Time-Line-of-Discoveries-and-Inventions

Time Line of Discoveries and Inventions This timeline includes important events, discoveries and inventions that have contributed to our present day chemistry class Many of the entries have not yet been completed The projects are researched by individual students in my CHM 1030 class.[Landmarks that are not directly related to chemistry are colored coded and are included to help understand the development of a time period or an event that changed the world.] Click here to check any date in history [Time lines] 8000 BC Fermentation 7000 BC Jericho [oldest city finally excavated in 1951] 6000 BC Linen fabric made 5000 BC Cu mines in Egypt Beginning of Bronze Age 4000 BC Metals used:  Bronze [alloy of Cu & Sn], more on copper  Ag  Au Gold Papyrus used in Egypt 3500 BC Wheel cart used & potter's wheel Mesopotamia 2800 BC Glass invention & Calendar [ collapse of bronze age] Beginning of Iron Age 2500 BC Fe discovered 2000 BC Hg used in Egypt & code of Hammurabi History of Time 1500 BC Sundial used in Egypt 1000 BC Chaldeans use H2O clocks 800 BC Iron utentsils 600 BC olive tree brought to Italy by Greeks 450 BC carrier pigeons used in Greece for communication 400 BC NaCl used in food and in commerce Sugar used 350 BC Fe used in China [time line of Chinese developments] 215 BC Great wall of China built to keep foreigners out [1400 miles long] 40 BC Atomic theory 31 BC Start of Roman Empire Age of Alchemy [more history of alchemy] BC 1661 BC and AD are replaced by BCE [before common era] and CE [common era] time line 4-6 AD Christ born [BC & AD based on birth of this person] 50 First use of soap by Romans [learned from Gauls] 100 World's population 0.25 billion 271 First form of compass used in Japan 306-337 Emperor Constantine crowned 330 Constantinople capital of East 410 Rome sacked & modern beginning of Alchemy 476 Roman Empire ends in West 480-543 Rule of Benedict 600 Book printing in China Porcelain manufactured Chinese use explosives 700 Water wheels used in Europe 720 Arabs invent acids 751 Chinese paper makers captured by Arabs 760 Arabic numerals 782 Chemistry studied apart from Alchemy 800 Coronation of Charlemagne 850 Gunpowder used in China 900 Manufacture of sulfuric acid 1000 Widespread fear of the end of world  Improvement of harness for horses  Better food production [due to field system of crop rotation]  Windmills invented as new source of power 1054 Schism of East & West 1066 Halley's comet observed 1090 Water driven mechanical clock in Peking 1095 First Crusades 1100 Rise of towns 1119 First University [Bologna in Italy] 1151 China use explosives for warfare 1158 Munich center of NaCl trade 1180 First glass windows 1190 Compass comes to Europe from China 1211 Genghis Khan invades China 1215 Magna Carta signed 1271 Marco Polo journeys to China 1278 Glass mirror invented 1290 Glasses invented [1518 spectacles for short sighted manufactured] 1300's Universities started & Start of witch hunts 1300 World's population 0.5 billion 1332 Plague starts in India 1374 Black Death Europe [1/3 of population dies] 1450 Greatest fear of witches and greatest number of death; lasts 200 yrs 1453 Printed Word Gutenberg Bible & Constantinople falls to Turks 1489 First use of +, - in mathematics 1492 America discoveredColumbus 1499 Sb discovered in Hungary 1500   Start of Italian Renaissance First Pb pencils 1512 Copernicus Heliocentric Universe 1513 Florida discovered 1517 Luther's 95 Theses on Wittenberg door 1519 Magellan circumnavigates the globe 1531 Halley's comet causes wave of superstition 1534 Henry VIII breaks from Roman Church 1582 Gregorian calandar [Jan is new year's day not March 25] 1589 Forks introduced into France 1590 Microscope invented 1592 Galileo invents thermometer 1602 BaS discovered by Cascarido 1608 Telescope invented by Lippershey 1610    1st Chemistry book Galileo proves earth revolves around sun Galileo improves telescope 1612 1st manual for making glass 1615 Galileo faces Inquisition first time & 1616 prohibited from further scientific study 1622 January first adopted as 1st day of new year [used to be March 25] 1625 Glauber discovers Glauber's salt 1631 X used in math in England 1641 Arsenic used as a medicine 1643 Torricelli invents barometer 1650 ~ 500 million people in the world 1657 Fountain pens used in Paris & Huygens designs pendulum for clock 1658 Hooke invents balance spring for watch [history of time pieces] 1661 Boyle writes definition of chemical elements 1665 Hooke invents microscope 1666 Newton's law of gravity 1668 Leeuwenhoek describes rbc with microscope 1669 P prepared by Brand an alchemist from Hamburg 1674 First microbe observed 1695 Epsom salts discovered [MgSO4] England by Grew 1698 Tax on beards in Russia 1700   Tax on unmarried women in Berlin NH4Cl discoved in France by Tournefort 1702 First steam engine Newcomen used to pump water from mines 1705 Halley predicts return of comet in 1758 1714 Fahrenheit Hg thermometer 1730 Zn smelting in England 1732 Boerhaave writes Elements of Chemistry 1733 Great Bell of Moscow cast [193 tons] 1742 Celsius invents centigrade thermometer 1743 First settlement in South Dakota 1750 Industrial Revolution [some date start as 1769] 1752 Liberty bell cast [England finally accepts Gregorian calendar] 1754 Black discovers "carbolic acid gas" [CO2] 1756 Chocolate Factory in Germany 1766 Cavendish discovers hydrogen less dense than air 1769 First lightning rods used on tall buildings 1771 O2 discovered Lavoisier 1772 Priestly and Rutherford independently discover N2 1774   Gahn isolates Mn Scheele discovers Cl and Ba 1775-1783 American Revolution 1775    Priestly discovers HCl & H2SO4 Lavoisier proves that air contains oxygen and nitrogen gases Watts perfects steam engine 1776 US Declaration of Independence 1777 Lavoisier proves that air consists mainly of O2 and N2 1780 Matches invented 1781 W discovered by Scheele 1785 Chemical bleaching by Berthollet 1790   Lavoisier has table of 31 chemical elements Serfdom abolished in Europe [people free personally in law, to marry, to migrate & choose occupations] 1793 Cotton gin invented Whitney 1795 Metric System in France adopted 1797 Cr discovered Vauguelin 1799 Rosetta stone found [allowed deciphering of hieroglyphics] 1800 Volta produces electricity from battery of Zn & Cu 1802 Dalton introduces atomic theory 1803 Berzelius discovers Cerium 1804 Wollaston finds Pd in Pt 1806   Davy discovers electrolytic method for making pure K & Na End of the Holy Roman Empire 1807   Gay-Lussac's combinatin of gases Fulton Steam ship 1809 Braille system for blind 1810 Appert develops techniques for canning food 1817 Berzelius discovers Se & Li 1818   Berzelius publishes molecular weight of 2000 compounds Stromeyer & Hermann discover Cd 1823 Faraday liquefy Cl 1827  Wohler obtains Al from clay  Walker invents sulfur friction matches 1829   Stephenson's steam locomotive [16 mph called "rocket"] Daguerre & Niepce form partnership for photographic inventions 1830 Beginning of sewing machine by Thimonnier 1831 Sauria develops method to make matches ignite without blowing up 1836 Phillips patents white P matches in US [1848 Bottger's matches called safety matches] 1834 McCormic patents reaping machine 1835 Halley's comet reappears 1839   Goodyear discovers vulcanization (rubber + sulfur + heat) [commerical use of rubber] Macmillian first bicycle 1840 Beginning of railroad construction 1841 First university degree granted to women in US 1844 Morse's telegraph message between Baltimore and Washington 1846 Howe improves sewing machine[1850 Singer perfects sewing machine] 1847 Sobrero prepares nitroglycerine 1848 Beginning of women's suffrage 1849 Fizeau measures speed of light 1855   Audemars patents production of rayon [made from wood pulp] E.coli discovered [most highly studied of bacteria] 1856 Bessemer refines steel [burns off C in molten Fe ore with oxygen] First plastic manufactured Beginning of Steel Age 1857 Pasteur proves fermentation caused by living organisms 1859 Darwin's Origin of Species 1860 Bunsen & Kirchoff discover Cs & Rubidium 1861-1865 American Civil War 1864 Pasteur invents pasteurization of wine 1865 Emancipation Proclamation in US 1866 Nobel invents dynamite 1869   Mendeleyev formulates Periodic law for classificatin of Elements Suez Canal open (shortens route from to Europe to India by 6000 miles) 1873 Remington (gunsmith) produces typewriters 1876 Bell invents telephone [in 100 yrs 750 million people have telephones] 1880 Edison & Swan first practical electric lights 1883 Krakato erupted loudest sound heard Four time zones in USA 1886  Moissan produces F  Coca-cola invented by Pemberton [more than 600 million sold daily in 1997] 1888 Eastman perfects Kodak box camera 1891 Zippers invented [practical use in 1919] 1892 Rayon manufactered in England 1895 First motion pictures 1896 X-rays 1897 Thomson discovers electron 1898 Curie discovers Ra 1898 Effiel Tower built in Paris [tallest building in world] Neon discovered 1900 World population 1.6 million 1901 Marconi tansmits telegraphic wireless message [radio, TV & cellular phones from this] 1903 Wright brothers power airplane 1904 Kipping discovers Si 1905 Ne lights 1907 first plastic material "Bakelite" [substitute for ivory] Beginning of Age of Plastics 1908 Ford produces first car 1912  Cellophane manufactered  Titanic sinks 1513 drowned 1913 "isotope" coined as word by Soddy 1914-1918 WWI 1915    Einstein general theory of relativity Ford produces 10 million cars Viruses discovered his time line 1918-1919 22 million people die from influenza pandemic 1920    Women win right to vote in US Polyester invented First household refrigerators [ice machine invented 1865 by Lowe] 1921   Calmette & Guerin develop BCG vaccine for TB Robots invented 1922 Harwood invents self winding wrist watches 1923 Bronsted theory of acids & bases 1924 Baird inventor of 1st TV [color TV in 1928] 1925 World's population billion 1929    Al chairs Great Depression Start of Empire State Bldg [900 ft tall, 102 stories, surpases Eiffel Tower] 1930    Reppe develops artifical fabric Photoflash bulbs Landsteiner ABO blood group system 1932 Electron microscope 1933-1945 Holocaust in Europe [more about history of Holocaust] 1933 60,000 artists & scientists emigrate from Germany 1935 Nylon invented 1937 Carothers patents nylon for Dupont [1939 1st nylon stockings] 1939-1945 WWII 1939   Polyethylene invented Muller synthesizes DDT 1940 Manhattan project Atomic Age 1942 Fermi splits atom 1945     Atomic Bomb detonated in New Mexico Atomic Bomb used in warfare Hiroshima & Nagasaki bombed United Nations founded 1946 Xerography process invented Carlson 1947 Transitor invented [used in TV, CD player, faxes and radio] 1950   World Population 2.5 billion 1.5 million TV sets in US 1950-1953 Korean War 1951 color TV sets & electric power from atomic energy 1952 Jericho excavated 1953 DNA 3D structure 1954 Hydrogen bomb tested 1957 Russians launch first space satellite Sputnik I 1958   First moon rocket launched Satellite launched 1959 Synthetic diamonds DeBeers 1960    Lasers invented World's population billion] 44% of worlds population illiterate 1961 Berlin Wall 1961-1973 Vietnam War 1968 steps to ban use of DDT 1969  Internet starts [see time line for developments]  Armstrong walks on surface of moon 1972   All volunteer military in US First e-mail sent by Queen Elizabeth 1973 Pocket calculator 1975   Computer World's population billion 1977 US confirms testing of neutron bomb 1978   1st test tube baby born in England US finally returns crown jewels to Hungary after WWII 1980 World's population billion 1984 Toxic gas spill in India 1985 First cases of AIDS 1986   Chernobyl Accidentin Soviet Union Challengershuttle explodes 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill 19 million gallons crude oil Alaska 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War 1990 Hubble telescope [more pictures] (about Hubble) 1991  Kuwait oil spill 460 million gallons in Persian Gulf [deliberate]  Kuwait oil field fires 1993 WWW as we know it today 1997 Scottish scientists clone sheep "dolly" 1998 Chemistry Class @ sfcc on web 1999 Chemistry laboratory designed for remote locations "Kitchen Laboratory" includes, chemicals, equipement, and CD-ROM for virtual components 2000 millennium changes 21 century 2001 September 11 terrorists attack World Trade Center 2002 Virtual Chemistry CD rom 2003 2004 and Pentegon