem is organized and managed Assignments: Patrick S Ryan, The ITU and the Internet’s Titanic Moment, 2012 STAN TECH L.REV 8; available in Canvas Sabine von Schorlemer, Telecommunications, International Regulation, OXFORD PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW, skim ¶¶ 1-61; available at: https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e998 Elina Morozova & Yaroslav Vasyanin, International Space Law and Satellite Telecommunications, OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYLOPEDIA; available at: https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore -9780190647926-e-75 Cable & Wireless P.L.C v FCC, 166 F.3d 1224 (D.C Cir 1999); (available on Canvas) and at: https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F3/166/166.F3d.1224.97-1640.97-1643.971652.97-1655.97-1621.html In-Class Presentations Rob Frieden, How the Internet Works; (available in Canvas) Computerphile, How YouTube Works (2013); available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=OqQk7kLuaK4 Ben Mendelsohn, Bundled, Buried & Behind Closed Doors (2011); available at: https://vimeo.com/30642376 Dr Heather E Hudson, Achieving the Vision of Universal Broadband: Lessons from North America for Developing Regions (2020); (available in Canvas and: https://www.ptc.org/PTC20/Proceedings/RWS_DEV_19_Hudson_Heather.pdf Muhammad Rashid Shafi, Serving Underserved Segments of Society Using ICT Infrastructure (2020); (available in Canvas and: https://www.ptc.org/PTC20/Proceedings/RWS_DEV_19_Shafi_Muhammad%20Rashid.pdf Isabelle Paradis, The digital age is changing the rules of the money game (2020); (available in Canvas and: https://www.ptc.org/PTC20/Proceedings/WK_PITA_19_Paradis_Isabelle.pdf Technology/Economic Concepts Addressed SPECTRUM BASICS bandwidth—measurement of spectrum available for use, measured in Hertz; speed of what flows through the available channel of bandwidth is measured digitally in bits per second channel—the amount of bandwidth allotted for a specific use, e.g., 10 kilohertz for a broadcast AM radio station throughput measurement of output, which can be measured digitally in bytes frequency band—the range of radio spectrum allocated for a particular service, e.g., 88.1-107.9 MHz for FM radio kilo/mega/giga hertz thousand, million and billion cycles per second propagation—nature of signal transmission; typically, the higher up in spectrum, the more the signal operates like light, i.e., thin beams Also, the higher the frequency, the more likely foliage, buildings and terrain will attenuate or block the signal Line of sight refers to the need for a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) antenna to have a direct, unobscured invisible link to the antenna that transmits and receives content used by the consumer frequency reuse—the ability to operate two or more transmitters on the same frequency if the transmissions are geographically separated; the higher the frequency the faster a signal attenuates (weakens) making it possible to reuse it at a nearby locale co-channel and adjacent channel interference—two transmissions on the same frequency, or on a nearby channel causes for spectrum scarcity/glut; spectrum value—high demand translates into high cost, e.g., auctions for cellphone spectrum vs zero cost for some spectrum, e.g., Wi-Fi, baby monitors and garage door openers Note that some unlicensed spectrum may trigger high demand leading to congestion and “the tragedy of the commons” analog vs digital—two primary transmission formats; humans are analog creatures (with eyes, ears, larynxes, fingers) thereby requiring analog devices to reproduce sounds, vibrations and pictures (speakers, visible lines of video) multiplexing function—channel multiplication as occurs with FM stereo creation of right and left sound channels spectrum conservation strategies, e.g., frequency division; frequency reuse; sharing spectrum (including White Spaces) using low power and “smart” radios with digital signal processing INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS BASICS the mantra of “Faster, Better, Smarter, Cheaper and More Convenient” Internet as a “Network of Networks” as visually outlined in two of the assignments, as well as trace route reports ICE: convergence of Information Communications and Entertainment the culture and folkways of Netheads, Bellheads and Cableheads—3 different tribes having different characteristics, strengths and weaknesses, as well as the possibility of inconsistent legal philosophies technological convergence—merger of previously discrete technologies that now can provide multiple functions market convergence—merger of previously separate markets; an IP-centric Internet can offer access to previously separate markets; what are the opportunities and risks in such “one stop shopping” available as a “Triple Play”? distance insensitivity—technologies whose costs don’t vary with distance from sender and receiver; may also be a price averaging strategy stickiness—length of time spent at a single web site Metcalfe’s Law—positive network externalities Moore’s Law—doubling of capacity every 18 months point-to-point vs point-to-multipoint TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol—the Internet traffic management standard; Internet Protocol—Internet addressing system packet switching vs circuit switching impact on quality of service and efficiency multimedia; multi-casting; multi-tasking; multi-plexing simplex/duplex—one way versus two-way transmission latency—delay in receiving content scalability—ability to add capacity on an incremental basis as demand grows streaming—real time delivery, processing and display of content routers and “best efforts” routing hierarchical structure of the Internet cacheing/buffering proxy servers/mirror sites; how to anonymize, or establish a virtual presence in another country asymmetrical traffic volume—unequal throughout requirements for downloading and uploading traffic how the Internet appears on a chart as a cloud equipment inside the cloud: broadband telecommunications links, servers and routers Internet 2.0 emphasis on social networking, interactivity, collaboration, and new sources of content, e.g., through podcasts, wikis, online communities and social networks proliferation of sensors, and a growing “Internet of Things;” machine-to-machine links ECONOMIC/BUSINESS PRINCIPLES economies of scale; economies of scope natural monopoly vertical integration; horizontal integration externalities; positive networking externalities/Metcalfe’s Law All You Can Eat pricing; metering and other pricing strategies early adopters critical mass/critical inflection point disintermediation data mining Big Data bricks and clicks vs bricks and mortar monetization/commodification Internet platform intermediaries Recommended Reading: International Telecommunication Union, Collection of the basic texts of the International Telecommunication Union adopted by the Plenipotentiary Conference Edition 2019; available at: http://handle.itu.int/11.1004/020.1000/5.22.61.en.100 Paul B Larsen , Outer Space: How Shall the World's Governments Establish Order Among Competing Interests?, 29 WASH INT’L L.J (Dec 2019); available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1825&context=wilj Hao Liu & Fabio Tronchetti, The Exclusive Utilization Space: A New Approach to the Management and Utilization of the Near Space, 40 U PA J INT’L L 537 (2019) available at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol40/iss3/1 Hao Liu & Fabio Tronchetti, The Great Unknown of the Outer Space Treaty: Interpreting The Term Outer Space, 46 DENV J INT'L L & POL’Y 349 (Summer, 2018) Jonathan Lim, The Future of the Outer Space Treaty – Peace and Security in the 21st Century, GLOBAL POLITICS REV No 2, 72-112 (October 2018); available at: http://www.globalpoliticsreview.com/publications/2464-9929_v04_i02_p072.pdf Module Two: The International Telecommunication Union Spectrum Planning and Management Process (Feb 3, 8, 10) This module closely examines spectrum planning, allocation and registration by the ITU and national regulators, a process which increasingly triggers frustration over its methodical, comprehensive and time consuming nature The ITU seeks to harmonize spectrum use, optimize technology, anticipate and resolve conflict and provide a forum for consensus building even as some stakeholders would prefer a faster acting, market-driven process We will compare and contrast both ex ante and ex post models with an eye toward identifying legal limitations based on such countervailing concepts as sovereignty, global resources that must be shared (“res communes”), (cyber)libertarianism and the view that access to exploit spectrum, satellite orbital slots and even mineral rich asteroids can apply property law constructs Assignments: Mario Maniewicz, ITU and ITU-R Basics and Facts (Dec 2018); available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/md/15/wrs18/sp/R15-WRS18-SP-0001!!PDF-E.pdf Nikolai Vasilliev, Overview of terrestrial services (Dec 2018); available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/md/15/wrs18/sp/R15-WRS18-SP-0006!!PDF-E.pdf Donna Coleman Gregg, Lessons Learned from the Spectrum Wars: Views on the United States' Effort Going into and Coming Out of a World Radiocommunication Conference, 17 COMMLAW CONSPECTUS 377 (2008); available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/commlaw/vol17/iss2/3/ In-Class Presentations Chuen Chern Loo, ITU International, Orbit/Spectrum Resources, Regulation, Coordination, Filing, and Challenges (Oct 2018); available at: https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/CRSRA/pdf/ITU_SPECTRUM_REGULATION.pdf (split coverage with Module Four) Rob Frieden, The International Telecommunication Union: A Brief Introduction (available in Canvas) Rob Frieden, Spectrum Management Basics (available in Canvas) Recommended Reading: International Telecommunication Union, About International Telecommunication Union (ITU); available at: https://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx Patrick S Ryan, European Spectrum Management Principles, 23 J MARSHALL J COMPUTER & INFO L 277 (2005); available at: https://repository.jmls.edu/jitpl/vol23/iss2/3/ William Lehr, Spectrum License Design, Sharing, and Exclusion Rights, 2016 U ILL J.L TECH & POL’Y 1; available at: http://illinoisjltp.com/journal/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/Lehr.pdf Jens Hinricher, The Law-Making of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Providing a New Source of International Law?, 64 ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AUSLÄNDISCHES ÖFFENTLICHES RECHT UND VÖLKERRECHT, 489 (2004); available at: https://www.zaoerv.de/64_2004/64_2004_2_b_489_502.pdf Jason Gerson, A Grand Bargain Among the International Telecommunication Union’s Skeptics and Proponents: Building a Third Way Toward Internet Freedom, 47 GEO J INT’L L 1459 (2016) Module Three: Submarine Cable Law and Policy (Feb 15, 17) This module we will concentrate on the interplay of technology, law and policy as it relates to international cable and facilities competition, loading and authorization No government relies solely on marketplace resource allocation for international telecommunications transmission facilities, but the allure of enormous monetary payoffs from spectrum auctions creates a major incentive for “pay to play” arrangements Later in the course, we will consider how national security and trade concerns can motivate nations to prevent a company even from participating in this key sector of the global economy Typically, carriers must apply for authority to construct transmission facilities, and many governments oversee how circuits in such facilities are activated Such regulation, of facilities planning and activation, tends to blunt comparative advantages between transmission technologies It purports to protect the public from carrier investment in unneeded facilities and safeguard the availability of a disfavored medium for national security, redundancy and diverse routing purposes Assignments: A basic understanding of how international telecommunications technologies work will help you integrate law with business and technology management issues Throughout the course we will learn from technology primers Carter L., Burnett et al, Submarine Cables and the Oceans – Connecting the World, UNEPWCMC Biodiversity Series No 31 ICPC/UNEP/UNEP-WCMC (2009); available at: https://www.iscpc.org/documents/?id=132; Read Chapter Four; skim the other chapters Optica Cloud Infra, Subsea Cable System 101 (2017); available at: http://opticalcloudinfra.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2017_08_24-Subsea-Cable-SystemTutorial.pdf Tara Davenport, Submarine Cables, Cybersecurity and International Law: An Intersectional Analysis, 24 CATH U.L & TECH 57 (2015); available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/jlt/vol24/iss1/4/ Federal Communications Commission, Cable Landing Licensing Act; available at: https://www.fcc.gov/cable-landing-licensing-act Federal Communications Commission, Submarine Cable Landing Licenses, Background; available at: https://www.fcc.gov/research-reports/guides/submarine-cable-landing-licenses In-Class Presentations NEC, Video on Optical Submarine Cable Systems / Seismological and Ocean Science Systems (2016); available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8JFtjqMAeM Kent Bressie, Marine Jurisdictional Problems for Submarine Cables (2016); available at: https://www.hwglaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Bressie-SubOptic-Master-ClassJurisdiction-Final.pdf Broadband Now, Fiber-Optic Internet In the United States (2020); available at: https://broadbandnow.com/Fiber Fiona Beck, Submarine Protection Zones: “The New Gold Standard” (2020); available in Canvas and at: https://www.ptc.org/PTC20/Proceedings/TS_SC_20_Beck_Fiona.pdf In Class Assessment of China Mobile’s legal options after rejection of its Sec 214 application for licensing by the FCC See China Mobile International (USA) Inc., Application for Global Facilities-Based and Global Resale International Telecommunications Authority Pursuant to Section 214 of the Communications Act of 1934, as Amended, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 2019 WL 2098511 (2019); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-19- 10 38A1_Rcd.pdf; short, edited version available in Canvas Recommended Reading: China Mobile International (USA) Inc., Application for Global Facilities-Based and Global Resale International Telecommunications Authority Pursuant to Section 214 of the Communications Act of 1934, as Amended, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 2019 WL 2098511 (2019); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-19-38A1_Rcd.pdf United States Department of Homeland Security, Public-Private Analytic Exchange Program, Threats to Undersea Cable Communications (Sep 28, 2017); available at: https://www.dni.gov/files/PE/Documents/1 -2017-AEP-Threats-to-Undersea-CableCommunications.pdf International Telecommunication Union, Establishment of Harmonized Policies for the ICT Market in the ACP Countries, Access to Submarine Cables: Assessment Report (2013); available at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Projects/ITU-EC-ACP/HIPSSA/Documents/FINAL %20DOCUMENTS/FINAL%20DOCS%20ENGLISH/submarine_cables_assessment_wa.pdf Anup Changaroth, Chasing Shannon’s limit – submarine cable fibre optic communications, APNIC blog site (Aug 13, 2018); available at: https://blog.apnic.net/2018/08/13/chasingshannons-limit-submarine-cable-fibre-optic-communications/ Alan Mauldin, Frequently Asked Questions: Submarine Cables 101, TELEGEOGRAPHY (Feb 14, 2017); available at: https://blog.telegeography.com/frequently-asked-questions-aboutundersea-submarine-cables and slightly different version at: https://www2.telegeography.com/submarine-cable-faqs-frequently-asked-questions FCC, Submarine Cables, available at: https://www.fcc.gov/international/submarine-cables Zoe Scanlon, Addressing the Pitfalls of Exclusive Flag State Jurisdiction: Improving the Legal Regime for the Protection of Submarine Cables, 48 J MAR L & COM 295 (2017) Federal Communications Commission, Pending Applications For Submarine Cable Landing License, Pacific Light Cable Network (PLCN), Report No SCL-00204S (2017); available at: http://licensing.fcc.gov/ibfsweb/ib.page.FetchPN?report_key=1298273 U.S Dept of Justice, Justice News, Team Telecom Recommends that the FCC Deny Pacific Light Cable Network System’s Hong Kong Undersea Cable Connection to the United States (June 17, 2020); available at: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/team-telecom-recommends-fccdeny-pacific-light-cable-network-system-s-hong-kong-undersea 18 Anne T McKenna, Amy C Gaudion, & Jenni L Evans, The Role of Satellites and Smart Devices: Data Surprises and Security, Privacy, and Regulatory Challenges, 123 PENN ST L REV (2019); available at: https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1023&context=fac-works Paul B Larsen, Small Satellite Legal Issues, 82 J AIR L & COM 275 (Spring, 2017)(available in Canvas) Nayef Al-Rodhan, Weaponization and Outer Space Security, GLOBAL POLICY (March 12, 2018); available at: https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/12/03/2018/weaponization-andouter-space-security Blair S Kuplic, The Weaponization of Outer Space: Preventing an Extraterrestrial Arms Race, 39 N.C J INT'L L & COM REG 1123 (2013); available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol39/iss4/6 Joan Johnson-Freese & David Burbach, The Outer Space Treaty and the weaponization of space, 75 BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS, No 4, 137–141(2019) (available in Canvas) In-Class Presentations Phoenix Satellite Serving, DARPA, video, embedded in: Tyler Rogoway, Russia Tests Another Anti-Satellite Weapon as Battleground Space Looms, THE DRIVE (2016); available at: https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/6631/russia-tests-another-anti-satellite-weapon-asbattleground-space-looms Remote Sensing Technology, THE K-12 INTERNET RESOURCE CENTER; available at: https://www.k12irc.org/resources/environmental/integrated/remote.php What is remote sensing? Spatial Analysis and Satellite Imagery in a GIS, University of Toronto and COURSEA (2014); available at: https://www.coursera.org/lecture/spatial-analysis-satelliteimagery-in-a-gis/what-is-remote-sensing-27nfo "60 Minutes:" Satellite security targeted in space, excerpt available at: https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32570/space-force-just-received-its-first-new-offensiveweapon GISGeography, 100 Earth Shattering Remote Sensing Applications & Uses; available at: https://gisgeography.com/remote-sensing-applications/ Omni-Sci, What is Remote Sensing; available at: https://www.omnisci.com/technicalglossary/remote-sensing 19 The Rise of Space-Based C4ISR, DEFENSE ONE (2021); available at: https://www.defenseone.com/insights/cards/space-based-c4isr/?oref=d1-cards-prev-nav Matthew S Williams, The Militarization of Space: What Would a "Space Force" Look Like?, (Aug 2019); available at: https://interestingengineering.com/the-militarization-of-space-whatwould-a-space-force-look-like Joseph Trevithick, Space Force Just Received Its First New Offensive Weapon, THE WAR ZONE (March 13, 2020); available at: https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32570/spaceforce-just-received-its-first-new-offensive-weapon Federal Aviation Administration, Drone Response Playbook For Public Safety (Sep 2020); available at: https://www.faa.gov/uas/public_safety_gov/public_safety_toolkit/media/Public_Safety_Drone_P laybook.pdf; Airspace 101 – Rules of the Sky; available at: https://www.faa.gov/uas/recreational_fliers/where_can_i_fly/airspace_101/ Recommended Reading: What is Remote Sensing? CENTRE FOR REMOTE IMAGING, SENSING AND PROCESSING; available at: https://crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/intro.htm Famous And Widely Used Remote Sensing Satellite And Sensors, LEARN EVERYONE (2016); available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbC4TW_I3CQ National Security Presidential Directives, U.S Commercial Remote Sensing Policy, Fact Sheet (April 25, 2003); available at: https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/remsens.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Licensing of Private Remote Sensing Space Systems (May 20, 2020); available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/05/20/2020-10703/licensing-of-private-remotesensing-space-systems#main Small, cheap spy satellites mean there’s no hiding place, THE ECONOMIST (March 18, 2021); available at: https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2021/03/18/small-cheap-spysatellites-mean-theres-no-hiding-place Jose M Canaura, Drones Have Arrived, With New Opportunities and Challenges: A Comparative Approach to Regulations Governing the Operations of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the United States, Italy, Costa Rica, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Nicaragua, Spain, and Saudi Arabia, 26 ILSA J INT’L & COMP L 401 (Summer, 2020) 20 Ryan M Esparza, Event Horizon: Examining Military and Weaponization Issues in Space by Utilizing the Outer Space Treaty and the Law of Armed Conflict, 83 J AIR L & COM 333 (2018); available at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol83/iss2/4 Captain Cort S Thompson, Avoiding Pyrrhic Victories in Orbit: A Need for Kinetic Anti-Satellite Arms Control in the Twenty-First Century, 85 J AIR L & COM 105 (Winter, 2020) Neil deGrasse Tyson, Avis Lang, The creation of a space force could lead to weaponization and war — here's what it might look like, INSIDER (Oct 2018); available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/neil-degrasse-tyson-heres-what-a-space-war-could-look-like2018-10 Aaron Mehta, What is a space weapon, and who has them?, C4ISRNET (May 27, 2020); available at: https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2020/05/27/defining-what-a-spaceweapon-is-and-who-has-them/ United Nations, Office of Disarmament Affairs, web site; available at: https://www.un.org/disarmament/topics/outerspace/ Ross Brown, Conflict on the Final Frontier: Deficiencies in the Law Of Space Conflict Below Armed Attack, and How to Remedy Them, 51 GEO J INT’L L 11 (Fall, 2019) David A Koplow, Deterrence as the Macguffin: The Case for Arms Control in Outer Space, 10 J NAT’L SECURITY L & POL’Y 293 (2019) J Pražák, Dual-use conundrum: Towards the weaponization of outer space?, ACTA ASTRONAUTICA (2021), available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.12.051 Mitchell Ford, War on the Final Frontier: Can Twentieth-Century Space Law Combat TwentyFirst-Century Warfare?, 39 HOUS J INT’L L 237 (Winter, 2017); available at: https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/7836-fordwarfnlfrnthstjrnlintrnllawpdf Jonathon W Penney, The Cycles of Global Telecommunication Censorship and Surveillance, 36 U PA J INT’L L 693 (Spring, 2015); available at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol36/iss3/2/ The Institute of Air and Space Law, Faculty of Law, Mc Gill University, Constraints on Military Uses of Outer Space: What Might International Law Offer?, webinar (Dec 4, 2020); available at: https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/space-law-webinar#Constratints%20on%20Military%20Uses Kristen E Eichensehr, The Cyber-Law of Nations, 103 GEO L.J.317 (2015); available at: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/glj103&div=13&id=&page= Nanci K Carr, Look! It’s a Bird! It’s a Plane! No, It’s a Trespassing Drone, 23 J TECH L & POL’Y 147 (2019) 21 Robinson Meyer, How the Government Surveils Cellphones: A Primer, THE ATLANTIC (Sep 2015); available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/09/how-thegovernment-surveils-cell-phones-a-primer/404818/ American Civil Liberties Union, Community Control Over Police Surveillance: Technology 101; available at: https://www.aclu.org/report/community-control-over-police-surveillancetechnology-101 John Yoo, Rules for the Heavens: The Coming Revolution in Space and the Laws of War, 2020 U ILL L REV 123 (2020) Bonny Birkeland, Space: The Final Next Frontier, 104 MINN L REV 2061 (April, 2020) Module Seven: National Security Concerns About Foreign Venture Investment and Market Entry (March 29, 31) International telecommunications technologies provide essential links for the delivery of information, communications and entertainment Content transmission technology can never completely avoid the possibility for eavesdropping and other forms of unauthorized surveillance The United States government has grown increasingly concerned about national security vulnerabilities in essential telecommunications infrastructure It appears that cybersecurity concerns have begun to combine with matters involving trade and industrial policy The FCC recently has initiated several proceedings ostensibly aimed at protecting U.S national security from supply chain disruptions, hacking, surveillance and espionage undertaken by the Chinese government and commercial ventures obligated to comply with government-ordered cooperation This module will examine up to the minute developments in laws, regulations and policies favoring direct foreign investment, but also safeguarding markets from participation by ventures suspected of committing commercial and government-directed espionage Assignments: Jeremy Page, Kate O’Keeffe & Rob Taylor, America’s Undersea Battle With China for Control of the Global Internet Grid, WALL STREET J (March 12, 2019); available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-takes-on-chinas-huawei-in-undersea-battle-over-the-globalinternet-grid-11552407466?mod=article_inline FCC, Backgrounder: Protecting Communications Networks Through FCC Programs (2019); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-360481A1.docx 22 Huawei Technologies USA, Inc., Constitutional Complaint (2018); available at: https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/huawei.pdf?mod=article_inline; District Court dismissal; available at: https://cases.justia.com/federal/districtcourts/texas/txedce/4:2019cv00159/188186/51/0.pdf?ts=1582134770 Wiley, Rein & Fielding, Companies Will Feel the Weight of Team Telecom Oversight (June 4, 2018); available at: https://www.wiley.law/article-Companies-Will-Feel-The-Weight-Of-TeamTelecom-Oversight Protecting Against National Security Threats to the Communications Supply Chain Through FCC Programs, WC Docket No 18-89, FCC 20-176 (rel Dec 10, 2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-176A1.docx; Read ¶¶ 1-18, 26-31; 36-48; and pp 135-36; 140-41 Process Reform for Executive Branch Review of Certain FCC Applications and Petitions Involving Foreign Ownership, IB Docket No 16-155 (Oct 1, 2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-367238A1.docx (read the press release only) In-Class Presentations Roger A Grimes, 14 real-world phishing examples — and how to recognize them, CSO (April 9, 2020); available at: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3235520/15-real-world-phishingexamples-and-how-to-recognize-them.html#slide1 Aaron White, Cyber-Espionage: Understanding the Advanced Threat Landscape (March 29, 2017); available at: https://www.slideshare.net/AaronWhite23/cyberespionage-understandingthe-advanced-threat-landscape CNBC, The SolarWinds Hack And The Future Of Cyber Espionage (Jan 22, 2021); available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxTxGlE9X5s Rob Frieden, National Security and Law Enforcement Concerns About Telecommunications Carrier Use of Chinese Equipment (available in Canvas) Chip Yorkgitis, Denise Smith & Scott Wise, Taking A Closer Look: New Developments in Foreign Investment Reviews in the Telecommunications Sector (May 7, 2020: available at: https://www.kelleydrye.com/KelleyDrye/media/Event-Documents/Team-Telecom-CFIUSWebinar_1.pdf Recommended Reading: 23 Financial Times, John McAfee on cyber espionage (March 16, 2017); available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLyqGe6txL0 Priscilla Moriuchi, The New Cyber Insecurity: Geopolitical and Supply Chain Risks From the Huawei Monoculture, Recorded Future (June10, 2019); available at: https://go.recordedfuture.com/hubfs/reports/cta-2019-0610.pdf President Donald J Trump, Executive Order on Establishing the Committee for the Assessment of Foreign Participation in the United States Telecommunications Services Sector (April 4, 2020); available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-establishingcommittee-assessment-foreign-participation-united-states-telecommunications-services-sector/ Process Reform for Executive Branch Review of Certain FCC Applications and Petitions Involving Foreign Ownership, IB Docket No 16-155, Report and Order, FCC 20-133 (rel Oct 1, 2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-133A1.docx Summaries about Team Telecom and FCC coordination available at: https://www.dwt.com/insights/2020/05/team-telecom-executive-order; and https://www.wiley.law/alert-FCC-Unanimously-Approves-Initial-Phase-of-Team-TelecomModernization Example of an Ex Parte Communications summary; Morgan Lewis on behalf of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd and Huawei Technologies USA, Inc (Oct 1, 2018); available at: https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/10010925526970/Huawei%20Technologies%20Co.%2C%20Ltd %20and%20Huawei%20Technologies%20USA%2C%20Inc.%20Notice%20of%20Ex%20Parte %20Communication%2C%20WC%20Docket%2018-89%20(filed%2010-01-2018).pdf Protecting Against National Security Threats to the Communications Supply Chain Through FCC Programs – Huawei Designation, PS Docket No 19-351, Order, DA 20-690 (rel June 30, 2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-20-690A1.docx Letter from Senator Rick Scott to FCC Chairman Ajit Pai (September 19, 2019); available at: https://www.rickscott.senate.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/190919-FCC%20Pai.pdf; Pai Response; available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-360441A1.pdf Protecting Against National Security Threats to the Communications Supply Chain Through FCC Programs, Written Ex Parte Submission of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., and Huawei Technologies USA, Inc (Oct 11, 2019) (containing an example of a consultant’s study); available at: https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1011236282523/Final%20-%20Huawei%20Ex%20Parte %20re%20Economic%20Report%20(10-11-2019).pdf 24 China Telecom (Americas) Corporation, GN Docket No 20-109, ITC-214-20010613-00346; ITC-214-20020716-00371; ITC-T/C-20070725-00285, FCC 20-177 (rel Dec 14, 2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-177A1.pdf Module Eight: Changing Circumstances and Technologies: LEOs, Private Launch Vehicles, Smallsats, Asteroid Mining and Space Junk Broadband via LEO Satellite Constellations (April 5), Commercial Space Launches and Space Tourism (April 12 no class on April 7th), Space Resource Extraction (April 14), Global Cooperation on Collision Avoidance and Orbital Debris Mitigation (April 19) This module will examine a number of new technologies and entrepreneurial ventures with an eye toward providing insights on the kinds of emerging legal, regulatory and policy issues Several new low earth orbiting ventures already have started to use commercial launch services capable of carrying a dozen or more satellites at a time LEO-delivered broadband has the potential to cover 99+% of the earth via hundreds and even thousands of small satellites In addition to providing broadband, Internet access, other smallsat ventures offer enhanced earth observation and sensing services used for such diverse uses as natural resource exploration and observing the volume of truck and consumer traffic at various locations to estimate market activity Smallsats will augment terrestrial, short range transmission links needed to connect devices, sensors and machines In the longer term, the possibility exists that launch vehicles will deliver robots and even humans to relatively close asteroids for extraction of scarce and quite valuable minerals Space tourism appeals likely in the near term All of these cutting edge new services, as well as existing ones, require the ability to launch and operate satellites in various orbits without any major risk of collision with another satellite, or the ever growing volume of “space junk,” debris including deactivated satellites, portions of the rockets used to launch satellites and quite small pieces of equipment scattered into orbit due to imprudent use of weaponry Avoiding satellite collisions, reducing additional debris and retrieving existing junk present key challenges to satellite commerce Assignments: B.L Goldblum & A.W Reddie, Smallsats: A Technology Primer (May 4, 2018); available at: https://res.cloudinary.com/csisideaslab/image/upload/v1562865065/on-the-radar/Smallsats %20Final%20Primer%20Formatted%2007-02-29.pdf 25 Paul B Larsen, Small Satellite Legal Issues, 82 J AIR L & COM 275 (2017); available at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol82/iss2/3 Paul B Larsen, Space Traffic Management Standards, 83 J AIR L & COM 359 (2018) available at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol83/iss2/5 Stephanie D Veech, To Infinity and Beyond?: The History of Space Travel and the Legal Implications of Privatized Space Flight Through the Lens of SpaceX, 18 LOY MAR L.J 151 (Winter, 2019)(available in Canvas) P.J Blount & Christian J Robinson, One Small Step: the Impact of the U.S Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015 on the Exploration of Resources in Outer Space, 18 N.C J.L & TECH 160 (2016); available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncjolt/vol18/iss2/ The Artemis Accords Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of The Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes (Oct 13, 2020); available at: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-accords/img/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf Joel A Dennerley, State Liability for Space Object Collisions: The Proper Interpretation of ‘Fault’ for the Purposes of International Space Law, 29 EUR J INT’L L 281 (Feb., 2018) (available in Canvas) Mitigation of Orbital Debris in the New Space Age, IB Docket No 18-313, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 20-54 (rel April 24, 2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-54A1.docx; Read ¶¶ 1-12; 14-27; 144-145; Skim Appendix A, pp 97-106; Read pp 131-132; 136 In-Class Presentations Dan Maloney, How Does Starlink Work Anyway?, HACKADAY (Feb 2020); available at: https://hackaday.com/2020/02/20/how-does-starlink-work-anyway/ Robert Suber, What’s New in the Satellite World (2020) (available on Canvas) Terry Daniels, Satellite Communications: Higher Data Speeds and Lower MB Pricing Provides More Affordable Solutions (2020) (available on Canvas) Revfine, Space Tourism: Space Companies That Will Make You An Astronaut; available at: https://www.revfine.com/space-tourism/ 26 SpaceX, Ex Parte Notification for IBFS File No SAT-MOD-20200417-00037 and Docket RM11768 (July 31, 2020); available at: https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/10731117401624/SpaceX %2012%20GHz%20Ex%20Parte%20(July%2031%202020).pdf Kuiper Systems, LLC Application for Authority to Deploy and Operate a Ka-band NonGeostationary Satellite Orbit System, Order and Authorization, FCC-20-102 (July 30, 2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-102A1.docx (edited version in Canvas) Seeker, How Close Are We to Mining in Space?(Aug 14, 2019); available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d44TQRewClc Space Ventures Investors, An Introduction; available at: https://spaceventuresinvestors.com/html/asteroid-mining.html Isobel Whitcomb, How tiny pieces of space junk cause incredible damage?, SPACE.COM (March 19, 2021); available at: https://www.space.com/tiny-space-junk-damage? utm_source=Selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=SDC_Newsletter&utm_content=S DC_Newsletter+&utm_term=6507903 Real Engineering, The Truth About Space Debris (April 26, 2019); available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itdYS9XF4a0 Recommended Reading: Raffi Khatchadourian, The Elusive Peril of Space Junk, THE NEW YORKER (Sep 21, 2020); available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/09/28/the-elusive-peril-of-space-junk Megan Alexa MacKay, Property Rights in Celestial Bodies: A Question of Pressing Concern to All Mankind, 104 MARQ L REV 575 (Winter, 2020) Todd Skauge, Space Mining & Exploration: Facing a Pivotal Moment, 45 J CORP L 815 (Spr 2020) National Astronautics and Space Administration, CubeSat101 Basic Concepts and Processes for First-Time CubeSat Developers (Oct., 2017); available at: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_csli_cubesat_101_508.pdf NASA, Small Spacecraft Technology; available at: https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/small_spacecraft/index.html 27 Morgan Stanley, Space Investing in the Final Frontier (July 2, 2019); available at: https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/investing-in-space United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs & ITU, Guidance on Space Object Registration and Frequency Management for Small and Very Small Satellites; available at: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/Documents/Handout-on-Small-SatellitesE.pdf Gourav Namta, Let's talk about CubeSats (Nov 13, 2018); available at: https://blog.satsearch.co/2018-11-13-lets-talk-about-cubesats Stephen Hobe, Legal Aspects of Space Tourism, 86 NEB L REV 439 (2007) available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol86/iss2/6 Space Adventures web site; available at: https://spaceadventures.com/ Wall Street Journal Video, Musk's Starlink: Is It Really a Rural Internet Game Changer? available at: https://www.wsj.com/video/testing-elon-musk-starlink-is-it-really-a-rural-internetgame-changer/92E2D423-50F2-4873-851A-1D6FD54B657C.html Congressional Research Service, The Future of Space Tourism (Aug 28, 2020); available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46500 Library of Congress, Summary of U.S Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, Public Law 114–90 (Nov 25, 2015); available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/housebill/2262 Arpit Gupta, Regulating Space Debris As Separate From Space Objects, 41 U PA J INT’L L 223 (2019) Mark J Sundahl & Jeffrey A Murphy, Set the Controls for the Heart of the Moon: Is Existing Law Sufficient to Enable Resource Extraction on the Moon?, 48 GA J INT'L & COMP L 683 (2020) Snezhana Stadnik Tapia, The Global “Last Mile” Solution: High-Altitude Broadband Infrastructure, 94 GEO L TECH REV 47 (2019); available at: https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/4.1-p47-123-Tapia.pdf Amir Saboorian, A Brave New World: Using the Outer Space Treaty to Design International Data Protection Standards for Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Operators, 84 J AIR L & COM 575 (Fall, 2019); available at: https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4135&context=jalc Craig Foster, Excuse Me, You’re Mining My Asteroid: Space Property Rights and the U.S Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act of 2015, 2016 U ILL J.L TECH & POL’Y 407 (2016); available at: 28 http://illinoisjltp.com/journal/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Foster.pdf Sophie Kaineg, The Growing Problem Of Space Debris, 26 HASTINGS ENVTL L.J 277 (Summer, 2020); available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1588&context=hastings_environmental_law_journal UNIDROIT Space Protocol: http://www.unidroit.org/english/conventions/mobileequipment/spaceassets-protocol-e.pdf Thomas R Irwin, Space Rocks: A Proposal to Govern the Development of Outer Space and Its Resources, 76 OHIO ST L.J 217 (2015); available at: https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/73507/1/OSLJ_V76N1_0217.pdf Hunaid Alshamsi, Roy Balleste & Michelle L.D Hanlon, As the Grapefruit Turns Sixty, It’s Time to Get Serious About Clean Up in Outer Space, 83 J AIR L & COM 45 (2018); available at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol83/iss1/3/ Jack Heise, Space, The Final Frontier of Enterprise: Incentivizing Asteroid Mining Under a Revised International Framework, 40 MICH J INT’L L 189 (2018) Clement Hearey, When You Wish Upon a “Starlink”: Evaluating the FCC’s Actions to Mitigate the Risk of Orbital Debris in the Age of Satellite “Mega-Constellations”, 72 ADMIN L REV 751 (Fall, 2020) Alexander P Reinert, Updating the Liability Regime in Outer Space: Why Spacefaring Companies Should be Internationally Liable for Their Space Objects, 62 WM & MARY L REV 325 (2020); available at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol62/iss1/7/ James McSweeney, Live Long and Prosper: The Need for a New Multilateral Agreement Governing Asteroid Mining, 58 U LOUISVILLE L REV 559 (2020) Christina Isnardi, Problems with Enforcing International Space Law on Private Actors, 58 COLUM J TRANSNAT’L L 489 (2020) Ross Harper, Planetary Protection: A New Launch Pad for the Regulation of the Commercial Space Industry, 50 CAL W INT’L L.J 207 (2019) Andrea Reed, Space, The Final Frontier for Negligence Suits Why Commercial Space Operators Should be Liable for Personal Injuries to Space Flight Participants, 84 J AIR L & COM 477 (2019) D Perry Rihl II, Cleaning Up The Mess: Incentivizing the Salvage of Orbital Debris 10 GEO MASON J INT’L COM L 68 (2019) Megan McCauley, Astro-Not? How Current Space Treaties Could Fall Short of Protecting Future Space Tourists, 50 U PAC L REV 453 (2019) 29 Amanda M Leon, Mining For Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources, 104 VA L REV 497 (May, 2018) Marcus Schladebach Fifty Years of Space Law: Basic Decisions and Future Challenges 41 HASTINGS INT'L & COMP L REV 245 (2018) Abigail D Pershing, Interpreting the Outer Space Treaty’s Non-Appropriation Principle: Customary International Law from 1967 to Today, 44 YALE J INT’L L 149 (2019) Alexander William Salter, Settling the Final Frontier: The Orbis Lease and the Possibilities of Proprietary Communities in Space, 84 J AIR L & COM 85 (2019) Module Nine: 5G and Internet of Things Case Study (April 21, 26, 28) We close out the semester with a comprehensive and interdisciplinary investigation of several legal, regulatory and policy issues triggered by the onset of fifth generation wireless technology and its ability to promote an Internet of Things, more government and private surveillance and expanded use of artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, data analytics and privacy intrusions This subject juxtaposes international spectrum planning and management with domestic motivations for fewer and faster administrative action and securing quasi-property ownership rights to frequency assignments and orbital slot/plane registrations In the United States and elsewhere, satellite technology and international telecommunications have become more closely linked to concerns about the impact of global trade and opportunities for foreign companies to business abroad and have their equipment and services available on a global basis Additionally, national regulatory authorities have to find ways to expedite the reallocation of spectrum to accommodate massively increased demand for wireless broadband services, including video entertainment, management of autonomous vehicles and linking sensors and other devices We will consider the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats arising from the FCC’s decision to conduct an auction of telecommunications satellite radio spectrum located at in the 3.7-4.2 Gigagertz frequency band This issue raises questions about who deserves compensation for making with less spectrum and what entitlements licensees have to spectrum for which they have no property ownership rights, but have invested heavily in reliance of the right to use the spectrum Assignments: 30 Matthew Wells, 5G Wireless Connectivity: The Next Step, GEO L TECH REV 325 (2019); available at: https://georgetownlawtechreview.org/5g-wireless-connectivity-the-next-step/GLTR01-2020/ Rob Frieden, Win, Lose and Draw: Outcomes from the 2019 World Radio Conference (2020) (available in Canvas) FCC, Fact Sheet on Spectrum Frontiers Item (June 23, 2016); available at: https://www.fcc.gov/document/fact-sheet-spectrum-frontiers-item FCC, The FCC’s 5G FAST Plan (Sep 28, 2018); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-354326A1.docx Expanding Flexible Use of the 3.7 to 4.2 GHz Band, GN Docket No 18-122, Report and Order, and Order of Proposed Modification, 35 FCC Rcd 2343 (2020); available at: https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-20-22A1.pdf; read: ¶¶ 1-12; 20-53; 54-63; 72-77; 83-86; and pages 149-150; 243-245; and 250-253 Internet Society, The Internet of Things: An Overview: https://www.internetsociety.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/08/ISOC-IoT-Overview-20151221-en.pdf In-Class Presentations IoT Videos: https://www.nist.gov/video/what-internet-things-iot-and-how-can-we-secure-it https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DZR5UaAM0E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fj02iTrWUx0 https://www.osborneclarke.com/insights/the-digital-revolution-the-internet-of-things/ Rob Frieden, 5G and the Internet of Things (available in Canvas) Rob Frieden, 5G Spectrum Planning at the ITU (available in Canvas) Recommended Reading: 31 Rob Frieden, The evolving 5G case study in spectrum management and industrial policy, 43 TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, Issue 6, 549-562 (July, 2019); available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.04.001 Rob Frieden, The Evolving 5G Case Study in the United States Unilateral Spectrum Planning and Policy, 44 TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY, No.9 (Oct 2020); available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102011 Grassroots Environmental Education, 5th Generation (5G) Wireless Communications Fact Sheet (n.d.); available at: http://www.grassrootsinfo.org/pdf/5g-wireless-fact-sheet.pdf William M Lawrence & Matthew W Barnes, 5G Mobile Broadband Technology America's Legal Strategy to Facilitate Its Continuing Global Superiority of Wireless Technology, 31 INTELL PROP & TECH L.J., No (May, 2019) United States Government Accountability Office, Technology Assessment, 5G Wireless Capabilities and Challenges for an Evolving Network (Nov 2020); available at: https://www.gao.gov/assets/720/710861.pdf ... of International Law? , 64 ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AUSLÄNDISCHES ÖFFENTLICHES RECHT UND VÖLKERRECHT, 48 9 (20 04) ; available at: https://www.zaoerv.de/ 64_ 20 04/ 64_ 20 04_ 2_b _48 9_502.pdf Jason Gerson, A Grand... http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/outerspt.html Skip Smith, A Space Law Primer for Colorado Lawyers, Part 1: International Space Law, CO LAWYER (March, 2018)(available in Canvas); Part 2: U.S Space Law (May,... Schorlemer, Telecommunications, International Regulation, OXFORD PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW, skim ¶¶ 1-61; available at: https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093 /law: epil/9780199231690 /law- 9780199231690-e998