이 연구는 한국여성의 여가와 관광행동의 특성을 사회문화적 측면에 서 분석하려고 시도하였다. 한국여성의 여가, 관광행동은 사회학에서 널 리 활용되는 사회구조망 분석법 (Social Network Analysis)을 활용하여 분석 되었다. 여가, 관광분야에서 여성이라는 주제는 1960년대 이후 미국과 유 럽에서 흥미있는 주제로서 많이 연구되어져 왔다. Henderson (1990, 1996), Henderson and Rannells (1988), and Wearing and Wearing (1988)의 연구는 여 성의 여가와 관광문화를 이해하는데 중요한 단초를 제공하고 있다.
Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 朴 根 秀 (Penn State University 대학원 Leisure Studies 졸업, 관광레저학 박사) - 배재대학교 부교수, 주저자 - 李 永 貫 (한양대학교 대학원 관광과 문학박사) - 순천향대학교 교수, 교신저자 - Ⅰ Introduction Ⅱ Gender Differences in Leisure and Travel Behavior Ⅲ Gender Differences in Social Networks Ⅳ Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture Ⅴ Conclusions 474 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 이 연구는 한국여성의 여가와 관광행동의 특성을 사회문화적 측면에 서 분석하려고 시도하였다 한국여성의 여가, 관광행동은 사회학에서 널 리 활용되는 사회구조망 분석법 (Social Network Analysis)을 활용하여 분석 되었다 여가, 관광분야에서 여성이라는 주제는 1960년대 이후 미국과 유 럽에서 흥미있는 주제로서 많이 연구되어져 왔다 Henderson (1990, 1996), Henderson and Rannells (1988), and Wearing and Wearing (1988)의 연구는 여 성의 여가와 관광문화를 이해하는데 중요한 단초를 제공하고 있다 이 연구에서는 사회문화적인 측면에서 한국노인들의 사회구조망 (social networks)과 여가행동을 분석하고자 하였다 또한 한국노인여성들의 여가 행동이 한국노인남성들의 여가행동과 어떠한 차이를 보이며 어떠한 특성 이 있는지 알아보려고 한다 이 연구는 흥미있고 놀랄만한 몇가지 결과를 보여주고 있다 연구결과 에 따르면 연구대상이 된 한국노인여성들은 그들의 사회구조망에서 한국 노인남성들보다 강한 유대강도를 보여주었다 한국노인남성들은 직계가 족들과 강한 유대감을 나타낸 반면 여성들은 다소 상이한 유대감을 보여 주었다 이러한 결과는 미국이나 유럽에서 제시된 기존 연구들의 결과인 이러한 지역의 여성들은 그들의 직계가족과 강한 유대관계를 가지고 있 다는 분석결과와 차이가 큼을 알 수 있다 연구의 대상이 된 한국노인여성들은 여행유형과 여행동반자도 한국노 인남성들과 차이를 보이고 있다 예를 들면, 대부분의 남성들이 직계가족 (immediate family)이나 확장가족 (extended family)으로 구성된 가족관광을 선호한 반면 대부분의 여성들은 직계가족들과 같이 하는 단체관광 (group tour)을 선호하였다 이 연구의 결과는 지역사회에서의 관계구조가 어떻게 지역의 노인여 성들의 여가와 관광참여에 영향을 미치는 지도 분석하였다 연구결과, 지 Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 475 역의 한국노인여성들이 흔히 가입하는 ‘계’라는 모임이 이들의 여가와 관광행동에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 ‘계’의 사회구조에서는 계주가 여행조직과 관광정보제공자로서 아주 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 분석되었다 다시 말해서 계주는 계라는 조직에 가입한 한국노인여성들 의 사회구조망에서 핵심적인 역할을 담당하고 있음을 보여주고 있다 한 국의 지역사회문화에서는 주민들의 사회구조망을 분석하여 누가 핵심위 치에 있는지를 파악하는 것이 이들의 여가, 관광체험을 이해하는데 중요 한 요인이라는 결과를 보여주고 있다 주제어: 한국여성여가, 관광행동, 사회구조망분석 (social network analysis), 성별차이 (gender differences) 476 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 Ⅰ Introduction Leisure has become an important issue in our life recently Enjoying one's leisure life in Korea means better quality of life since the five day work policy has been introduced However, women's leisure still rather unpopular issue in academics as well as in industries There has been interesting studies reporting gender differences in leisure and travel behaviors Gender issues in leisure and travel have been addressed since the 1960s (Burch, 1965; Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) Recently (late 1980s and 1990s), however, researchers including Henderson (1990, 1996), Henderson and Rannells (1988), and Wearing and Wearing (1988) have begun to focus on gender differences such as women ’s inequality in leisure, different experiences of leisure between males and females, and various leisure-based needs among women Social networks in one's life has been known as a very influencial factor of one's leisure behavior The issue of gender difference in social networks has been studied with various themes and approaches Some researchers have addressed gender differences in social networks following marital separation and divorce (Rands, 1988), a different interpretation of closeness across gender (Hammer, 1984; Milardo, 1988), gender differences in close heterosexual relationships (Peplau & Gordon, 1985), and conjugal roles and social networks (Bott, 1955) Rands (1988) suggested three social network attributes which may lead to gender differences in their social networks According to Rands (1988), networks vary in their structure, in their composition, and in their interaction patterns A network structure includes the size, density, and segmentation, and network composition refers to the characteristics of the network members such as immediate family, extended family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers (Rands, 1988; Stokowski, 1988) The interaction, the last attribute of the social network, Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 477 can be described “in terms of its patterns of frequency or duration, its intensity, its symmetry, the diversity of interchanges, and the degree of partner goal facilitation (Rands, 1988, p 129) This study will examine the gender differences in people's social networks and leisure behavior Also, Korean old women's leisure behavior will be anaylized in terms of gender differences Ⅱ Gender Differences in Leisure and Travel Behavior Addressing the issue of the concept of leisure, Wearing and Wearing (1988) suggested that leisure conceptualized as time or activity alone poses problems for women Wearing (1984, quoted by Wearing & Wearing, 1988, p 114) found in a study with 150 Sydney suburban mothers with preschool children that more than half of the mothers said they would spend extra time in household chores and child care when they were asked how they spend the extra hours if they were free Subjects of the study did not consider themselves deserving of leisure time and did not want any extra hours in the day Therefore, although time is certainly a prerequisite for leisure, “ ‘free time’ or ‘non-work time’ is not equivalent to leisure” (Wearing & Wearing, 1988, p 114) Many leisure researchers have recognized gender differences in leisure patterns not because of biological reasons, but because of contextual reasons such as women’s inequality in society Henderson (1996) shares the view that women are disadvantaged in leisure when compared to males She has argued that “women share a common world in their inequality in leisure when compared to male privilege” (Henderson, 1996, p 140) According to Henderson (1990), “many women perceived themselves as family members first and individuals second” and their main leisure forms are social interactions, “many of which 478 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 include the family” (p 231) Henderson (1990, 1996) identified home as the most common place for women’s leisure and the idea of the home as the only perceived choice is a probable constraint for women’s leisure Henderson further suggested that many women not feel they are entitled to leisure due to the role obligations in their lives as mothers and wives Shaw (1985) has argued that there are status differences between males and females in society leading to an unequal access to leisure time She suggests that “although sexual differentiation does not necessarily imply sexual inequality, there is substantial evidence of the lower status of women in modern society in terms of such factors as income, political power, occupation, and education” (p 267) Therefore, she argues, “women would have less access to other resources” (p 267) and “the generated status of women in society relative to that of men needs to be taken into account, as the reasons for such status differences” (p 268) Csikszentmihalyi (1975) supports the contention that women are at a disadvantage in their access to and use of leisure He suggested that in American culture “chess has become so strongly sex-typed that it is very difficult for a young girl whatever potential skills she may have, to develop them early enough to become fully competitive with males” (p 70) For example, the male players in his study sample had learned the game at age ten on the average while the women had learned it when they were twice that age Also, “73 percent of the women reported that even now they play exclusively against males; 94 percent play chess with their husbands or boyfriends, and 81 percent said that their male companions are better players than they themselves are” (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975, pp 69-70) Csikszentmihalyi further suggested that men and women experience chess in different ways According to the results of his study, “Every item in the Friendship and Relaxation factor was rated higher (more similar to chess) by male players than by female players The same activity produces different levels of alienation and anxiety in the two sexes, probably because of the unequal Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 479 socialization and unequal conditions under which the game is played” (p 71) Henderson (1990) pointed out that an additional problem with defining leisure as activity is because previous research which identified the gender differences in leisure did not examine “why the differences may be occurring and what implications these differences have had” (p 232) She subsequently suggested that the conceptualization of leisure as meaningful experience was the most useful way to understand women’s leisure Some researchers have adopted feminism theory to explain women’s leisure as well as the gender differences in leisure Henderson and Rannells (1988) studied rural farm women to identify the meaning of work and leisure over their lifespan on the farm using a qualitative oral history method According to the results of the study, rural farm women showed quite different patterns and perceptions about work and leisure than men For example, work was often infused with other social and community responsibilities and lack of free time or leisure was not a problem for them That is, “These farm women found meaning and leisure through an integration of work, family, and community experiences” (Henderson & Rannells, 1988, p 41) In a study of barriers to leisure enjoyment as a function of lifecycle stages, Witt and Goodale (1981) identified gender differences in leisure barriers over the various family stages According to their results, “family obligation” which is considered a leisure barrier, “significantly increases and becomes less flexible for women, and to a much lesser degree for men, over this period [child-rearing]” (p 38) Also, there are gender differences in the limitation of “family and friends’ expectation” restricting women’s leisure much more than men’s leisure (Witt & Goodale, 1981) “Men appear freer to pursue a career, interests outside the home, or personal interests within the home than women” because of their lesser family expectations such as child-rearing (p 40) Unkel (1981) examined whether there are gender differences in participation 480 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 in physical recreation activities of college students He classified thirty activities into individual/dual, outdoor, and team activities, and analyzed total number of activities and number of participation days The study was based on the assumption that girls have an unequal position in participating in active sports compared to boys who are “strongly encouraged as well as supported through extensive provision of opportunities” (Unkel, 1981, p 4) According to the study, females participated in team sports and outdoor activities less than males Also, “the total decline with age [was] actually greater for males than for females, as younger males have higher participation rates than females” (p 18) Bruce and Johnson (1996) addressed the issue of gender differences in performance, risk, propensity and confidence in off-course horserace betting which is a popular leisure activity in the UK The results of their study showed that there was a “mild performance advantage for female over male bettors, contrary to the consensus among earlier work” (p 65) There has been a lack of gender studies in tourism because of the assumption that “tourists travel as couples or family groups with shared aspirations and objectives” (Breathnach et al, 1994, p 57) However, it is suggested that conflict rather than unity of purpose is quite common on family holidays and that family holidays is a common cause of marriage breakdown, with disagreements over preferred activities being an important contributory factor” (Breathnach et al., 1994, p 57) This implies that there are clear gender differences in tourists behavior Kinnaird et al (1994) proposed a conceptual approach to gender and tourism They suggested three gender-related issues to help understand tourism processes First, “tourism is a process that is constructed out of gendered societies and therefore all aspects of tourism-related development and activity embody gender relations (Kinnaird et al., 1994, p 5) Second, “gender relations both inform, and are informed, socially in a number of diverse and complex ways” such as economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 481 relations (p 5) These economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental relations are all part of the process of tourism development Third, “since tourism-related activity has become an important process of development, the social, economic, and political relations which result are part of overall issues of power and control These power relations can be articulated through race, class, or gender” (p 5) With the increasing attention to women in tourism, researchers and practitioners have begun to recognize women’s needs may be different from men’s, and practitioners such as hoteliers have tried to gain competitive advantage through catering to women business travelers (Gable & Sipkoff, 1987) For example, some distinctive features women want from hotels have been identified and led to the redesign of hotel rooms and retraining of staff (Gable & Sipkoff, 1987; Howell et al., 1993) Hopkins (1987, quoted by Howell et al., 1993, p 121) suggested that most females wanted improved locks or the addition of devices such as deadbolts and chains as well as well lit corridors, and room anonymity Also, women travelers stressed cleanliness of the bathroom and felt more secure when the hotel was clean Many hoteliers have retrained their staff “to help make women feel more comfortable in their establishments” (Gable & Sipkoff, 1987, p 129) For instance, “endearments such as ‘honey’ or ‘sweetheart’ are, obviously, unacceptable when addressing business women and are not used Clerks are also cautioned that the practice of calling room numbers aloud during the check in process is unacceptable” (Gable & Sipkoff, 1987, p 129) According to Gable and Sipkoff, the attitude of hotel personnel can contribute to a pleasant travel experience for women Given these findings and those of other researchers, it is not surprising that gender as an issue in leisure and tourism is now emerging as “a foundation for better understanding women’s, as well as men’s leisure” (Henderson, 1996, p 143) 482 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 Ⅲ Gender Differences in Social Networks The issue of gender difference in social networks has been studied with various themes and approaches Some researchers have addressed gender differences in social networks following marital separation and divorce (Rands, 1988), a different interpretation of closeness across gender (Hammer, 1984; Milardo, 1988), gender differences in close heterosexual relationships (Peplau & Gordon, 1985), and conjugal roles and social networks (Bott, 1955) Rands (1988) suggested three social network attributes which may lead to gender differences in their social networks According to Rands (1988), networks vary in their structure, in their composition, and in their interaction patterns A network structure includes the size, density, and segmentation, and network composition refers to the characteristics of the network members such as immediate family, extended family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers (Rands, 1988; Stokowski, 1988) The interaction, the last attribute of the social network, can be described “in terms of its patterns of frequency or duration, its intensity, its symmetry, the diversity of interchanges, and the degree of partner goal facilitation (Rands, 1988, p 129) In a study of recently divorced persons, Rands (1988) proposed that there were gender differences in social networks among divorced persons Rands found that after the separation, females reported “significantly fewer cross-sex ties and more same-sex ones, in part because there was a drop in the number of male associates for women while males continued to have about an equal tie with either sex” (p 136) Also, “after separation males identified significantly more cross-sex relationships than did females in their respective Top Eight networks” (Rands, 1988, p 136) “On the average, females’ confidence in their marriage’s durability waned before that of the males” (p 136) Rands also addressed the Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 483 issue of social networks and psychological well-being The results suggested that well-being of males was positively associated with network turnover For example, “To the extent that a male dropped his relationships with kin, married associates, and females, and established relationships with friends, especially unmarried male friends, his reports of well-being increased” while “for females, well-being after separation appeared to have little to with the degree of turnover of associates” (p 137) Females tend to be initiators of the separation more often than males and Rands’ study suggested that “Being the initiator had positive effects on respondents’ well-being at separation, especially for males” (p 138) For instance, “Men whose wife made the decision to separate reported the least happiness, lowest self-esteem, and most loneliness” while “men who themselves chose to separate rated most positively on those variables” (p 138) There are also gender differences in the interpretation of closeness (Hammer, 1984; Milardo, 1988) Gender differences in the interpretation of closeness may lead to the different identification of significant others because women may employ a more stringent criteria for assessing a relationships intimacy than men (Hammer, 1984; Milardo, 1988) Peplau and Gordon (1985) studied women and men in love and found gender differences in close heterosexual relationships They suggested that sex differences identified in the study provide “an important window into close relationships, shedding light on basic interpersonal processes” (p 258) Peplau and Gordon (1985) proposed six major issues in sex differences First, there are gender differences in what women and men want in relationships For example, men rated sex more important than love, women rated love more important than sex (Peplau & Gordon, 1985) Also, the sexes differed in their ratings of personal autonomy values Women were more likely than men to emphasize the importance of independence and equality (Peplau & Gordon, 1985) Another gender difference in what women and men want in relationships 484 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 is that “men put greater importance on a partner’s physical attractiveness and sex appeal than women” while “women consider ‘intelligence’ as more important than men” (Peplau & Gordon, 1985, p 260) Second, there are different patterns of falling in love between men and women There are gender differences in love ideologies and speed of falling in love (Peplau & Gordon, 1985) Men are apparently more romantic than women because “women were more likely than men to adopt ‘logical’ or ‘best friends’ approaches to love” while “men were more likely to be ‘romantics’ who believed in love at first sight or ‘game players’ who enjoyed flirtation” (Hatkoff & Lasswell, 1979, quoted by Peplau & Gordon, 1985, p 263) Peplau and Gordon (1985) also suggested that men tend to fall in love more readily than women Third, there are sex differences in same-sex friendship According to Peplau and Gordon (1985), “Throughout adult life, women often disclose more personal information to friends than man, and are more likely to say that they have an intimate, same-sex confident” (p 266) Also, women are “more likely to enjoy ‘just talking’ with their same-sex friends, and to say that talking helped form the basis of their relationship” and “wives sometimes disclose more than their husbands do” (Peplau & Gordon, 1985, p 266) Fourth, there are gender differences in interactional style Fishmen (1978, quoted by Peplau & Gordon, 1985, p 268; Rands & Levinger, 1979) found clear sex differences in the form of verbal interaction because “women asked questions three times more often than did their male partners” and women seemed to be more supportive of male speakers than vice versa using more “mm’s” and “oh’s” to indicate interest and attention Fifth, there are gender differences in the division of labor According to Peplau and Gordon (1985), “Men reported contributing more than women in instrumental areas” such as “providing money and being an intelligent and informed person” while “women reported contributing more in socioemotional Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 485 and homemaking areas” such as “showing affection, remembering special occasions, and doing housework” (p 268) Sixth, there are gender differences in power and decision-making because partners usually have sex typed areas of influence (Peplau & Gorden, 1985; Rands & Levinger, 1979) For example, “Boyfriends may have greater say about recreational activities, making decisions about how a couple spends their leisure time together” while “girlfriends may have more say about progress toward sexual intimacy in the relationship” (Peplau & Gordon, 1985, p 272) Also, “In marriage, husbands typically make decisions about their own job, the family car, and insurance” while “wives typically decide about meals, home decorating, and the family doctor” (Peplau & Gorden, 1985, p 272) Social network analysis is an easy and efficient way of visualizing the social networks as “systems of ‘nodes’ (either individual or corporate actors) linked by ‘ties’ (social relationships) in ‘networks’ (relational patterns) that have various structural configurations” (Stokowski & Lee, 1991, p 98) In a word, the social network analysis is “a set of procedures for mapping multiple interpersonal relationships for actors, and for analyzing the resulting structural patterns and regularities as they influence behavior” (Stokowski & Lee, 1991, p 98) It has been suggested that there are regularities in the social relationships activated for leisure (Stokowski & Lee, 1991) For example, Stokowski and Lee (1991) suggested that “relationships activated for leisure and recreation are likely to be affective, based on positive emotional interpersonal ties, and generally non-instrumental in nature” (p 98) Individual relational linkages in social network analysis are measured using “interactional criteria” including “relational content, frequency of communication, reciprocity, multiplicity, and intensity (strength) of ties” (Stokowski & Lee, 1991, p 98) Among interactional criteria, the strength of ties has been frequently used in social network analysis because it is often considered as a summary index (Stokowski & Lee, 1991) 486 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 The idea of the strength of weak ties was further examined in recreation settings in Stokowski and Lee’s study (1991) The results of their study show that weak ties are used for instrumental purposes such as “to gain access to primate forest lands for hunting, camping, and huckleberry and mushroom picking” (Stokowski & Lee, 1991, p 110) and strong ties are used for leisure sociability The data generated through social network analysis can be analyzed as interactional data and structural data For example, Stokowski and Lee (1991) examined gender differences in strongest network ties and found significant differences between male and female subjects The gender differences in strongest network ties is an example of interactional data of social network analysis Stokowski and Lee (1991) also tested whether social network ties are replicated in recreation and found that people tended to recreate with significant and intimate others Ⅳ Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture Park's study (1997) examined the gender differences of Korean older adults' travel behaviors and social networks According to the results of the study, the relationship between gender and the community social network strength of Korean older adults was addressed A sample of 100 Korean older adults who were 55 and over and had previous travel experience within the past year was selected by a snowball sampling method The researcher contacted four key informants in Chechon, South Korea who introduced subjects to the researcher In order to collect data, an in-depth interview, using a questionnaire as a guide, was adopted The topics addressed through the in-depth interview included: community social networks, pleasure travel behavior, types of travel information collected, and socio-demographic information An interview usually took between Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 487 40 minutes and an hour The researcher interviewed 50 males and 50 female older adults The results were worth noting because they were surprising Differences between males and females with respect to the strength of their social network ties Male subjects were inclined to report that their strong ties were with their immediate family Females, on the other hand, appeared to be split This finding was surprising because it was expected that females would have stronger ties to their immediate family Regarding relationship between gender and the community social network size of Korean older adults A significant relationship was discovered Females in the study were more inclined to have big networks while males were split in two groups: Almost half of them had a small network and the others had a big social network Whether there is gender differences exist or not, the relationship between community social network strength and pleasure travel behavior (e.g number of trips, length of trip, type of trip, and travel companions) of Korean older adults was examined Gender differences were found with respect to network strength and frequency of one-day trips Males with strong ties to their immediate family traveled less than female subjects in the same category of network strength For example, 71 percent of males traveled just once or twice while 70 percent of females traveled more than times Males with strong ties to their extended and immediate family traveled more frequently than females in the same group of network strength And females with strong network ties to their friends and immediate family tended to travel more frequently than males in the same category of network strength Regarding type of most recent trip, male subjects were found to exhibit significantly different travel patterns from female subjects Among males with 488 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 strong ties to their extended and immediate family, the majority (66.7%) preferred a family trip while the majority of females (64.3%) in the same category of network strength did a group tour Also, among males with strong network ties to their friends and immediate family, the vast majority (88.9%) did a group tour while all females (100%) in the same category of network strength did family travel Regarding travel companions, males showed different patterns from females Females who have strong ties to their extended and immediate family were more inclined to travel with friends and immediate family whereas males in the same category were likely to have traveled with their immediate family only To determine whether there were gender differences, the relationship between community social network size and pleasure travel behavior (e.g., number of trips, length of trip, type of trip, and travel companions) of Korean older adults was examined No differences were found Ⅴ Conclusions This study tried to analyze Korean women's travel behavior in comparison with Korean men's travel behavior This study also reviewed women's different leisure and travel behavior from men's Social Network Analysis has been referred to as an efficient Gender issues in leisure and travel have been an interesting issue among many researchers and have been addressed since the 1960s Among them, some interesting issues such as gender differences such as women ’s inequality in leisure, different experiences of leisure between males and females, and various leisure-based needs among women has been addressed by researchers like Henderson (1990, 1996), Henderson and Rannells (1988), and Wearing and Wearing (1988) whose study results give us important insights Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 489 This study has examined the gender differences in people's social networks and leisure behavior Also, Korean old women's leisure behavior was analyzed in terms of gender differences The relationship between gender and the community social network strength of Korean older adults was addressed in this study and the results were worth noting because they were surprising Differences between males and females with respect to the strength of their social network ties Male subjects were inclined to report that their strong ties were with their immediate family Females, on the other hand, appeared to be split This finding was surprising because it was expected that females would have stronger ties to their immediate family which shows different patterns from those lives in the U.S Regarding relationship between gender and the community social network size of Korean older adults A significant relationship was discovered Females in the study were more inclined to have big networks while males were split in two groups: Almost half of them had a small network and the others had a big social network Gender differences were found with respect to network strength and frequency of one-day trips Males with strong ties to their immediate family traveled less than female subjects in the same category of network strength Males with strong ties to their extended and immediate family traveled more frequently than females in the same group of network strength And females with strong network ties to their friends and immediate family tended to travel more frequently than males in the same category of network strength Males and females also show different travel patterns regarding travel type and travel companions For instance, the majority of males with strong ties to their extended and immediate family preferred a family trip while the majority of females in the category did a group tour With respect to travel companions, females were more likely to have traveled with their immediate family only This study analyzed structures of existing community relationships that 490 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 encourage recreation and tourism participation The Gye turned out to be an important social network structure of Korean older adults' travel behavior In the structure of Gyes, the secretary or the president plays an important role as a travel information provider as well as a travel organizer That is, these people were in the center of people's social networks in this study This finding has important implications for leisure and tourism culture in Korea because people in the center of a social network structure may be more influential than noncentral people in influencing decisions about community tourism experience Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 491 Bott, E (1955) Urban families: conjugal roles and social networks Human Relations, (4), 345-384 Bruce, A C., & Johnson, J E V (1996) Gender-baseddifferences in leisure behavior: performance, risk-taking and confidence in off-course betting Leisure Studies, 15 (1), 65-78 Burch, W R (1965) The play world of camping: research into the social meaning of outdoor recreation The American Journal of Sociology, 70, 604-612 Csikszentmihalyi, M (1975) Beyond boredom and anxiety San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Gable, M., & Sipkoff, S S (1987) A methodology for determining women business travelers' expectations of hotels and motels Journal of Professional Services Marketing, (1/2), 127-135 Granovetter, M (1973) The strength of weak ties American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380 Hammer, M (1984) Explorations into the meaning of social network interview data Social Network, 6, 341-371 Henderson, K A (1990) The meaning of leisure for women: an integrative review of the research Journal of Leisure Research, 22 (3), 228-243 Henderson, K A (1996) One size doesn't fit all: the meanings of women's leisure Journal of Leisure Research, 28 (3), 139-154 Henderson, K A., & Rannells, J S (1988) Farm women and the meaning of work and leisure: an oral history perspective Leisure Sciences, 10, 41-50 Howell, R A., Moreo, P J., & DeMicco, F J (1993) A qualitative analysis of hotel services desired by female business travelers Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 1(4), 115-132 Kinnaird, V., Kothari, U., & Hall, D (1994) Tourism: gender perspectives In V Kinnaird, & D Hall (Eds.), Tourism: a gender analysis (pp 1-34) 492 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 Chichester, England: John Wiley & Son Ltd Kleiber, D A (1980) Free time activity and psycho-social adjustment in college students: a preliminary analysis Journal of Leisure Research, 12 (3), 205-212 Milardo, R M (1988) Families and social networks: an overview of theory and methodology In R M Milardo (Ed.), Families and social networks (pp 13-47) Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Park, K (1997) Understanding the social network structure of Korean older adults' tourist behavior: A Preliminary Step in Tourism Development Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State Universit, State College Peplau, L A., & Gordon, S L (1985) Women and men in love: gender differences in close heterosexual relationships In V E O'Leary, R K Unger, & B S Wallston (Eds.), Women, gender, and social psychology (pp 257-291), Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Rands, M (1988) Changes in social networks following marital separation and divorce In R M Milardo (Ed.), Families and social networks (pp 127-146) Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Rands, M., & Levinger, G (1979) Implicit theories of relationship: an intergenerational study Journal of personality and social psychology, 37 (5), 645-661 Shaw, S M (1985) Gender and leisure: inequality in the distribution of leisure time Journal of Leisure Research, 17 (4), 266-282 Stokowski, P A (1988) A revised sociology of leisure: The social relationships and network structures of leisure behaviors Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle Stokowski, P A., & Lee, R G (1991) The influence of social network ties on recreation and leisure: an exploratory study Journal of Leisure Research, 23 (2), 95-113 Unkel, M B (1981) Physical recreation participation of females and males during the adult life cycle Leisure Sciences, 4, 1-27 Wearing, B., & Wearing, S (1988) Leisure Studies, 7, 111-123 Witt, P A., & Goodale, T L (1981) The relationships between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages Leisure Sciences, (1), 29-49 Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 493 Abstract Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture / Keun-Soo Park, Young-Kwan Lee The purpose of the study was to analyze Korean women's travel behavior in comparison with Korean men's travel behavior This study also reviewed women's different leisure and travel behavior from men's Social Network Analysis has been referred to as an efficient Gender issues in leisure and travel have been an interesting issue among many researchers and have been addressed since the 1960s The study results of researchers like Henderson (1990, 1996), Henderson and Rannells (1988), and Wearing and Wearing (1988) gave us important insights This study has examined the gender differences in people's social networks and leisure behavior Also, Korean old women's leisure behavior was analyzed in terms of gender differences Park's study (1997) was mainly quoted here to examine the gender differences of Korean older adults' travel behaviors and social networks A sample of 100 Korean older adults who were 55 and over and had previous travel experience within the past year was selected by a snowball sampling method Males and females also show different travel patterns regarding travel type and travel companions For instance, the majority of males with strong ties to their extended and immediate family preferred a family trip while the majority of females in the category did a group tour With respect to travel companions, females were more likely to have traveled with their immediate family only This study analyzed structures of existing community relationships that encourage recreation and tourism participation The Gye turned out to be an important social network structure of Korean older adults' travel behavior In the structure of Gyes, the secretary or the president plays an important role as a 494 韓國思想과 文化 第45輯 travel information provider as well as a travel organizer That is, these people were in the center of people's social networks in this study This finding has important implications for leisure and tourism culture in Korea because people in the center of a social network structure may be more influential than noncentral people in influencing decisions about community tourism experience Key words: Korean women's leisure, travel behavior, social network analysis, gender differences ... women in instrumental areas” such as “providing money and being an intelligent and informed person” while “women reported contributing more in socioemotional Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture. .. emotional interpersonal ties, and generally non-instrumental in nature” (p 98) Individual relational linkages in social network analysis are measured using “interactional criteria” including “relational... and Wearing and Wearing (1988) whose study results give us important insights Women's Leisure in Korean Social Culture 489 This study has examined the gender differences in people's social networks