Slide 1 The logical meta function and its realizations through the systems of Expansion and Projection Supervisor Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân Group 2 Trịnh Thị Hương Giang Trần Thị Phượng Nguyễn Thị Thuỷ Tiên Trần Thị Thu Hiền Nguyễn Thị Miền Trần Khương Liên Expansion II Projection III Types of relationship between clauses I Clause and Sentence 1 Sentence can be interpreted as a clause complex a Head clause together with other clauses that modify it 2 Sentence has evolved by expansion outwards from t.
The logical meta-function and its realizations through the systems of Expansion and Projection Supervisor: Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân Group 2: Trịnh Thị Hương Giang Trần Thị Phượng Nguyễn Thị Thuỷ Tiên Trần Thị Thu Hiền Nguyễn Thị Miền Trần Khương Liên I Types of relationship between clauses Expansion II III Projection Clause and Sentence Sentence can be interpreted as a clause complex: a Head clause together with other clauses that modify it Sentence has evolved by expansion outwards from the clause Sentence will be defined as a clause complex The clause complex will be the only grammatical unit which we’ll recognize above clause Types of relationship in clause complex Interdependency system logical- semantic system Logical Logicaldependency dependencyrelationship relationship Modifying Modifying element element Equal status Modified element Logical structures in language are either paratactic or hypotactic Logical dependency relationship Parataxis Hypotaxis Paratactic Paratactic relationship relationship nitiating nitiating clause clause primary, free) (primary, free) Equal Continuing claus ( secondary, free The linking of two equal clauses makes a hypotactic relationship Parataxis Structure - numerical notation …and double slash are used - the paratactic relationship can be exemplified by the “and” relation Example: Why don’t we look at some and I can have them set for you here Hypotactic Hypotactic relationship relationship ominant ominant clause clause primary, free) (primary, free) Unequal Dependent claus (secondary, not free) Binding of clauses makes a hypotactic relationship Hypotactic Structure The dependent clause can either follow or precede the dominant clause, so it is needed to have different type of labeling for unequal relations The Greek letter notation α and β are exploited to show dependency, with α as the dominant clause and β as the dependent clause, and the clauses with such relation is separated with single slash Example: If wishes were horses / beggars would ride β α Beggars would ride / if wishes were horses α β Table showing paratactic quoting and paratactic reporting Process type Verbal (Locution) Speech function Proposition Proposal Quoting (direct) Wording “1 “I can,” he said “Are you happy?” asked Mary “Stop here,” he told me Reporting (free indirect) Wording represented as meaning He could, he said Was he happy, Mary asked Stop there, he told me Mental Proposition (Idea) Proposal Meaning represented as wording ‘ “I can,” he thought “Am I dreaming?” wondered Tom “Wait here,” she willed him Meaning He could, he thought Was he dreaming, Tom wondered Wait there, she willed him Hypotactic projection The The projecting projecting clause clause Hypotactic Hypotactic projection projection αα ββ Unequal The projected clause Example: The doctor asked if it hurt The doctor told him not to worry He was afraid he would fail Table showing hypotactic report Projecting process Verbal (Locution) Mental (Idea) Speech function Proposition Proposal Proposition Proposal Hypotatic report: α β Wording represented as meaning |||He said | that the film was boring ||| ||| He asked | her to wait there ||| Meaning ||| He thought | that the film was boring.||| ||| He wanted | her to wait there ||| Paratactic Vs Hypotatic projection Speech function Paratactic projection Hypotactic projection Proposition Peter said: “Mary is here” Peter said: “Is Mary here?” Peter said Mary was there Peter asked if Mary was there Proposal Peter said: “Who is here?” Peter said: “Stay here” Peter asked who was there Peter told Mary to stay there Embedding Projection Overview on embedding projection • projections are embedded in nominal group • The noun that project includes: verbal process nouns (locutions) mental process nouns (ideas) Nouns projecting propositions • stating: the projected clause in this case is either finite (that + direct indicative) or non-finite (of + imperfective) locutions: statement, report, news, rumour, claim, assertion, argument, insistence, proposition, assurance, intimation ideas: thought, belief, khnowledge, feeling, notion, suspicion, sense, idea, expectation, view, opinion, prediction, assumption, conviction, discovery Nouns projecting propositions questioning: the projected clause in this case is either finite (if / whether or Wh + indirect indicative) or nonfinite (whether or Wh + to + perfective) locutions: question, query, inquiry, argument, dispute ideas: doubt, problem, question, issue, uncertainty Nouns projecting proposals • offering: the projected clause can be either non-finite (to + perfective or of + imperfective) or finite (future indirect indicative) locutions: offer, suggestion, proposal, threat, promise ideas: intention, desire, hope, inclination, decision, resolve Nouns projecting proposals • commanding: the projected clause can be either non-finite (to + perfective) or finite (modulate or future indirect indicative) locutions: order, command, instruction, demand, request, plea ideas: wish, desire, hope, fear Table showing embedded projection of propositions Type of projecting nouns Verbal (Locution) Types of proposition Stating Questioning Mental (Idea) Stating Questioning Embedded report [[ ]] Wording represented as meaning “ [[ │││I can’t believe in the rumour [[that he is a millionaire.]] │││ │││The inquiry [[whether to change job]] has long been challenging him │││ Meaning “ [[ │││I could not accept the assumption [[that he failed the exam]] │││ │││There seemed to be an uncertainty [[whether he would win.]].│││ Table showing embedded projection of proposals Types of Types of projecting proposal nouns Embedded report [[ ]] Verbal (Locution) Wording represented as meaning │││His promise [[to help with the gardening]] made the old man happy │││ Offering Commanding │││We follow the instruction [[that drivers should keep to the left lane]] to get to the wood │││ Mental (idea) Offering Commanding Meaning │││He kept pursuing the desire [[of getting an M.A in Philosophy]] until he was 50 │││ │││Mary’s hope [[of getting such a lot of money as a gift]] seems unimaginable │││ Exercise: : Name types of projection process, speech function and types of projection relation He said that the holiday was exciting Verbal process, proposition, hypotaxis He knew that it was very expensive Mental process, proposition, hypotaxis He said: “It is so hot” Verbal process, proposition, parataxis She decided that she would so Mental process, proposal, hypotaxis “Do so”, she said to herself Mental process, proposal, parataxis All I wanted was an admission that she was there Verbal process, proposition, embedding Her decision to come back was surprising Mental process, proposal, embedding ... linking of clauses of equal status biding of clauses of unequal status symmetrical and transitive non- symmetrical and non- transitive no dependence of dependence of either element on the element... either element on the element on the other other numerical notation ? ?and double slash are used notation α and β and single slash are used Expansion Three kinds of expansion kinds Elaboration Extension... Meaning - X and Y - Not X and not Y - X and conversely Y - not X but Y - X but not all X - X or Y Example Addition : - I breed the poultry, and my husband looks after the garden ( X and Y) They don’t