Religious Reformers, Expansion, and New Perspectives WHAP/Napp Objective: To identify and explain the causes and effects of the Reformation Europe and the World Do Now: Who was Martin Luther and why was he critical of the Roman Catholic Church? Cues: Notes: I The Protestant Reformation A The Reformation shattered the of Roman Catholic Christianity B Began in 1517 when a German priest, Martin Luther, publicly invited debate about various within the Roman Catholic Church C Luther had posted a document, known as the Ninety-five Theses D Luther opposed sale of indulgences (said to remove penalties for sins) … criticism of church nothing new but held that came through faith alonetheologically revolutionary E Faith was a free gift of God, graciously granted to undeserving people F According to Luther, source of religious authority was _ alone interpreted according to the individual’s conscience G Called into question special position of clerical hierarchy and of the H Contrary to original intentionsprovoked a schism in Church some princes found in Luther’s ideas a justification for their own independence and opportunity to gain lands and taxes previously held by Church I In Protestant-dominated areas, the veneration of _ and female saints ended, leaving the male Christ figure as the sole object of worship J Protestant opposition to celibacy and monastic life…closed , alternative to marriage Reformation did not offer women greater role K Reformation thinking spread with invention of printing press by Johann Gutenberg and Luther’s translation of Bible into but as it spread, splintered into a variety of competing Protestant churches L For more than thirty years (1562-1598), French society was torn by violence between Catholics and the Protestant minority known as Huguenots M Finally, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes (1598) granting measure of toleration to French _ hoping they would return to the Catholic Church N Culmination of _ religious conflict took shape in Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), Catholic-Protestant struggle that began in the Holy Roman Empire but eventually engulfed Europe O Peace of Westphalia (1648) brought conflict to an , with agreement that each state was sovereign and authorized to control its own religious affairs II The Catholic Counter-Reformation A Catholics set about correcting the abuses and _ B Council of Trent (1545-1563)reaffirmed unique doctrines/practices, such as authority of pope, priestly _, and the veneration of saints and relics, and the importance of church traditions and good works C Inquisition or Catholic court was established to crackdown on dissidents and heretics while censoring Summaries: Cues: D New religious orders, such as the Society of Jesus ( _), provided a dedicated brotherhood of priests committed to the renewal of Catholicism III.Impact of Reformation A Catholic Spain and Portugal viewed their movement overseas as a continuation of a long crusading tradition B New England Puritans planted a distinctive Protestantism in North America but Puritans were not interested in converting _ C It was missionaries, mostly Catholic, who actively spread the Christian message beyond European communities D Missionariesgreatest success in Spanish America and in the E Overwhelming European presence, colonial settlement, missionary activity, and forced labor, social disruption, and diseasemust have seemed as if old gods had been bested and future lay with powerful religion of conquerors F In addition, there was absence of a literate world in these regions G But sometimes overt resistancereligious revivalist movement developed in central Peru in 1560s, known as Taki Onqoy (“dancing sickness”) Traveling dancers wanted to cut off all contact with Europeans in the belief that an alliance of Andean deities would punish H More commonblending two religious traditions, reinterpreting Christian practices within an indigenous framework IV Encounters with Christianity A Leading missionary order in China, _, took deliberate aim at attempting to convert Chinese elitemost famous missionary, Matteo Ricci B Miniscule number of Chinese converted to Christianity perhaps because fundamentally the missionaries offered little that the Chinese really needed C Syncretic (blended) religions such as Vodou in Haiti, _ in Cuba, and Candomble and Macumba in Brazil persisted V Encounters with Islam A Continuation of the expansion of Islam across the Afro-Asian world B Continued Islamization depended on wandering Muslim holy men, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders, none of whom posed a threat to _ rulers C New converts did not generally give up their older practices and to more orthodox Muslims, this religious syncretism was heretical D Led to movements of religious renewal and reform that emerged throughout the vast Islamic world of the eighteenth century E In Arabia, Muslim theologian, Abd al- Wahhab (1703-1792) a return to a doctrinaire Islam in strict accordance with the sharia (Islamic _) VI Other Responses A Kaozheng or “research based on evidence” took shape in China B A movement known as kaozheng or “research based on evidence” took shape in China C Flourishing of a devotional form of _ known as bhakti in India D Among the most beloved of bhakti poets was Mirabai (1498-1547) E Sikhism developed as new and distinctive religious tradition in region of northern India“…no Hindu; there is no Muslim; only God” Summaries: Questions: • In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics? • How was European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity? • In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into the Native American cultures of Spanish America? • Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America? • What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world? • In what ways did Asian cultural changes in the early modern era parallel those of Europe, and in what ways were they different? Which of the following does NOT France’s role in the Thirty Years’ belong in a list of Catholic doctrines War illustrates which of the rejected by Martin Luther? following? (A) Papal authority (A) An emphasis on one’s own (B) Granting of indulgences geopolitical interests, rather than (C) Monasticism religious belief (D) Priestly celibacy (B) A sincere commitment to (E) Acceptance of the Holy Trinity pacifistic principles (C) The influence of religious faith on Where did Luther’s movement first military decision making take root? (D) A relentless pursuit of harsh (A) France military treatment of civilians (B) England (E) Strict neutrality (C) Spain (D) Italy Which of the following belief systems (E) Germany had little to no following in India by 1750? Which group traces its roots to the (A) Hinduism Catholic Reformation, sometimes (B) Islam referred to as the Counter(C) Jainism Reformation? (D) Christianity (A) Benedictine monks (E) Confucianism (B) Coptic Christians (C) Jesuits Who was Francis Xavier? (D) Liberation theologians (A) A Portuguese warlord who (E) Calvinists conquered Macao (B) A Jesuit missionary who traveled widely in China (C) A Spanish colonial administrator in Asia (D) A Dominican priest who advocated equality for all Asians (E) An Italian composer influenced by Asian music Excerpt from boisestate.edu Partly as a result of his scholarship, and partly to put his great energies to work, his abbot assigned Luther in 1508 to the faculty of Wittenberg University This was a new university, founded by the Elector of Saxony, and it was in need of teachers At Wittenberg, Luther entered ever deeper into his study of Scriptures His erudition won him respect from his peers, and his occasional sermons were well received, but still in his heart he was troubled How could he know that he was saved? The question tormented him, despite all the reassurances of the Church And the Bible was if anything even more troubling, with its many details of what it meant not to be saved Luther himself tells us about the dramatic turning-point in his life He was sitting alone in his study at Wittenberg, thinking as he did so often of God's terrible justice His Bible lay open before him and his eyes fell on a passage from the first chapter of Paul's letter to the Romans Verse 17 says, in part, that "the just shall live by his faith." He must have read this passage many times before, but at this moment a light kindled in Luther As he read the passage, he saw that all of his fasting and penance counted for nothing, and that the only thing that would save him was simple faith This became one of the foundation-stones of Protestantism, and often goes by the catchphrase of "justification by faith." That is, individuals are justified, are made able to meet God's justice, by faith alone Good works, penances, priests, the whole system developed during the Middle Ages, all of it was irrelevant In Latin the phrase was "sola fide." Luther began preaching his ideas, which were not really all that original Wycliff and Hus, in particular, but many others besides, had said much the same But larger events now caught Luther up, and his own temperament ensured that he would not shrink from them The first of these was the visit of Johann Tetzel to a nearby town The year was 1517, and Tetzel, a Dominican monk, was selling papal indulgences near Wittenberg Tetzel was offering total remission of all sins forever - whoever bought his indulgence would go to Heaven immediately upon death This practice was not uncommon In theory, the person purchasing the indulgence was to repent his or her sins prior to the purchase, so that it was clear that God was doing the forgiving of the sin while the Church was merely remitting the punishment that went with it But Tetzel did not demand repentance You paid your money and you got your indulgence and good day to you Tetzel was a born publicist He set up his table in the town square, had lovely banners all around, and even distributed announcements complete with a little jingle to make it memorable: "Another penny in the coffer rings, another soul to Heaven springs." But, and this was characteristic of the man, Luther had raised the stakes considerably; some would say unnecessarily Not only did he challenge the practice of indulgences, he challenged the right of popes to issue them, the entire theory of the Treasury of the Saints, and for good measure challenged the authority of the pope in several other areas as well The Dominicans came, the Augustinians came, and the debate was held By all accounts it was both lively and inconclusive, with both sides going away claiming victory Thesis Statement: Change Over Time: Christendom: Classical Era - Early Modern Era _ _ ... in Cuba, and Candomble and Macumba in Brazil persisted V Encounters with Islam A Continuation of the expansion of Islam across the Afro-Asian world B Continued Islamization depended on wandering... and in the E Overwhelming European presence, colonial settlement, missionary activity, and forced labor, social disruption, and diseasemust have seemed as if old gods had been bested and. .. D New religious orders, such as the Society of Jesus ( _), provided a dedicated brotherhood of priests committed to the renewal of Catholicism III.Impact of Reformation A Catholic Spain and