HABITAT CONDITIONS AFFECTING BULL TROUT, SALVELINUS CONFLUENTUS, SPAWNING AREAS WITHIN THE YAKIMA RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON

HABITAT CONDITIONS AFFECTING BULL TROUT, SALVELINUS CONFLUENTUS, SPAWNING AREAS WITHIN THE YAKIMA RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Biology by Scott David Craig August, 1997 CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Scott David Craig Candidate for the degree of Master of SScience Biology APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY _August 7, 1997 Dr. Paul James, COMMITTEE CHAIR _ Dr. Kristina Ernest _ Dr. Douglas Reynolds _ ii Associate Dean of Graduate Studies iii ABSTRACT HABITAT CONDITIONS AFFECTING BULL TROUT, SALVELINUS CONFLUENTUS, SPAWNING AREAS WITHIN THE YAKIMA RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON BY SCOTT DAVID CRAIG August, 1997 This study was conducted in four reservoirs containing adfluvial bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, in the Yakima River Basin to quantify spawning habitat at three spatial scales. The goals were to 1) build a Geographic Information System database containing georeferenced redd (nest) locations with habitat and redd parameters; 2) quantify abiotic features within watersheds that may influence bull trout redd densities; 3) describe lotic stream reach features associated with spawners; 4) compare physical characteristics of redds within three levels of spawner density; and 5) estimate hatching and emergence timing of alevins Redd distributions indicate that spawners utilize upper sections of available habitat more than lower areas, especially in larger watersheds. Watershed area and baseflow discharge can be used to predict adfluvial bull trout redd counts within watersheds while redd densities among stream reaches were significantly correlated with thalweg components of overhead cover and depth. Hatching and emergence periods varied considerably among watersheds because of differences in spawning timing and water temperature during incubation iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The members of this genus (Salvelinus) are by far the most active and handsome of the trout, they live in the coldest, cleanest and most secluded waters. No higher praise can be given to a Salmonid than to say, it is a charr. (Jordan and Evermann, 1896) This project was not possible without the help of many people. I would like to thank my major advisor Dr. Paul W. James, for allowing me this opportunity to study this project and my committee members, Dr. Kristina Ernest and Dr. Douglas Reynolds for their help and guidance in writing the thesis. A grant from the Yakima Valley Conservation Club was instrumental in providing me with funds to buy much needed waders as well as other field supplies, their generosity also allowed me to attend a bull trout conference in Oregon. Scott Hoffer and Tina Mayo from the U.S. Forest Service provided many thermographs as well as some critical winter transportation in retrieving them! Redd surveys were organized by Eric Anderson and Jim Cummans from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Many thanks go to ARC/INFO guru, Ken Rauscher, for help with the redd database coverage which I hope will be used for future research/enhancement projects of bull trout in the Yakima River Basin. Most of all, I wish to thank Laurie Connell for helping me in every aspect of my graduate education. Your encouragement from beginning to end as well as countless hours in the field under extreme conditions made this thesis possible Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus v TABLE OF CONTENTS page I. INTRODUCTION II. STUDY AREAS Keechelus Lake Gold Creek Meadow Creek Coal Creek Kachess Lake 10 Box Canyon Creek 11 Mineral Creek 11 Gale Creek 11 vi Bumping Lake 12 Deep Creek 12 Bumping River 13 Rimrock Reservoir 13 Indian Creek 14 South Fork Tieton River 15 Bear Creek 15 Short & Dirty Creek 16 North Fork Tieton River 16 Clear Creek 17 III. METHODS and MATERIALS 18 vii Existing data sources 18 Data collection 21 Data analysis 24 Table of Contents (continued) IV. RESULTS 28 Redd counts and densities 28 Temporal redd distribution 31 Distribution of redds within watersheds 33 Watershed variables 39 Climatic conditions 44 Stream reach variables 46 Microhabitat (redd) characteristics viii 48 Estimated hatching/emergence periods 49 V. DISCUSSION 51 Redd counts and densities 51 Temporal redd distribution 52 Watershed variables 52 Stream reach variables 55 Microhabitat (redd) characteristics 57 Estimated hatching/emergence periods 59 Conclusions 60 VI. LITERATURE CITED 62 ix VII. APPENDIX 69 x VI. 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Bull trout life history and habitat study. Final report USFS, Deschutes National Forest. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. Oregon State University, Contract 4304GG91371. Corvalis, Oregon Goodwin, L. C., and Westley, R. E. 1967. Limnological survey of Kachess, Keechelus, and Cle Elum reservoirs. State of Washington, Department of Fisheries, Research Division, Contract No. 141700011539. Olympia, Washington. 73 p Gould, W. R. 1987. Features in the early development of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus ). Northwest Science. 61 (4):264268 Graham, P. J., Shepard, B. B., and Fraley, J. J. 1981. Use of stream habitat classifications to identify bull trout spawning areas in streams. Pages 186190 in N. B. Armantrout. Acquisition and utilization of aquatic habitat inventory information. American Fisheries Society, Portland, Oregon Heimer, J. T. 1965. A supplemental Dolly Varden spawning area. University of Idaho. Moscow, Idaho. Masters Thesis Hooper, D. R. 1973. Evaluation of the effects of flows on trout stream ecology. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Emeryville, California Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. 1896. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum. 47 1 1240 Keleher, C. J., and Rahel, F. 1996. Thermal limits to salmonid distribution in the Rocky Mountain region and potential habitat loss due to global warming: A geographic information system (GIS) approach. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 125 (1):113 Kondolf, G. M. 1994. Livestock grazing and habitat for a threatened species: landuse decisions under scientific uncertainty in the White Mountains, California, USA. Environmental Management. 18 (4):501509 Kondolf, M. G., and Wolman, G. M. 1993. The sizes of salmonid spawning gravels. Water Resources Research. 29 (7):22752285 70 Leary, R. F., Allendorf, F. W., and Forbes, S. H. 1993. Conservation genetics of bull trout in the Columbia and Klamath River drainages. Conservation Biology. 7 (4):856865 Leathe, S. E. 1980. 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R., and Bjornn, T. C. 1991. Salmonid distributions and life histories. Pages 4782 in Meehan, W. R. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication. Bethesda, Maryland Meisner, J. D. 1990. Effect of climatic warming on the southern margins of the native range of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis ). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 47 10651070 Meisner, J. D., Rosenfeld, J. S., and Regier, H. A. 1988. The role of groundwater in impact of climate warming on stream salmonies. Fisheries. 13 (38) Miller, J. F., Frederick, R. H., and Tracey, R. J. 1973. PrecipitationFrequency Atlas of the Western United States. Vol. IX. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Silver Spring, Maryland Mongillo, P. E. 1993. The distribution and status of bull trout/dolly varden in Washington state. Washington Department of Wildlife Fisheries Management Division, Report Number 9322. 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Selection of measures of substrate composition to estimate survival to emergence of salmonids and to detect changes in stream substrates. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. (11):339346 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Nominal and numeric redd densities by watershed stream reach Watershed Bear Box Canyon Box Canyon Coal Deep Deep Deep Deep Gale Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Gold Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Habitat Reach Length (km)** 1 1 1 0.93 1.24 1.27 2.82 1.21 0.75 1.03 2.64 2.65 0.95 0.56 3.79 2.74 0.28 0.95 1.24 0.71 3.85 0.90 2.14 0.18 0.48 0.53 Habitat Area (ha)** 0.41 1.22 1.18 N/A 0.73 0.40 0.55 1.68 1.16 0.81 0.31 1.78 2.08 0.11 0.61 0.82 0.29 2.42 0.37 1.11 0.06 0.15 0.30 Redds Redds Redds Nominal per per per Redd reach km Density 47 50.6 115.0 High 6.3 6.8 *** 34 7.5 45.5 12.4 85.2 Medium High 1.1 1.2 20 16 1.1 1.1 25.2 21.0 12.9 2.2 1.4 62.1 32.6 19.4 Low Low Low Low Medium Medium Medium 62 31 33 16 15 12 16.1 34.5 15.4 89.9 31.5 22.7 25.6 83.8 29.8 260.5 98.9 40.5 Low High Low High High Medium ** Wetted habitat length and area calculated from stream surveys *** Box Canyon reach 2 was not included in mesohabitat analysis 69 76 Appendix 1 (continued). Watershed Meadow Meadow Mineral Mineral Mineral SF Tieton SF Tieton SF Tieton SF Tieton SF Tieton SF Tieton SF Tieton Short & Dirty Bumping* Clear* NF Tieton* NF Tieton* NF Tieton* Habitat Reach Length (km)** 2 3 1 1 4.77 1.65 2.39 0.60 0.38 4.95 5.15 2.25 2.96 7.88 1.60 2.45 0.19 1.45 3.02 4.50 4.64 7.31 Habitat Area (ha)** 3.13 0.81 0.82 0.29 0.22 6.96 5.66 2.03 2.13 4.24 1.66 2.66 0.06 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Redds Redds Redds Nominal per per per Redd reach km Density 18 81 33 19 33 8.0 27.4 4.2 11.9 13.5 8.8 38.1 7.8 11.4 12.4 * Watersheds not used in macrohabitat analysis ** Wetted habitat length and area calculated from stream surveys Low High Low Medium Medium 77 Appendix 2. Baseflow, peakflow, minimum 7day summer water temperatures and mean values of physicalchemical water parameters from study watersheds in 1996 Watershed Bear Box Canyon Coal Deep Gale Gold Indian Meadow Mineral S F Tieton Short & Dirty Bumping* Clear* NF Tieton* * ** pH mV NTU N/A Base Peak Min. 7day Max Flow Flow Summer Temp pH ** ** (oC) (oC) mV NTU 0.007 0.30 0.003 0.23 0.002 0.22 0.008 0.32 0.002 0.24 0.012 0.95 0.015 0.13 0.003 0.11 0.005 0.22 0.012 0.06 0.002 0.09 0.007 N/A 0.021 0.14 0.018 0.15 200 222 199 215 225 212 202 193 205 193 197 214 196 193 10.0 13.0 16.0 7.6 14.6 12.0 8.0 13.5 12.5 10.1 11.0 11.8 6.0 9.4 12.5 15.9 21.9 9.7 18.6 14.8 10.0 17.0 20.1 13.9 13.9 15 7.5 12.8 Watersheds not used in macrohabitat analysis Discharge units (m3 sec 1 km 2) Hydrogen ion concentration Conductivity, measured in milivolts DC Turbidity, measured in nephelometric turbidity units Data not available 7.8 7.7 7.4 7.6 6.9 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.8 8.1 7.5 7.6 7.8 1.0 0.3 3.4 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.3 1.3 0.3 0.4 5.1 78 Appendix 3. Road density, mean annual precipitation and percentage of watershed in three rainonsnow category areas Road Watershed density (km km 2) Bear Box Canyon Coal Deep Gale Gold Indian Meadow Mineral S F Tieton Short & Dirty Bumping* Clear* NF Tieton* 0.54 0.63 2.59 0.27 2.30 0.39 0.20 3.66 0.74 0.82 0.97 0.01 0.47 0.19 Mean Precip (cm yr 1) 167 197 259 194 185 251 167 249 204 150 108 229 185 194 Mean Highland Snow ROS Elev Zone dominant dominant (m) ** (%) *** (%) *** (%) *** 1683 1190 1000 1526 1156 1252 1451 1098 1224 1535 1561 1430 1404 1500 85 58 21 76 52 67 78 31 57 62 61 75 74 67 * Watersheds not used in macrohabitat analysis ** Mean watershed elevation ***Highland, snow and peak rainonsnow (ROS) dominant areas 15 37 79 24 43 33 20 69 31 38 39 25 26 33 12 79 Appendix 4. Drainage density, total channel length and stream order percentage of study watersheds Watershed Bear Box Canyon Coal Deep Gale Gold Indian Meadow Mineral SF Tieton Short Dirty Bumping* Clear* NF Tieton* Drainage Density 0.97 1.37 1.07 0.75 2.17 0.95 0.49 1.03 1.00 1.18 1.02 0.62 0.59 1.14 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Total Channel Order Order Order Order (km) (%) (%) (%) (%) 16.4 43.4 15.2 46.0 36.4 33.9 24.7 22.5 28.5 223.1 27.1 120.2 27 43.6 * Watersheds not used in macrohabitat analysis 57 65 76 66 52 66 46 62 72 64 62 56 51 64 26 21 11 14 24 41 38 25 19 27 22 30 21 17 14 13 20 25 24 13 11 19 18 15 12 80 Appendix 5. Percentage of USFS landtype associations in each watershed Watershed A (%) B (%) Bear Box Canyon Coal Deep Gale Gold Indian Meadow Mineral S F Tieton Short & Dirty Bumping* Clear* NF Tieton* 51.0 40.5 4.0 16.9 21.8 73.9 1.7 23.1 19.9 55.1 12.3 8.9 15.1 78.6 24.8 37.7 17.6 56.1 28.5 17.6 32.8 22.5 44.9 88.7 37.1 C1 (%) 9.4 6.9 40.4 9.4 3.8 16.8 74.8 6.1 50.3 78.2 0.7 C (%) F1 (%) H (%) J (%) L (%) 16.5 32.8 66.9 59.9 0.3 3.8 0.1 7.1 0.1 3.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.8 22.2 10.6 35.7 3.5 3.4 0.1 4.7 * Watersheds not used in macrohabitat analysis A. B. C1 C. F1. H. J. L Glacial cirques Glacial troughs not mantled by pumice Glaciated mountain slopes underlain by soft, incompetent bedrocks Glaciated mountain slopes underlain by hard, competent bedrocks Structurally controlled mountain slopes underlain by andesite, basalt, and rhyolite Stream bottoms Landslides Lakes ... Associate Dean of Graduate Studies iii ABSTRACT HABITAT? ?CONDITIONS? ?AFFECTING BULL? ?TROUT,? ?SALVELINUS? ?CONFLUENTUS, SPAWNING? ?AREAS? ?WITHIN? ?THE? ?YAKIMA? ?RIVER? ?BASIN,? ?WASHINGTON BY SCOTT DAVID CRAIG August, 1997... This study was conducted in four reservoirs containing adfluvial? ?bull? ?trout,? ? Salvelinus? ?confluentus,? ?in? ?the? ?Yakima? ?River? ?Basin to quantify? ?spawning? ?habitat? ?at three spatial scales. ? ?The? ?goals were to 1) build a Geographic Information System ... climate of watersheds have yet to be correlated with? ?bull? ?trout? ?spawning? ?areas? ?within? ? the? ?state of? ?Washington. ? ?The? ?diverse climate and geomorphology of? ?the? ?Eastern Cascades of central? ?Washington? ?provide a plethora of? ?conditions? ?from which to seek

Tiêu đề	Habitat Conditions Affecting Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus, Spawning Areas Within The Yakima River Basin, Washington
Tác giả	Scott David Craig
Người hướng dẫn	Dr. Paul W. James, Committee Chair, Dr. Kristina Ernest, Dr. Douglas Reynolds
Trường học	Central Washington University
Chuyên ngành	Biology
Thể loại	thesis
Năm xuất bản	1997
Thành phố	Ellensburg

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