This page intentionally left blank o G o t r a m m a Gr o Use It t w o H d n a s k r o W ow It H 4e o G o t r a m m a Gr o Use It t w o H d n a s k r o W ow It H 4e BARBARA GOLDSTEIN Hillsborough Community College JACK WAUGH Hillsborough Community College KAREN LINSKY Hillsborough Community College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Grammar to Go: How It Works and How to Use It, 4e Barbara Goldstein, Jack Waugh and Karen Linsky Publisher: Lyn Uhl Acquisition Editor: Annie Todd Development Editor: Margaret Manos © 2013, 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Assistant Editor: Elizabeth Rice Editorial Assistant: Mattew Conte Media Editor: Amy Gibbons Marketing Manager: Sophie Teague Marketing Coordinator: Brittany Blais For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Marketing Communications Manager: Courtney Morris Design and Production Services: PreMediaGlobal Manufacturing Planner: Betsy Donaghey Library of Congress Control Number: 2011931173 ISBN-13: 978-1-133-30736-5 ISBN-10: 1-133-30736-1 Rights Acquisition Specialist: Timothy Sisler Cover Designer: Stuart Kunkler Cover Image: Shutterstock Compositor: PreMediaGlobal Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructor-specific resources Printed in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 12 Contents Preface viii PART Learning Grammar Basics CHAPTER Getting Started Parts of Speech Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Parts of Sentences Verbs Subjects CHAPTER Sentence Patterns 11 Sentence Pattern 1: Subject/Verb 11 Diagramming Subject/Verb Sentence Patterns 12 Sentence Pattern 2: Subject/Verb/Direct Object 13 Diagramming Subject/Verb/Direct Object Sentence Patterns 14 Writing Your Own Sentences 15 Sentence Pattern 3: Subject/Verb/Indirect Object/Direct Object 16 Diagramming Subject/Verb/Indirect Object/Direct Object Sentence Patterns 18 Writing Your Own Sentences 19 Sentence Pattern 4: Subject/Verb/Direct Object/Object Complement 19 Diagramming Subject/Verb/Direct Object/Object Complement Sentence Patterns 21 Writing Your Own Sentences 22 v vi Contents Sentence Pattern 5: Subject/Linking Verb/Subject Complement 23 Diagramming Subject/Linking Verb/ Subject Complement Sentence Patterns 26 Writing Your Own Sentences 27 CHAPTER Adjectives and Adverbs 30 Adjectives 30 Articles 30 Possessives 30 Predicate Adjectives 31 Adding Adjectives to the Diagram 33 Adverbs 34 Adverbs Ending in -ly 35 Interrogative Adverbs 35 Adding Adverbs to the Diagram 36 CHAPTER Phrases 41 Prepositional Phrases 41 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives and Adverbs 43 Adjective phrases 43 Adverb phrases 44 Adding prepositional phrases to the diagram 47 Verb Phrases 50 Diagramming verb phrases 53 Appositive Phrases 55 CHAPTER Verbals and Verbal Phrases 61 Participles 61 Gerunds 63 Infinitives 65 Infinitives as nouns 66 Infinitives as adjectives 66 Infinitives as adverbs 66 CHAPTER Word Order Variations Questions 71 There is/are and There was/were 72 Commands and Requests 72 71 Contents CHAPTER vii Clauses 77 Independent Clauses 77 Dependent Clauses 77 Adverb clauses 78 Adjective clauses 80 Noun clauses 82 CHAPTER Types of Sentences 88 Classifying Sentences According to Structure 88 Simple sentences 88 Compound sentences 89 Compound subjects and verbs 89 Complex sentences 90 Compound-complex sentences 92 Coordination and Subordination 94 PART Putting the Basics to Work CHAPTER Sentence Fragments and Run-On Sentences 99 100 CHAPTER 10 Commas 114 CHAPTER 11 Other Punctuation and Capitalization 132 CHAPTER 12 Pronoun Usage 157 CHAPTER 13 Agreement 172 CHAPTER 14 Modifier Usage 194 CHAPTER 15 Sentence Coherence: Logic, Parallelism, and Shifts 204 CHAPTER 16 Parts of Speech: Reference and Review 218 Selected Answers to Chapter Exercises 249 Index 259 Preface With each new edition of Grammar to Go, we have loved hearing from so many instructors who have become believers in our pedagogy The best part about creating a new edition is that we are able to tweak our work, making changes that go beyond mere updates and (we hope!) improving what was already a great text This fourth edition continues to present a clear, systematic, and thorough approach to teaching English grammar to beginning college students, allowing opportunities for students to practice their newly acquired grammar skills through composition exercises We have continued with the “Word Watchers” features, added in the second edition—a brief lesson on word choice at the end of each chapter to aid students as they begin to write The “Ready to Write” features added in the third edition in response to requests for more writing practice opportunities were very well received, and they are also an important part of the fourth edition Much of our success depends on the impression we make not only when we write, but also when we speak Correct word usage, accurate pronunciation, and good grammar help establish us as credible and educated persons Thus, in the fourth edition, we have added “GrammarSpeak.” GrammarSpeak exercises help correct some of the common misspoken words and phrases that students hear in everyday life These exercises will help students establish new patterns and build better oral language habits The fourth edition also contains some chapter revisions in response to user suggestions In editions one through three, subject/verb agreement appeared as its own chapter, while pronoun/antecedent agreement was part of the pronoun chapter Since most instructors teach subject/verb and pronoun/antecedent together, they are now paired in a single chapter, “Agreement” In addition, the chapter on verbals has been shortened and simplified, making this complicated topic more accessible to beginning writers Then there’s the diagramming Some of our users love it; some skip over it For those who love it, we have included more instruction on our ancillary website, so those who want to take their students further than diagramming sentences with prepositional phrases have a step-by-step guide to help them teach the more complex diagramming of verbals and clauses There is also a quick diagramming guide inside the front cover of the text for easy reference Finally, while we are still philosophically opposed to providing answers in the back of the text, we have continued to include the “Test Yourself” feature in each chapter, with answers provided, to enable students to check their understanding of the material We have also continued to include the answer key to the “Word Watchers” practice sets viii 256 Selected Answers to Chapter Exercises CHAPTER 13 Test Yourself 10 is are is is is, his or her wants, her is have, their makes is 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 are, their is has, his or her have is shows tells, their have, their has, his are, their Word Watchers Practice Set different from well to bad as 10 badly surely like well to CHAPTER 14 Test Yourself The victim he was sadly comforting told him what had happened The victim he was comforting told him sadly what had happened Sadly, the victim he was comforting told him what had happened Chris ate the chicken while he was shopping at the mall Kevin drinks orange juice every morning even though he hates it Even though he hates it, Kevin drinks orange juice every morning Rover happily began to wag his tail Rover began to wag his tail happily Happily, Rover began to wag his tail While the technicians were installing the software, a power surge destroyed the computer’s operating system correct People who not like hamburgers can now get salads at fast-food restaurants Lauren said that Don was late to work frequently Lauren frequently said that Don was late to work While I was climbing out of the bathtub, the washcloth fell on the floor 10 I buy only fresh fruit Selected Answers to Chapter Exercises Word Watchers Practice Set (Answers may vary.) someone may the same for me someday supplies, equipment, belongings I won’t know until the instructor grades it she will be able to afford it I gave up trying to discipline them all actions have consequences The party had a well-known band and delicious food, but Ruben did not enjoy himself he will probably find a better one eat low-calorie foods and exercise every day 10 good-looking people not always make good mates CHAPTER 15 Test Yourself (Answers may vary.) 10 When you have a cold, you should drink plenty of fluids He ate everything in sight and then said he was still hungry Eating oatmeal will lower your cholesterol The coach said that he was finished and asked for any questions He is as funny as if not funnier than David Letterman Eating properly, exercising consistently, and sleeping soundly are three requirements of good health Your not being able to swim doesn’t mean we can’t go to the beach He impressed her because he is a doctor In order to make the soup, Jessica placed a chicken in the pot The expensive fabric that she bought made beautiful curtains Word Watchers Practice Set (Answers may vary.) 10 server (not waiter) all voters should bring their registration cards firefighters (not firemen) humankind (not mankind) flight attendants (not stewardesses) people in business (not businessmen) chairs or chairpersons (not chairmen) spouses, partners, guests (not wives) synthetic (not manmade) the talent of the workers or artisans (not craftsmen) 257 This page intentionally left blank Index a, 237 abbreviations, 137, 151–152 absolute constructions, 125 abstract nouns, 230 accept/except, 28 accordingly, 133 actions, action verbs, 221–222 active voices, 211–212, 226–227 additions, 133 addresses, 123–124, 126, 153 adjective clauses, 80–82, 237 adjective phrases, 43 adjectives, 5, 237–243 adverbs for modifying, 204, 240–243 antecedents, as type of, 158–159 articles, as type of, 30, 237 comparative degrees of, 241–243 complements, as type of, 204 compound, 143 coordinate, 117–118 demonstrative, 32, 238 diagramming, 33–34 hyphens between, 143 indefinite, 32, 238 infinitives, as type of, 66 interrogative, 32 linking verbs, following, nouns for modifying, 5, 237 numerical, 32 participles, as type of, 61, 63 possessive, 30–31, 158–159, 238 predicate, 31–34 prepositions for modifying, 43–50 pronouns for modifying, 237 proper, 32, 143, 238 relative, 32 rules for, 30 superlative degrees of, 241–243 adverb clauses, 78–80 in adjectives, 204 in adverbs, 204 comma after, use of, 118 introductory, 119 in subjects, 205 verbs, for modifying, 204 adverb phrases, 44–46, 204 adverbs, 5–6, 204, 239–240, 246 adjectives for modifying, 204, 240–243 clauses in, 204 comparative degrees of, 241–243 conjunctive, 102, 246–247 defined, 239 diagramming, 36–37 hyphens between, 143 infinitives, as type of, 66 interrogative, 35–37 -ly, ending in, 35 phrases in, 43–50, 204 rules for, 34–35 superlative degrees of, 241–243 verb, for modifying, 204 affect/effect, 28 after, 126, 127 again, 133 agreements defined, 172 errors in, 186–187, 189 pronoun/antecedent, 184–190 subject/verb, 172–184 album titles, 141 all, 32, 143, 178, 238 almost, 194 along with, 174 a lot, 97 also, 133 although, 134 although true, 133 always, 50 am, 222, 223 AM addresses, 153 among/between, 28 amongst, 171 amount/number, 60 amounts, 152, 182 an, 237 and, 88, 106, 114, 117, 175–177, 209, 244 and/both, 209, 245 and etc., 75 another, 32, 238 antecedents adjectives for modifying, 158–159 clarity of, 159–160 compound, 189 259 260 Index antecedents (continued) nouns for modifying, 157–158 noun substitutes as, 157–158 pronouns for modifying, 157–161, 234 singular, 189 unambiguous, 160 any, 178, 238 anyone, 177 anything, 177 anywheres/nowheres, 131 apostrophes, 145–148 appear, 222 appoint, 20 appositive, 55, 163–164, 174 appositive phrase, 55–58, 122 are, 222, 223 aren’t you, 124 articles, 3, 30, 139, 237 as, 163, 208 as a result, 119, 133 as follows, 135 ask, 17 as/like, 192 as long as, 208 as well, 174 ate, 219 athlete, 97 at this point in time, 87 audience, 178 auxiliary verbs, 24, 198, 223 See also helping verbs bad/badly, 192, 242 badly/bad, 192, 242 band, 178 barks, 88 basic verb forms, 218 be, 222, 223, 224 became, 219 because, 115, 134 because/reason, 207 become, 222 become/became/become, 219 been, 222, 223 being, 222, 223 believe, 20 belonging to it, 147 besides, 133 between, 126, 127, 162 between/among, 28 biblical verses, 135 birth years, 144 -body, 177 books, 139, 141, 153 bored to death, 203 both, 32, 178, 238 both/and, 209, 245 brackets, 140 brand names, 150 bring, 17 business names, 150 but, 88, 106, 114, 115, 209, 244 but also/not only, 189, 209, 245 but yet, 87 buy, 17 by, 227 call, 20 can, 50, 223 can’t, 171 capital/capitol, 28 capitalization, 148–151 capitol/capital, 28 cases appositive, 163–164 compounds, cause of errors in, 162–163 defined, 161 in dependent clauses, 166–167 objective, 161, 234–235 possessive, 161, 234–235 pronouns, 161–168 subjective, 161, 234–235 cause and effect relationships, 133 chapters, 135, 139 choose, 20 choose/chose, 28 chose/choose, 28 cite/site/sight, 39 class, 178, 189 clauses adjective, 80–82, 237 adverb, 78–80, 118–119, 204 coordinating conjunctions, for connecting, 244 defined, 77 dependent, 77–85, 102 elliptical, 163 independent, 77, 132, 246–247 main, 77 modifiers in, 196 nonrestrictive, 121–123 noun, 82, 204 parallel, 209 restrictive, 121–123 series of, 116 subject of, 161 subordinate, 77–85, 167, 174, 245 coherent sentences, 204–214 collective nouns, 178–179, 189 colons, 134–136, 140 commands, 72, 137 commas in absolute constructions, 125 in addresses, 126 in coordinate adjectives, 117–118 in coordinating conjunctions, 114–116 in dates, 126 in direct quotations, 125–126 in echo questions, 124 in independent clauses, 114–116 in interrupting expressions, 123–124 in introductory adverb clause, 118 Index in introductory element, 118–120 in introductory prepositional phrase, 118 in mild interjection, 120 misreading, 127–128 in names, 127 in negative contrasts, 124 in nonrestrictive clauses, 121–123 in nonrestrictive phrases, 121–123 in nouns of direct address, 123–124 in numbers, 127 in parenthetical expressions, 123 in quotation marks, 140 in restrictive clauses, 121–123 in restrictive phrases, 121–123 in salutation of letter, 127 in series, 116–117 in statistics, 127 in titles, 127 in transitional phrase, 119–120 in transitions, 123 in verbal phrase, 119 committee, 178, 189 common nouns, 3, 8, 230 comparative degrees, 241–243 comparisons, 207–208, 240–241 complement/compliment, 39 complements, 204 completely straight, 87 complete quotation marks, 140 complex sentences, 90 compound adjectives, 143 compound antecedents, 189 compound-complex sentences, 92 compound numbers, 143 compounds, 146–147, 162–163 compound sentences, 88–89 compound subjects, 89, 175–177 compound verbs, 89 concrete nouns, 230 congratulations, 97 conjunctions, 6–7, 244–247 See also specific types of conjunctive adverbs, 102, 246–247 consequently, 119, 133 consider, 20 consistency in sentences, 210–214 constructions, 125, 209–210 continual/continuous, 39 continuous/continual, 39 contractions, 146–147 contradictory phrases, 124 contrasted elements, 124 contrasts, 124, 133 convenience, 97 coordinate adjectives, 117–118 coordinating conjunctions, 6–7, 88–89, 132 clauses for connecting, 244 comma before, 114–116 parallel, 209 phrases for connecting, 244 words for connecting, 244 261 coordination, 94–96, 115 correlative conjunctions, 189, 209 could, 50, 223 could care less, 75 could of, 131 council, 178 count nouns, 230 courses of study, 149 -d, 219 dangling modifiers, 199–201 dashes, 143 dates abbreviation of, 152 apostrophes in, 146–147 comma in, 126 numbers in, 153 days of week, 150 dead as a doornail, 203 death years, 144 decimals, 153 definitely, 113 deities, 149 demonstrative adjectives, 32, 238 demonstrative pronouns, 236, 238 departments of government, 152 dependent adjective clauses, 237 dependent clauses, 77–85, 102 of compound-complex sentences, 92 pronouns within, 166–167 dependent noun clauses, 237 develop, 113 diagrams/diagramming of adjectives, 33–34 of adverbs, 36–37 of sentences, 12 of subject/linking verb/subject complement sentence patterns, 26–27 of subject/verb/direct object/direct object sentence patterns, 18 of subject/verb/direct object/object complement sentence patterns, 21–22 of subject/verb/direct object sentence patterns, 14–15 of subject/verb sentence patterns, 12–13 did has, 223 didn’t/can’t/wouldn’t, 171 different from/different than, 192 direct addresses, 123–124 directions, 151 direct objects, 13, 63, 135, 161, 198 direct questions, 137 direct quotations/quotation marks, 125–126, 139, 149 See also quotations/quotation marks capitalization of, 149 commas in, 125–126 defined, 125, 138 ellipsis in, 140 indirect and, switching between, 213–214 disappear from view, 87 262 Index diseases, 182 do, 223 documentation information, 144 does, 223 dog, 88 dreams, 218 each, 32, 188, 238 eat/ate/eaten, 219 eaten, 219 echo questions, 124, 137 -ed, 61, 219 effect/affect, 28 effective coordination, 115 either, 32, 238 either/or, 189, 209, 245 elect, 20, 143 ellipsis, 140 elliptical clauses, 163 emigrate/immigrate, 40 emotions, 138 end punctuation, 137–138 See also punctuation equally important, 133 -er, 241, 242 -es, 231–232 essay titles, 141 -est, 241, 242 even, 194 every, 32, 238 everybody, 188 everyone, 188 ex, 143 exactly, 194 examples, 133 except, 115 except/accept, 28 exclaimed, 125 exclamations/exclamation points, 137–140, 148 exclamatory statements, 138 expressions feelings of, 138 misspoken, 181 mixed, 213 of negative contrast, 124 of negative contrasts, 124 parenthetical, 123 prepositional, 243 transitional, 102, 133–134 f, 232 faculty, 178 family, 189 farther/further, 40 faulty sentences, 205–207 fe, 232 feel, 222 feelings, expression of, 138 few, 178, 238 fewer/less, 59 finally, 119, 133 first, 32, 119, 133 firstly, secondly, 171 first-person point of views, 211 flock, 178, 189 follow, 218 for, 17, 88, 106, 114–115, 209, 210, 244 for all that, 133 foreign words, 141 for example, 103, 133 for instance, 103, 133 formal speeches, 188 formal writings, 152 for what, 46 for whom, 46 fractions, 142, 153 fun, 203 further, 133 further/farther, 40 furthermore, 133 future perfect progressive verbs, 224 future perfect tense verbs, 224 future progressive verbs, 224 future tense verbs, 224 gerund phrases, 63, 119, 182 gerunds, 63–65, 164–165, 204 give, 17 going, 209 good, 242 good/well, 193 grammar, 97 grow, 222 had, 102, 223, 224 happily ever after, 203 hardly, 194 has, 209–210, 224 has been doing, 50 have, 223, 224 he, 194, 211 heads of state, 149 he does, 173 helping verbs, 24, 223 See also auxiliary verbs hence, 133 her, 31, 238 herd, 178 here’s, 180 herself, 236 him, 235 himself, 236 his, 31, 238 hisself, 235 hisself/theirself, 131 historical documents, 150 historical significance, periods of, 150 holidays, 150 hopefully, 75 hours of day, 135 how, 13, 239 Index however, 102, 123, 133 hyphens, 142–143 ideas, 229 identification numbers, 153 idioms, 210 I go, 209 I/i, 149, 162, 211, 231, 235, 241 immigrate/emigrate, 40 imperative moods, 225 in, 210 in addition, 133 in addition to, 174 in brief, 133 incidentally, 133 in conclusion, 133 in contrast, 133 indeed, 133 indefinite adjectives, 32, 238 indefinite pronouns, 4, 236, 238 agreement, cause of errors in, 186–187 defined, 177 plural, 177–178 singular, 177–178 as subject, independent clauses, 77, 91, 132, 246–247 colons in, 134–135 commas in, 114–116 of compound-complex sentences, 92 semicolons in, 132–134 of sentences, 245 indicative moods, 225 indirect objects, 16–17, 46, 63, 161 indirect questions, 137 indirect quotation marks, 139, 213–214 ineffective coordination, 115 in fact, 102, 120, 133 infinitive modifiers, 198 infinitive phrases, 119 infinitives, 42, 65–68, 198, 246 informal speeches, 188 information, 143–145 -ing, 63–64, 164–165, 219 in other words, 133 in particular, 133 in short, 133 intensive pronouns, 236 interesting, 203 interjections, 7, 120, 138, 247–248 interrogative adjectives, 32 interrogative adverbs, 35–37 interrogative pronouns, 236–237 interrogative sentences, 137 interrupting expressions, 123–124 in today’s society, 76 intransitive verbs, 13, 23, 222 introductions/introductory elements, 118–120, 138 introductory adverb clauses, 118–119 introductory prepositional phrases, 118 irregardless, 131 irregular verbs, 219–221 is, 180, 207, 222, 223 is because, 192, 206 isn’t it, 124 is telling, 50 is when, 206 is when/is where/is because, 192 is where, 192, 206 it, 157–158, 211 italics, 141–142 it is, 147 its, 31, 147, 238 itself, 236 it’s/its, 155 judgment, 113, 231 jury, 178, 189 just, 194 -k, 61 keep, 20 laid-back, 171 last, 133 lay/lie, 227 lead/led, 59 least, 241 leave, 20 led/lead, 59 legal documents, 141 less, 241 less/fewer, 59 letters colons after greeting in, 135 italicized, 142 plurals in, 145–146 salutation in, 127 license, 113 lie/lay, 227 like, 103, 135 like/as, 192 likewise, 133 limiting modifiers, 194–195 linking verbs, 4–5, 23, 206, 222–223 listening, 209 lists, 135 See also series longer than, 208 look, 222 loose/lose, 59 lose/loose, 59 -ly, 35, 143, 240–241 magazine titles, 141 main clauses, 77 main verbs, 198 make, 20 male, female, 171 many, 32, 178, 238 married, 51 mathematics, 97 263 264 Index may, 50, 223 me, 162, 194 merely, 194 might, 50, 223 mild interjections, 120 minutes of days, 135 mixed expressions, 213 modals, 50, 223 modifiers auxiliary verb, 198 in clauses, 196 dangling, 199–201 infinitive, 198 limiting, 194–195 misplaced, 195 in phrases, 196 in sentences, misuse for separating, 198–199 single-word, 196 squinting, 197 verbs, 204 money, 153 months, 150 moods of verbs, 225–226 more, 178, 238, 241, 242 moreover, 133 most, 32, 178, 238, 241, 242 movie titles, 141 must, 50, 223 my, 31, 238 myself, 236 -n, 61 name, 20 name calling, 216 names, 127, 149, 152 nearly, 194 negative contrasts, 124 neither, 32, 177, 238 neither/nor, 189, 209, 245 nevertheless, 133 newspaper titles, 141 next, 119, 133 nice, 203 no, 120 nobody, 177 noncount nouns, 230 none, 178 nonrestrictive clauses, 121–123 nonrestrictive phrases, 121–123 nonspecific pronouns, 236 no one, 177 nor, 88, 106, 114, 189, 209, 244 nor/neither, 189, 209, 245 not, 50, 124 nothing, 177 not only/but also, 189, 209, 245 notwithstanding, 133 noun clauses, 82, 91, 204, 237 noun indicators, 30 nouns, 2–3, 229–233 abstract, 230 adjectives for modifying, antecedents, as type of, 157–158 collective, 178–179, 189, 231 common, 3, 230 complements, as type of, 63, 204 concrete, 230 count, 230 defined, 229 in direct address, 123–124 direct objects as, 63 gerunds as, 63 for ideas, 229 indirect objects as, 63 infinitives, as type of, 66 noncount, 230 for persons, 229 for places, 229 plural, 146–147, 231–233 to plus, 42, 67 possessive, 31, 146 prepositional phrase for, 43 prepositions for modifying, 63 proper, 3, 143, 149, 230, 238 repetitious, 234 series of, 116 singular, 231–233 as subjects, 63, 204 for things, 229 noun substitutes, 157–158 nowheres/anywheres, 131 n’t, 50 number/amount, 60 numbers, 152–153 apostrophes for forming of, 145–146 in books, division of, 153 comma in, 127 compound, 143 in dates, 153 in decimals, 153 in fractions, 153 identification, 153 italicized, 142 in money, 153 page, 144 parenthesis around, 144 in percentages, 153 in plays, division of, 153 pronoun/antecedent agreement in, 185 in scores, 153 series of, 144 spelling of, consistency in, 153 in statistics, 153 in telephone listings, 153 in time, 153 writing, standard rules for, 152–153 numerical adjectives, 32 Index o, 232 object complements, 19–20, 162 objective cases, 161, 165–166, 234–235 objects, 135 direct, 13, 135, 161 indirect, 16–17, 161 as nouns, 63 of prepositions, 42, 162, 167, 205 single, 183 obscenities, 216 occasion, 113 oh, 247 okay, 171 omissions containing quotation marks, 140 on, 210 one, 32, 188 -one, 177 only, 194–195 on the contrary, 133 on the other hand, 133 on the whole, 133 opera titles, 141 or, 88, 106, 114, 189, 209, 244 or/either, 189, 209, 245 organizations, 150, 152 or/whether, 245 other, 207–208 otherwise, 133 our, 31, 238 ourself, 235 ourselves, 236 ownership, apostrophes for showing, 145 page numbers, 144 paid, 89 painting titles, 141 pamphlet titles, 141 parallel clauses, 209 parallel constructions, 209–210 parallel coordinating conjunctions, 209 parallel correlative conjunctions, 209 parallelism, 209–210 parallel phrases, 209 parallel words, 209 parenthesis, 144–145 parenthetical expressions, 123 participle phrases, 61, 119 participles, 61–63 passed/past, 60 passive voices, 211–212, 226–227 past participles, 61, 219 past/passed, 60 past perfect progressive verbs, 224 past perfect tense verbs, 219, 224 past progressive verbs, 224 past tense verbs, 223 percentages, 153 perfect tense verbs, 224 periods, 137–138, 140 265 personal pronouns, 3, 8, 147, 149, 234–235 persons, 149, 229 phrasal prepositions, 243 phrases See also prepositional phrases adjective, 43 adverb, 44–46, 204 appositive, 55–58, 122 colon followed by, 135 contradictory, 124 coordinating conjunctions, for connecting, 244 gerund, 63, 119, 182 infinitive, 119 italicized, 142 modifiers in, 196 nonrestrictive, 121–123 parallel, 209 participle, 61, 119 restrictive, 121–123 transitional, 119–120 verb, 50–54, 198 verbal, 119, 174 verberal (See verbals) places, 149, 152, 229 planes, 141 planet names, 150 plays, 141, 153 plural indefinite pronouns, 177–178 plural nouns, 146–147, 231–233 plural possessives, 146 plural pronouns, 188 plurals, 145–146 plural subjects, 176 plural verbs, 176 PM addresses, 153 poems, 139, 141 point of views, 211 positive degrees, 240 possessive adjectives, 30–31, 238 possessive cases, 161, 234–235 possessive nouns, 31, 146 possessives, 30–31, 145 adjectives as, 158–159 of personal pronouns, 147 plural, 146 predicate adjectives, 31–34, 237 predicates, 11, 207 prefixes, 143 prepositional expressions, 243 prepositional phrases, 6, 41–42, 118, 177, 243–244 as adjectives, 43–50 as adverbs, 43–50 diagramming, 47–50 introductory, 118 nouns, for description of, 43 pronouns, for description of, 43 series of, 116 as subjects, 205 verbs for modifying, 44 266 Index prepositions, 6, 79, 115, 135, 243–244, 246 common, 41 defined, 41 objects of, 42, 162, 167, 205 phrasal, 243 present participles, 61 present participle verbs, 219 present perfect progressive verbs, 224 present perfect tense verbs, 224 present progressive verbs, 224 present tense verbs, 223 principal/principle, 69 principle/principal, 69 progressive tenses of verbs, 224 pronoun/antecedent agreements, 184–190 defined, 184 in numbers, 185 in pronouns, 186–190 pronouns, 3–4, 234–236 adjectives for modifying, 237 antecedents for modifying, 157–161, 234 cases of, 161–168, 162 complements, as type of, 162, 204 defined, 157 demonstrative, 236, 238 within dependent clauses, 166–167 in gerunds, 164–165 indefinite, 4, 177–178, 186–187, 236, 238 intensive, 236 interrogative, 236–237 nonspecific, 236 personal, 3, 147, 149, 234–235 in prepositional phrase, 43 pronoun/antecedent agreement in, 186–190 reflexive, 236 relative, 237 repetition of, 160–161 special, considerations of, 167–168 as subjects, 204 third-person plural, 188 pronoun substitutions, 234 proper adjectives, 32, 143 proper nouns, 3, 8, 143, 149 prove, 20 publication dates, 144 punctuation See also end punctuation apostrophes, 145–148 colons, 134–136 dashes, 143 hyphens, 142–143 italics, 141–142 parenthesis, 144–145 quotation marks, 138–140 semicolons, 132–134 put/put/put, 219 questions/question marks, 71–72, 137–140 capitalization in, 148 direct, 137 echo, 124, 137 indirect, 137 tag, 124 word order in, 180 quiet as a mouse, 203 quotations/quotation marks, 138–140 See also direct quotations/quotation marks in articles, 139 in brackets, 140 in chapters of books, 139 colons and, 135, 140 commas within, 140 complete, 140 direct, 125–126, 138–140, 139, 149 exclamation points and, 139–140 indirect, 139 in interrogative sentences, 137 in omissions, 140 periods within, 140 in poems, 139 question marks, inside/outside of, 140 semicolons outside of, 140 single, 139 in songs, 139 in stories, 139 in television shows, 139 in titles, 139 for words, setting of, 139 radio program titles, 141 reading, 209 really and sure, 192 real/really and sure/surely, 192 reason/because, 207 reason/why, 207 refer back to, 87 reflexive pronouns, 236 regular verbs, 219–221 relative adjectives, 32 relative pronouns, 237 repetitions, 160–161, 234 requests, 72, 137 restrictive clauses, 121–123 restrictive phrases, 121–123 run-on sentences avoiding, 105 correcting, 105–111 defined, 105 s, 147–148 ’s, 180 -s, 172–173, 219, 226, 231–233 said, 125 salutation in letters, 127 scarcely, 194 scores, 153 sculpture titles, 141 seasons, 150 second, 32, 119, 133 second-person point of views, 211 seem, 222 Index seems, 23 select, 20 self, 143 -self, 236 -selves, 236 semicolons, 89, 132–134, 140 send, 17 sentence fragments avoiding, 100–111 correcting, 102–105 defined, 100 reasons for, 101–102 sentence patterns, types of, 11–27 subject/linking verb/subject complement, 23–27 subject/verb, 11–13 subject/verb/direct object, 13–15 subject/verb/direct object/direct object, 16–19 subject/verb/direct object/object complement, 19–22 sentences active voice in, 211–212 capitalization in, 148 clarity of, 204–208 classification of, 88–94 coherent, 204–214 comparisons in, 207–208 complex, 90 compound, 88–89 compound-complex, 92 consistency in, 210–214 coordination of, 94–96 diagramming, 12 as exclamations, 139 faulty, 205–207 independent clauses of, 245 interrogative, 137 modifiers in, 198–199 parallelism for balanced, 209–210 parts of, 7–9 passive voice in, 211–212 as questions, 139 run-on, 105–111 simple, 88–89 subject of, 8–9, 161 subordination of, 94–96 verbs in, verb tenses in, 212–213 separate, 113 separation of words, 142–143 series, 116–117, 135, 144 set/sit, 227 several, 178, 238 sexist languages, 187–188, 216 shall, 50, 223 she, 162, 211 she has, 173 she is, 173 shifting point of views, 211 ships, 141 should, 50, 223 should of/would of/could of, 131 show, 17 sight, 39 similarities, 133 similarity, 133 simple sentences, 88–89 simple subjects, 11 simply, 194 since, 102 since the beginning of time, 76 single objects, 183 single quotation marks, 139 single sentence quotations, 139 single-word modifiers, 196 singular antecedents, 189 singular collective nouns, 178–179 singular indefinite pronouns, 177, 188 singular nouns, 231–233 singular subjects, 176 singular verbs, 173 site, 39 sit/set, 227 smell, 222 so, 88, 106, 114, 132, 134, 209, 244 some, 32, 178, 238 somebody, 177, 188 someone, 177, 188 something, 177 songs, 139 sound, 222 spacecraft, 141 special events, 150 special features, 133 special pronouns, 167–168 specifically, 133 speech adjectives, 5, 237–243 adverbs, 5–6, 239–240 conjunctions, 6–7, 244–247 coordinating conjunctions, 88 formal, 188 incorrect, 205–206 informal, 188 interjections, 7, 247–248 nouns, 2–3, 229–233 parts of, 2–7, 218–248 predicating, 206–207 prepositions, pronouns, 3–4, 234–237 propositions, 243–244 quotation marks in, 139 verbs, 4–5, 218–229 squinting modifiers, 197 stated, 125 statements, 137–138 state of being, stationary/stationery, 69 stationery/stationary, 69 statistics, 127, 153 still, 133 267 268 Index stood, 89 stories, 139 subject complements, 26, 161 linking verbs and, 181–182 noun clauses as, 91 as nouns, 63 pronouns as, 162 subjective cases, 161–162, 165–166, 234–235 subject/linking verb/subject complement sentence patterns, 23–27 diagramming, 26–27 problems with, 181 subjects, 8–9 adverb clause as, 205 of clauses, 161 common nouns as, compound, 89 as gerunds, 204 indefinite pronouns as, noun clauses as, 91, 204 as nouns, 63, 204 personal pronouns as, plural, 176 predicates and, logic of, 207 prepositional phrase as, 205 preposition as, object of, 205 as pronouns, 204 proper nouns as, simple, 11 singular, 176 verbs and, separation of, 198 words between, 173–174 subject/verb agreements, 172–184 amounts, 182 collective nouns, 178–179 compound subjects, 175–177 defined, 172 diseases, 182 gerund phrases, 182 indefinite pronouns, 177–178 -s determines, 172–173 subject complement, 181–182 titles, 182 variations in words, 179–181 words between, 173–174 words used as words, 182 subject/verb/direct object/direct object sentence patterns, 16–19 subject/verb/direct object/object complement sentence patterns, 19–22 subject/verb/direct object sentence patterns, 13–15 subject/verb sentence patterns, 11–13 subjunctive moods, 225 subordinate clauses, 77–85, 167, 174, 245 subordinating conjunctions, 7, 78–79, 102, 134, 245–246 subordination, 94–96 subtitles, 135 such as, 103, 134–135 summations, 133 superlative degrees, 241–243 suppose to/use to, 131 sure and, 192 surely, 192 sure to, 192 symbols, 145–146, 151–153 -t, 61 tag questions, 124 taste, 222 teach, 17 teacher, 89 team, 178, 189 teams, 150 technical terms, 152 telephone listings, 153 television series titles, 141 television shows, quotation marks in, 139 tell, 17 tenses of verbs, 223–225 than, 163, 208 than/then, 70 that, 32, 156, 157–158, 167–168, 236, 237, 238 that is, 133 the, 237 the following, 135 their, 31, 155–156, 238 theirs, 235 theirself, 235 theirself/hisself, 131 theirselves, 235 themselves, 235, 236 then, 110, 133 then/than, 70 there, 181 there are, 72, 179 therefore, 102, 119–120, 133 there is, 72, 179 there’s, 180 there/their/they’re, 155–156 there was, 72 there were, 72 these, 32, 236, 238 they, 211 they are, 173 they do, 173 they have, 173 they’re, 155–156 thing, 203 -thing, 177 things, 149, 229 think, 20 third, 32, 133 third-person plural pronouns, 188 third-person point of views, 211 third-person present tense verbs, 173 this, 32, 157–158, 236, 238 those, 32, 236, 238 three, 32 thus, 119, 133 Index time of days, 153 titles abbreviation for, 151 album, 141 capitalization of, 150 colons, use of for separating, 135 comma in, correct use of, 127 essay, 141 italics, for noting, 141–142 magazine, 141 movie, 141 newspaper, 141 opera, 141 painting, 141 pamphlet, 141 possessive, 147 quotation marks in, 139 radio program, 141 sculpture, 141 singular, 182 television series, 141 to, 17, 42, 65, 67, 198, 218 to be, 226 to be exact, 133 to conclude, 133 together with, 174 to illustrate, 133 to listen, 209 too, 70 to summarize, 133 to sum up, 133 to/too/two, 70 to what, 46 to what degree, 239 to whom, 46 trains, 141 transitional expressions, 102, 133–134 transitional phrases, 119–120 transitions, 123 transitive verbs, 13, 23, 221 try and, 192 try to/try and/sure to/sure and, 192 turn, 20 two, 32, 70 unambiguous antecedents, 160 United States, capitalization of areas in, 151 unlike, 124 use to/suppose to, 131 verbal phrases, 119, 174 verbals defined, 61 gerunds, 63–65 infinitives, 65–68 participles, 61–63 verb phrases, 50–54, 198 verbs, 135, 218–229 action, 221–222 in active voice, 226–227 auxiliary, 24, 198, 223 basic, 218 compound, 89 direct objects and, separation of, 198 future tense, 224 helping, 24, 223 -ing, form of, 219 intransitive, 13, 23, 222 irregular, 219–221 linking, 4, 23, 206, 222–223 main, 198 modifying, 204 moods of, 225–226 participle form of, 219 parts of, 218–219 in passive voice, 226–227 past tense, 219, 223 perfect tense, 224 plural, 176 to plus, 42, 67 prepositional phrase for modifying, 44 present tense, 173, 223 progressive tenses of, 224 regular, 219–221 s, ending in, 147 -s, form of, 219 sentence, as part of, in sentences, 212–213 singular, 173 special usage problems with, 227–229 speech, as part of, 4–5 subjects and, separation of, 198 tenses of, 223–225 transitive, 13, 23, 221 words between, 173–174 very unique, 76 vote, 20 vulgar language, 216 was, 51, 222, 223 was telling, 50 we, 211 weather/whether, 70 well, 242 well/good, 193 were, 222, 223, 226 what, 13, 32, 167–168, 236, 237 what a, 138 what an, 138 whatever, 32, 237 when, 13, 239 where, 181, 239 whereas, 103, 134 where’s, 180 whether/or, 245 whether/weather, 70 which, 32, 156, 157–158, 167–168, 236, 237 whichever, 237 which/witch, 156 who, 165–168, 236, 237 269 270 Index whoever, 167–168, 237 whom, 13, 165–168, 236, 237 whomever, 167–168, 237 whose, 32, 167–168, 236, 237 whose/who’s, 156 who’s/whose, 156 who/which/that, 156 why, 239 why/reason, 207 will, 50, 209–210, 223, 224 will have, 224 witch/which, 156 with, 210 wo-, 233 word order variations, 71–74, 179–181, 180 words apostrophes, for forming of, 145–146 colon followed by single, 135 coordinating conjunctions, for connecting, 244 feelings of expression, for forming, 138 hyphens for division of, 143 italicized, 142 parallel, 209 quotation marks for, 139 subjects between, 173–174 verbs between, 173–174 words used as, 145–146, 182 would, 50, 223 wouldn’t, 171 would of, 131 wow, 247 writing, 97 writings, 138, 152–153 y, 231, 233, 241 yes, 120 yet, 88, 106, 114, 209, 244 you, 72, 211 your, 31, 238 you’re/your, 156 yourself, 236 yourselves, 236 your/you’re, 156