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Simultaneous Prompting Running head: SIMULTANEOUS PROMPTING How to Use Simultaneous Prompting Robert Pennington University of Kentucky Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting Table of Contents Key words Lists of Steps for Effective Implementation Introduction Designing a Simultaneous Prompting Instructional Program Step one: Identify the task direction or natural stimulus Step two: Identify the controlling prompt Step three: Identify the number of training and probe trials Step four: Select a data collection system for monitoring student’s performance Step five: Select a consequent event to be delivered contingent upon each potential response 11 Step six: Monitor performance and make adjustments as needed 13 Step seven: Program for generalization and maintenance 14 Sample Simultaneous Prompting Program 15 Simultaneous Prompting Planning Template 18 Timeline of Simultaneous Prompting Implementation 19 Test your Knowledge 20 References 22 Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting Key Words Systematic instruction Daily probe trials Task direction Prompted correct Intermittent reinforcement Response prompting Training trials Controlling prompts No response Error correction Simultaneous prompting Naturally occurring events Unprompted correct Continuous reinforcement Target stimulus Steps for Effective Implementation of Simultaneous Prompting Step One Identify the task direction or natural stimulus Step Two Identify the controlling prompt Step Three Identify the number of training and probe trials Step Four Select a data collection system for monitoring student performance Step Five Select a consequent event to be delivered contingent upon each potential response Step Six Monitor performance and make adjustments as needed Step Seven Program for generalization and maintenance Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting Introduction The department of special education and rehabilitation counseling at the University of Kentucky has a long tradition in the research and promotion of systematic instruction for students with disabilities. Systematic instruction is a direct instruction approach based on the principles of applied behavior analysis and encompasses a wide breadth of instructional strategies. Researchers at the University of Kentucky have evaluated one of these instructional strategies, response prompting, extensively. Response prompting strategies are near errorless teaching strategies that require an instructor to prompt a student’s performance of a targeted behavior and then systematically fade the prompt. These strategies include graduated guidance, system of least prompts, most to least prompting, time delay, antecedent prompt and test, antecedent prompt and fade, and simultaneous prompting. Of these strategies, simultaneous prompting is considered to be the most recently established in the research literature. Dr. John Schuster conceptualized simultaneous prompting after observing a phenomenon that occurred frequently during instruction using another response prompting strategy, time delay. At the onset of time delay instruction, an instructor delivers a controlling prompt simultaneously with a stimulus intended to cue the student to respond (target stimulus). The instructor then fades the prompt by inserting a time interval between the target stimulus and delivery of the controlling prompt. Schuster noticed that students often acquired the desired response before the time interval was inserted. He subsequently developed and evaluated the simultaneous prompting strategy. Simultaneous prompting is similar to the previously developed antecedent prompt and test strategy, but differs in two distinct features. First, a controlling prompt or a prompt that ensures the performance of a target response is always used during Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting simultaneous prompting. Second, daily probe trials are conducted prior to instructional trials to assess the transfer of stimulus control (learning). When using simultaneous prompting, the instructor delivers the target stimulus (e.g., touch the _, read) immediately (simultaneously) followed by a controlling prompt. The learner performs the desired response and the teacher immediately delivers reinforcement (e.g., edible, praise, token) Simultaneous prompting has been demonstrated to be effective in variety of instructional contexts (Schuster & Morse, 2004). It has been used to teach discrete (i. e., sight word reading, defining science terms, number identification) and chained (i. e., making juice, opening a keyed lock, leisure skills) tasks to individuals ranging from preschool age to adulthood. It has also been used to teach students with severe to mild disabilities and has been effective during the instruction of individuals without disabilities. Simultaneous prompting has been demonstrated to be effective during one to one, small group, and large group instructional arrangements. Simultaneous prompting has also been compared to other response prompting strategies. A few research teams have compared simultaneous prompting to constant time delay instruction. Researchers consistently found that both procedures were effective but that neither was more efficient across participants (Kurt & TekinIftar, 2008). A benefit of using simultaneous prompting is that it may be easier to implement than time delay in that it does not require a shift in teacher behavior during the shift from 0second to delay trials. Simultaneous prompting has also been compared to the antecedent prompt and test procedure. Singleton, Schuster, Morse, and Collins (1998) found that both simultaneous prompting and antecedent prompt and test procedures were effective during the instruction of grocery sight words. Antecedent prompt and test was more efficient in terms of instructional Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting time, sessions to criterions, and number of errors, but simultaneous prompting generally resulted in better maintenance and generalization The purpose of this manual is to provide a “how to” guide for using the simultaneous prompting strategy. After reading this manual, the reader will; Be able to describe the history of simultaneous prompting Be able to describe simultaneous prompting Be able to design a simultaneous instructional program Be able to teach a skill using simultaneous prompting Designing a Simultaneous Prompting Instructional Program This section of the manual describes the seven steps for developing, implementing, and evaluating the efficacy of simultaneous prompting instructional programs. It is assumed that the reader has the following prerequisite skills; a) conducting preference assessments or identifying reinforcers, b) student skill assessment, c) scheduling instruction, d) accessing and maintaining student attention during instruction, e) delivering instruction on discrete and chained tasks, f) collecting and graphing instructional data, and g) analyzing data and making necessary changes to instruction. Step One: Identifying the Task Direction or Natural Stimulus The development of any instructional program requires the identification of a target antecedent stimulus (also referred to as the discriminative stimulus) that will elicit the performance of a target response. Two types of target stimuli may be used to elicit student responding. The first, naturally occurring events, are those stimuli related to an individual’s environment or internal states. For example, the presence of hunger and the close proximity to a vending machine may elicit an individual’s request for food. This information may lead a teacher to schedule instructional trials during a lunch break within an employee lounge at a vocational Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting work site. It is critical that teachers determine naturally occurring stimuli that may signal student responding to increase the utility and maintenance of target responses A second type of target stimuli that is used to elicit student responding is referred to as task directions. Task directions are useful when teaching prerequisite skills for which naturally occurring events may not exist. They may also be useful when naturally occurring stimuli may not present enough opportunities for the student to learn targeted skills. Task directions may be delivered in different forms and may include questions (e.g., “How many?”), commands (e.g., “Match.”), or nonverbal stimulus presentations (e.g., presenting a card depicting the word “exit”). It is important to note that some individuals have a limited repertoire of listener skills, and may require that their instructors use an abbreviated and consistent task direction during instructional trials. For example, a teacher may use the command “match” instead of saying, “find the one that looks the same”. When developing an instructional program the teacher must determine whether a task direction, naturally occurring event, or both will be used to signal the student to respond. Step Two: Identifying a Controlling Prompt Prior to using simultaneous prompting, the instructor must identify a controlling prompt. A controlling prompt is a form of assistance that ensures that the learner makes a correct response. The research indicates that a variety of different controlling prompts have been used successfully during simultaneous prompting (Morse & Schuster, 2004). Generally, a teacher should consider the least intrusive prompt that ensures a correct response. Two other considerations are using prompts that have been previously effective in teaching similar skills to students and matching the characteristics of the prompt to the targeted skill (e.g., verbal model Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting for oral reading). Since only one controlling prompt is used during simultaneous prompting, an instructor should ensure that the selected prompt is indeed a controlling prompt. The instructor should present several trials in which the controlling prompt is used to determine if it effective in ensuring the correct performance of the target response. Below is a list of the types of prompts Gestural. Gestural prompts are nonverbal behaviors that involve body movements that provide information to a learner. These types of prompts may involve facial expression, hand movement, or body positioning. Verbal. Verbal prompts are any vocal behaviors that provide information to the learner. Wolery, Ault, and Doyle (1992) suggested that there are at least five types of verbal prompts that include; “a) telling students how to do the behavior, b) tell them how to do a part of the behavior, c) give them a rule to use, d) provide them with hints or indirect verbal information, and e) provide them with verbal options (p. 39).” In addition, verbal prompts may by presented using recorded or digital voice output. Pictorial. Pictorial prompts are written, pictured, or photographed stimuli that provide information to the learner. These may also include pictures presented via technology Model. Model prompts consist of any demonstration of the target behavior performed correctly. This type of prompt also includes video modeling of targeted responses Partial physical. Partial physical prompts involve physical contact with the student but do not involve controlling the student’s movements. Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting Full physical. Full physical prompts involve the full control of the learner’s movements. Typically, these prompts require instructors to place their hands over a student’s hands as they guide him/her through the movements Step 3: Identify the Number of Training and Probe Trials Instructors must decide prior to instruction the number of trials that will presented on each stimulus during training and probe conditions. These numbers of trials should remain constant unless it is determined through progress monitoring that an adjustment should be made. During probe conditions, enough trials should be presented to accurately assess student performance but to avoid multiple opportunities to commit errors. In the research literature, instructors have presented between 1 and 3 trials per stimuli. During training conditions, the instructor should present enough trials to ensure sufficient practice on the correct performance of the targeted skill, but not enough to lose student attention. Generally, as the number of stimuli taught at one time increases, the number of trials per stimuli should decrease. Step 4: Select a Data Collection System for Monitoring Students’ Performance Teachers must plan for, record, and monitor data to assess the acquisition of targeted responses. Generally, teachers should develop a data collection system to effectively record correct, incorrect, and no responses. In simultaneous prompting, the teacher needs only to record student responses during probe trials because it is assumed that the student can only make correct responses during training trials. The teacher should note when the Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 10 student is making errors during training, as it indicates that a different controlling prompt should be used When using simultaneous prompting, three types of student responses may occur (i.e., unprompted corrects, unprompted incorrect, or no responses). Unprompted correct responses are defined as the independent performance of a targeted response within a specified response interval. Unprompted incorrect responses are defined as responses that are topographically dissimilar from the targeted responses or responses not completed within the specified response interval. Instructors should record “no response” when the student does not initiate a response within the response interval Data collection sheets are used to record student data during simultaneous prompting. Teacher preference is an important consideration when choosing a data sheet to use, but generally, any data sheet for simultaneous prompting should include situational information (i.e., student’s name, skill, date, stimuli being taught, and response interval), a record of the student’s response, and summary information (i.e., session length, percentage or number of each type of response)(Wolery, Ault, & Doyle, 1992). Below are examples of a blank and completed simultaneous prompting data sheet. NOTE: When using a data sheet with a single column for stimuli and multiple columns for student response, it is important to remember that the presentation of the stimuli must vary from session to session Sample Data Sheet Name: _ Date: _ Instructor: Program: _ Response interval: Stimuli/Date / / Pennington, (2008) / / / / / / / / Simultaneous Prompting 11 10 %/# NR %/# Errors %/# Correct Name: Melinda Ault Dates:_1/61/17 Instructor: Ms. Griffen _ Program: Sight word reading Response interval: _5s Stimuli/Date 1 Blue 2 Red 3 Yellow 4 Blue 5 Yellow 6 Red 7Yellow 8 Blue 9 Red 10 %/# NR %/# Errors %/# Correct 1/6 1/7 NR NR + NR NR NR NR NR NR 1/8 NR + + 4 1/9 + + + + + 1/10 + + NR + + + 1/13 + + + + + + + 1/14 + + + + + + 1/15 + + + + + + + + 1/16 + + + + + + + + + 1/17 + + + + + + + + + 5 0 0 Step 5: Select a Consequent Event to be Delivered Contingent upon each Potential Response To increase and maintain student responding and to provide feedback on their performance, an instructor must plan and schedule consequent events. Consequent events are those planned actions that immediately follow a student’s response. There are two decisions an Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 12 instructor must make when determining consequent events during simultaneous prompting instruction. First, the instructor must consider what consequent events will occur following each type of student response. Second, he/she must determine the schedule with which the student will contact the consequent event following a type of response Correct responses. When using simultaneous prompting, instructors should reinforce all prompted (i.e. probe trials) and unprompted corrects (i.e., training trials) on a continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF), that is, every correct response should be immediately followed by the delivery of a reinforcer. Once the student performs responses correctly on approximately 100% of probe trials, the instructor should then slowly start to fade reinforcement. For example, after 2 days of performance at criterion, an instructor might reinforce the student on an intermittent schedule by delivering reinforcement on an average of every three correct responses The use of intermittent reinforcement schedules is critical to the maintenance of student responses, as most responses do not result in consistent reinforcement in natural environments Error responses. In simultaneous prompting, errors can be made during training and probe trials. When errors are made during training trials, the instructor should reassess the effectiveness of the controlling prompt. A key feature of simultaneous prompting is that during training, students are not given the opportunity to make errors During probe trials, two types of errors can occur: unprompted errors and “no responses.” Unprompted errors are student responses that are topographically dissimilar to the targeted response or a response that is not completed within the response interval. “No responses” are recorded when a student does not initiate a response within the response interval. A variety of consequent events have been used during simultaneous prompting and include: Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 13 During instruction on chained tasks, the instructor interrupted the error and completed the step so it may serve as an antecedent for the next step (Fetko, Schuster, Harley, & Collins, 1999; Schuster & Griffen, 1993) The teacher ignored the incorrect response and presented the next trial (Fickel, Schuster, & Collins, 1998; Palmer, Collins, & Schuster, 1999; Singleton, Morse, & Schuster, 1999) The teacher provided error correction by stating ”No, the word is . Say, _.” (Johnson, Schuster, & Bell, 1996). Only one study has compared the use of different consequent events. Johnson, Schuster, and Bell (1998) compared ignoring and error correction during the instruction of science vocabulary words and determined that both were effective, but that error correction resulted in fewer trials to criterion. Generally, two major considerations should be used when selecting consequents for errors. First, the consequent event should be minimally aversive to the student. Instruction should not result in student frustration or problem behavior. Second, incorrect responses should receive less attention than correct responses. Step Six: Monitor Performance and Make Adjustments as Needed Instructors should monitor data throughout the delivery of instruction to determine the efficacy of their instructional program and to determine what adjustments, if any, should be made to instructional procedures. Instructors should plot data on a line graph so that changes in student performance or a lack thereof can be easily observed through visual inspection. Browder, Liberty, Heller, and D’Huyvetters (1986) suggested that instructors should use specified guidelines or rules for determining when a student is making adequate progress and when the instructional program needs adjustment. They constructed and evaluated a set of guidelines for Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 14 use while teaching students with disabilities that included; a) instructors should review student data every 2 weeks and each twoweek data set should contain a minimum of six data points, b) if a student has met criterion within 2 weeks, the instructor should develop a plan for maintenance and generalization, c) if a student has made no progress for a total of 4 weeks, then the instructor should rewrite the instructional plan to focus on a simpler version of the skill, d) if a student’s data trend is accelerating by at least 5%, the instructor should continue with instruction, e) if the student’s data trend is flat or not accelerating by at least 5%, the instructor should makes change to their antecedent stimulus presentation or prompting strategies, and f) if the student’s data trend is decelerating, the instructor should adjust their reinforcement strategies Instructors can use phase means to determine whether a data trend is accelerating or decelerating To determine a phase mean, add the total values of the data points and divide by the number of data points Baseline Pennington, (2008) Training Simultaneous Prompting 15 For example, in the graphed data set above the baseline phase mean was 15% (60/4) and training phase mean was 29% (29/10). These data indicate that the student made a 14% increase and is making sufficient progress with the current instructional program The importance of graphing instructional data cannot be overstated. Researchers have demonstrated that the graphing behavior alone can positively impact student progress. In addition, graphing provides the instructor with immediate information about a student’s ongoing behavior, a conservative measure of behavior change, and a tool for clearly communicating an individual’s progress to others. Step Seven: Program for Generalization and Maintenance Finally, a teacher must plan for the generalization and maintenance of the targeted skill. Though the acquisition of targeted skills is certainly critical, it is the functional application of those skills that should be every teacher’s ultimate goal. In their seminal article, Stokes and Baer (1977) listed eight ways to promote generalization that included a) sequential modification, b) introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies, c) train sufficient exemplars, d) train loosely, e) use indiscriminable contingencies, f) program common stimuli, g) mediate generalization, and h) train to generalize. It is also important to consider using general case programming during instruction, that is, using exemplars that sample the range of all possible stimuli. For example, when teaching the concept “dog”, a teacher may present examples of dogs that would sample the range of dog types. (i.e., chihuahua, bulldog, border collie, mastiff, newfoundland). An instructor should also consider strategies that promote the maintenance. These strategies include a) teaching functional/meaningful skills, b) thinning schedules of reinforcement, c) using natural reinforcers, and d) providing frequent opportunities to practice Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 16 the skill. It is important to note that a small amount of time spent in planning for maintenance and generalization will likely reduce the need for time to be spent in the future reteaching lost skills Sample Simultaneous Prompting Program Miguel is a 7 year old male with autism who is learning to count out a subset of objects from a larger set of objects. Miguel has mastered rote counting and one to one correspondence, but his teacher Mr. Stenhoff has determined that counting out a subset is a necessary functional skill as it is required in many contexts (e.g., money handling, toy play, more complex math skills) Step One: Identify the Task Direction or Natural Stimulus Since the skill is often embedded within an exchange (e.g., handing money to a cashier, a peer asking for two yellow blocks) in applied settings, Mr. Stenhoff decided that he will use the task direction, “Give me _” during instruction. Step Two: Identify the Controlling Prompt Mr. Stenhoff decided that since his student has a history of prompt dependency, a minimally invasive prompt should be used. He also knows that Miguel does not perform well during tasks that require imitation. He decided to use a gestural prompt by pointing from each object to the palm of his hand as the student counts Step Three: Identify the Number of Training and Probe Trials Mr. Stenhoff noticed that Miguel had performed better on previous instructional tasks when only 3 to 4 stimuli were presented at a time during instruction. He decided that he would Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 17 present 3 stimuli, three times each during each training trial, and two times each during daily probes. Additionally, Mr. Stenhoff planned that he would provide two days of training at the onset of instruction without conducting daily probes due to the difficulty of the new skill. Step Four: Select a Data Collection System for Monitoring Students’ Performance Mr. Stenhoff decided to deliver instruction in a 1:1 format so he will use the data sheet depicted on pg. 10. He will write the stimuli in mixed order in the column listed as stimuli. In the response column he will record correct, incorrect, or no responses. After each instructional session he will record the total number of unprompted corrects and place a corresponding data point on a line graph Step Five: Select a Consequent Event to be Delivered Contingent upon each Potential Response Mr. Stenhoff decided to give descriptive verbal praise (i.e., Good job, you gave me _) for all correct responses. He also selected to ignore all errors and no responses due to the student’s previous history in aggressing in response to error correction. Step Six: Monitor Performance and Make Adjustments as Needed As stated above, Mr. Stenhoff decided to plot the number of unprompted corrects each day on a line graph. He will evaluate the efficacy of his instructional procedures, through visual inspection, at least every 2 weeks and make decisions based on changes or the absence of change in his graphed data. Step Seven: Program for Generalization and Maintenance Mr. Stenhoff decided that he would promote generalization by using a variety of objects during instruction. In addition, he decided that he would embed opportunities to count out a subset within naturally occurring activities (i.e., lunch time, calendar). To promote maintenance Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting Mr. Stenhoff decided that, upon meeting criterion on each stimulus set, he would present additional trials using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement Simultaneous Prompting Planning Template The following template will assist an instructor in the development of an SP program. Simultaneous Prompting Planning sheet Student Name: Date Started _ InstructionalArrangement Location Time of Day Program Name: Target student response Pennington, (2008) 18 Simultaneous Prompting 19 Response interval: _ Target antecedent stimulus (Task directive or naturally occurring stimulus) _ Controlling prompt _ Number of stimuli taught at a time Trials per stimuli: Probe Training: Consequent events Unprompted and prompted correct: _ Unprompted errors: _ No response _ Generalization/Maintenance Timeline of Simultaneous Prompting Skill assessment Assess controlling prompt Determine target stimulus, # number of trials per stimuli, consequent events, and response interval Conduct preference assessment Pennington, (2008) Implementation Select skills that are useful in current and future environments Prior to beginning instruction Preference assessments should be conducted often (preferably before each session) Simultaneous Prompting Conduct baseline First day/days present training only 20 Minimum of three data points S Start daily probe + training trials Analyze data every 2 weeks Make adjustments when necessary Use Browder et al’s (1986) guidelines Student reaches criterion Program for generalization/ maintenance Introduce new set of stimuli Test Your Knowledge 1. At what institution was simultaneous prompting developed? 2. Simultaneous prompting was developed following the observation of a phenomenon that occurred during what response prompting procedure? 3. Which two types of antecedent stimuli can be used during instruction to elicit student responding? 4. When do daily probes occur when using simultaneous prompting? Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 21 5. What three possible responses can a student make during probe trials? 6. responses should receive less reinforcement than responses. 7. A key feature of simultaneous prompting is that during training trials students are not given the opportunity to make _ 8. If a student is making errors during training trials, then it is obvious that the teacher is not using a 9. Researchers have used between 1 and probe trials per stimuli during simultaneous prompting training 10. During general case programming, an instructor uses examples that of stimuli 11. List three ways to promote maintenance during instruction. 12. (True or False) Simultaneous prompting is more effective than constant time delay. 13. (True or False) When teaching a new set of stimuli, instructors should use a continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF). 14. (True or False) The acquisition of new skills should be the ultimate goal of every teacher 15. (True or False) During simultaneous prompting, both prompted and unprompted correct responses are reinforced Answey Key: University of Kentucky Time delay Naturally occurring events & task directions Before training trials Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 22 Unprompted correct, unprompted incorrect, & no response Incorrect & correct Errors Controlling prompt 10 Sample the range 11 Increase opportunities to respond, thin reinforcement, teach functional skills, use natural reinforcers 12 False 13 True 14 False (generalization/application) 15 True References Akmonaglu, N., & Batu, S. (2004). Teaching pointing to numerals to individuals with autism using simultaneous prompting. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 39(4), 326336. Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 23 AkmanogluUludag, N. & Batu, S. (2005). Teaching naming relatives to individuals with autism using simultaneous prompting. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 40(4), 401410 Birkan, B. (2005). Using simultaneous prompting for teaching various discrete tasks to students with mental retardation. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities. 40(1), 6879 Browder, D. M. (2001). Curriculum and assessment for students with moderate and severe disabilities. New York: Guilford Press Browder, D. M., Liberty, K., Heller, M. & D’Huyvetters, K. (1986). Selfmanagement to improve teachers’ instructional decisions. Professional School Psychology, 1(3), 165 175 Colozzi, G. A., Ward, L. W., & Crotty, K. E. (2008). Comparison of simultaneous prompting procedure in 1:1 and small group instruction to teach play skills to preschool students with pervasive developmental disorder and developmental disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 43(2), 226248 Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, H. L. (2007). Applied Behavior Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Fetko, K. S., Schuster, J. W., Harley, D. A., & Collins, B. C. (1999). Using simultaneous prompting to teach a chained vocational task to young adults with severe intellectual disabilities. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 34(3), 318329 Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 24 Fickel, K. M., Schuster, J. W., & Collins, B. C. (1998). Teaching different tasks using different stimuli in a heterogeneous small group. Journal of Behavioral Education, 8(2), 219244 Gibson, A. N., & Schuster, J. W. (1992). The use of simultaneous prompting for teaching expressive word recognition to preschool children. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 12(2), 247267. Griffen, A. K., Schuster, J. W., & Morse, T. (1998). The acquisition of instructive feedback: A comparison of continuous versus intermittent presentation schedules. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 33(1), 4261 Johnson, P., Schuster, J. W., & Bell, J. K. (1996). Comparison of simultaneous prompting with and without error correction in teaching science vocabulary words to high school students with mild disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 6(4), 437458 Kurt, O., & TekinIftar, E. (2008). A comparison of constant time delay and simultaneous prompting within embedded instruction on teaching leisure skills to children with autism Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 28, 5364 Morse, T. E., & Schuster, J. W. (2004). Simultaneous prompting: A review of literature. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 39(2), 153168 Palmer, T., Collins, B. C., & Schuster, J. W. (1999). The use of a simultaneous prompting procedure to teach receptive manual sign identification to adults with disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 11(2) 179191 Riesen, T., McDonnell, J., Johnson, J. W., Polychronis, S., & Jameson, M. (2003). A comparison of constant time delay and simultaneous prompting within embedded instruction in Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous Prompting 25 general education classes with students with moderate to severe disabilities. Journal of Behavioral Education, 12(4), 241259 Schuster, J. W., & Griffen, A. K. (1993). Teaching a chained task with a simultaneous prompting procedure. Journal of Behavioral Education, 3(3), 299315 Singleton, D., Schuster, J. W., & Morse, T. E. (1999). A comparison of antecedent prompt and test and simultaneous prompting procedures in teaching grocery words to adolescents with mental retardation. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 34(2), 182199 Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M. (1977). An implicit technology of generalization. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 349367 TekinIftar, E., Acar, G., & Kurt, O. (2003). The effects of simultaneous prompting on teaching expressive identification of objects: An instructional feedback study. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 50(2), 149167 Wolery, M., Ault, M. J., & Doyle, P. M. (1992). Teaching students with moderate and severe handicaps: Use of response prompting strategies. New York: Longman Pennington, (2008) ... The purpose of this manual is? ?to? ?provide a ? ?how? ?to? ?? guide for using the? ?simultaneous? ? prompting strategy. After reading this manual, the reader will; Be able? ?to? ?describe the history of? ?simultaneous? ?prompting Be able? ?to? ?describe? ?simultaneous? ?prompting... prompt or a prompt that ensures the performance of a target response is always used during Pennington, (2008) Simultaneous? ?Prompting simultaneous? ?prompting. Second, daily probe trials are conducted prior? ?to? ?instructional trials? ?to? ? assess the transfer of stimulus control (learning). When using? ?simultaneous? ?prompting, the ... Be able? ?to? ?describe the history of? ?simultaneous? ?prompting Be able? ?to? ?describe? ?simultaneous? ?prompting Be able? ?to? ?design a? ?simultaneous? ?instructional program Be able? ?to? ?teach a skill using? ?simultaneous? ?prompting Designing a? ?Simultaneous? ?Prompting Instructional Program