Impacts of sleeping deprivation on foreign trade university students’ academic performance

FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS -*** RESEARCH PROPOSAL Research Methodology for Economics and Business IMPACTS OF SLEEPING DEPRIVATION ON FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Class: KTEE206(GD1-HK1-2223).1 Professor: Dr Pham Thi Cam Anh Hanoi, October 2022 TASKS DIVISION TABLE No Name and Surname 01 02 03 04 05 Student ID Contribution levels Introduction, Conclusion, Abstract and Editing 20% Research Methodology and Methods, Abstract 20% Research Design, Abstract 20% Theoretical Framework, Abstract 20% Literature Review, Abstract 20% Tasks Score ABSTRACT The body requires adequate sleep to maintain proper psychological, physical health, and cognitive function People also have different ideal hours of sleeping per day at different ages For college students, a seven-to-eight-hour sleep is recommended If a person does not get enough sleep, that person is said to have sleep deprivation Sleep deprivation has many harmful effects, but our study will only on the results of the bad academic performance of students The study aims to get a deeper understanding of the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of Hanoi Foreign Trade University students by analyzing data collected from online surveys Both quantitative and qualitative questions are included to achieve a more profound understanding of the relationship between sleep quality and school accomplishment and why students tend to go to bed late Consciously chosen and easily accessible, three hundred seventy-five respondents, ages 18-22, constitute the study's sample Short-term transfer students are excluded from the sample to avoid stochastic disturbance by cultural differences Data will then be analyzed through Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) For our research findings to be as unbiased as possible, the design process is carefully examined for all critical issues and solutions to tackle them Firstly, we would ensure research ethics and minimize problems that can threaten internal and external validity To evaluate the data and make it usable, we would use Google Spreadsheet to clean up any incomplete data from a dataset Then, we would conclude and refer to related studies to get varied views and recommendations Through a detailed evaluation of the research literature and further research proposal, this thesis explores the issues: • How will sleep deprivation affect college students during the learning process and exams? Will different demographic profiles lead to different results? • How will ongoing sleep deprivation impact students' academic performance? TABLES OF CONTENTS Content Page INTRODUCTION Background "Thirty-six percent of our lives are asleep, meaning if we live to 90, we will have slept for 32 years" (Russell Foster, 2013) Sleep is a complex biological process that helps us stay healthy and feel rested Sleep also enhances learning and memory When the learner sleeps, the brain will refine, consolidate, and absorb the newly learned knowledge (Ellenbogen, Payne and Stickgold, 2006) However, not everyone gets sufficient sleep to function fully, especially college students Many studies in the past have shown a correlation between sleep deprivation and poor academic performance A lack of sleep harms cognitive abilities, learning, and memory processes, resulting in a lower cumulative grade point average (GPA) Inadequate sleep has been shown to affect a student's GPA by up to a 0.02 drop every night of the week he sleeps poorly (Rapaport, 2018) After Michigan University, the average GPA of the group of students who slept less than hours was 2.74, much lower than the average GPA of the group of students who slept more than hours, which was 3.24 (Hershner & Chervin, 2014) Not being able to have an adequate sleep only results in adverse outcomes Having enough sleep will result in the individual being more psychologically functional and healthy Focusing on the college student population of Foreign Trade University, sleep deprivation is also quite prevalent Academic obligations add to the body's stresses, which can contribute to sleep deprivation Exams, schoolwork, projects, peer pressure, and other factors put much strain on the body The student is exposed to more forces as they go through their curriculum Their sleep pattern is characterized by insufficient sleep duration, delayed sleep onset, and the occurrence of napping episodes during the day A person who has been up for 17 hours has the cognitive capability equivalent to someone whose blood alcohol level is 0.05% (Okano et al., 2019) Poor quality sleep has significant impacts on daytime behavior and academic performance, as well as concentration, attention, and mood Over time, a student's health and academic performance may all suffer from sleep deprivation So, researching how sleep affects the human body and looking into ways to combat sleeplessness is crucial to tackle the problem of sleep deprivation The research objectives are to find out if sleep deprivation impacts the academic performance of Foreign Trade University students and if such impacts are significant One must also be able to identify their level of sleep deprivation, what causes them to reach this level, and look into ways to combat sleeplessness, such as optimal sleeping habits to achieve an appropriate GPA Statement of the Problem a) General Problems This research attempts to identify the impact of sleep deprivation and show how it affects the academic performance of Foreign Trade University (FTU) students Page b) Specific Problems How can the students' demographic profile be described? • Gender • Age • Study major What is the level of impact of sleep deprivation on FTU students? • Receptive Skills (listening and reading) • Productive Skills (speaking and writing) • Mood What is the level of academic performance of FTU students who are sleep deprived? • Procedural task • Written work • Exam How will ongoing sleep deprivation impact students' academic performance through their four years at FTU? • Grade Point Average-GPA • Extracurricular activities • Internship a) b) c) d) Significance of the Study The result of this study may benefit the following: Students: In this study, students may know more about why and how they are affected by sleep deprivation in terms of academic performance Knowing this helps them to limit their lack of sleep and study more efficiently Parents: This study will inform parents about how sleep deprivation affects their children academically This way, they can offer help or guide their child regarding academics Doing so might help them to have a night of higher-quality sleep Teachers: This may explain to teachers or professors the effect of sleep deprivation on students' academic performance Hence, giving them a suitable number of activities at home or replacing homework with extra activities during class Future researchers: This study gives future researchers guidance and references when doing another research related to this topic Scope and Limitations of the Study The research is limited to all students enrolled in FTU in Hanoi with ages ranging from 18 to 22 years old, excluding transferees, and is only for the academic year 2021-2022 The scope of the research is the impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance and its significance on a student's performance The study does not include any other matters regarding sleep deprivation that are not related to academic performance This study only focuses on FTU students in Hanoi, so the results may vary depending on the university Page THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Overview of normal sleep and sleep deprivation a) Normal sleep Sleep is an essential function that allows your body and mind to recharge, leaving you refreshed and alert when you wake up Healthy sleep also helps the body remain healthy and stave off diseases Without enough sleep, the brain cannot function properly This can impair your abilities to concentrate, think clearly, and process memories (Danielle Pacheco, 2022) According to The American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society’s recommendation, the needed sleeping hours decreases as people get older – from 12-16 hours a day (including naps) as an infant to more than or equal to hours a day as an adult Most adults require between seven and nine hours of nightly sleep Children and teenagers need substantially more sleep, particularly if they are younger than five years of age (Danielle Pacheco, 2022) It can be inferred from the recommendation that as an adult (18 - 60 years old), an FTU student should spend at least seven hours a night sleeping b) Sleep deprivation The term sleep deprivation refers to getting less than the recommended hours of sleep, which has been mentioned above However, not all definitions of sleep deprivation are the same In sleep medicine, sleep deprivation is defined based on sleep duration, which is the total amount of time a person spends asleep In reality, though, being well-rested is about more than just how many hours you sleep As a result, the terms sleep deficiency or sleep insufficiency are more frequently used to describe factors that reduce the quantity and/or quality of sleep and keep a person from waking up refreshed Even in the medical field, studies may use different technical definitions of sleep deprivation as some classify it as seven hours of sleep or fewer while others use six hours as the cutoff (Eric Suni, 2022) The primary signs and symptoms of sleep deprivation include excessive daytime sleepiness and daytime impairment such as reduced concentration, slower thinking, and mood changes Feeling extremely tired during the day is one of the hallmark signs of sleep deprivation People with excessive daytime sleepiness may feel drowsy and have a hard time staying awake even when they need to (Eric Suni, 2022) The effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency can be severe and far-reaching Acute sleep deprivation raises the risk of unintentional errors and accidents Drowsy driving can be life-threatening, which involves slowed reaction time and the risk of microsleep People who are sleep deprived are more likely to struggle in school and work settings or to experience mood changes that may affect personal relationships (Eric Suni, 2022) Page In this situation, our group is carrying research on “Impacts of Sleeping Deprivation on Foreign Trade University Students Academic Performance”, and we might expect that if a student is suffering from sleeping deprivation, his/her academic performance would not be as good as when he/she got enough sleeping hours Impacts of sleep deprivation on gender Both women and men will suffer from sleep deprivation if they not get enough hours of sleep However, females are the unfortunate ones since researchers suggest that they are more vulnerable to sleep deprivation compared to males Women are 40% more likely to have insomnia than men Women are also nearly twice as likely to suffer from anxiety and depression as men, two conditions strongly associated with insomnia (Danielle Pacheco, 2022) In the Penn State Sleep Cohort, was reported in 9.3% of the population studied with a higher incidence in women (12.9%) compared to men (6.2%) (Singareddy & partners) It is worth noting that the rate of depression also becomes sexually distinct after puberty, becoming twice as common in girls compared to boys and is likely a contributing factor to the sex divergence in insomnia (Swanson & partners) Researchers pointed out that sleep deprivation has a more serious effect on women than on men so that it can be concluded that a woman who is lacking sleep, is likely to be less productive and suffer more than a man with the same condition And our group also expected that if a student is suffering from sleep deprivation, his/her academic performance would not be as good as when he/she got enough sleeping hours So it means that if two Foreign Trade University students (a female student and a male student; suppose that they have the same level of knowledge) both not have enough hours of sleep, the academic performance of the male student might be better than that of the female student LITERATURE REVIEW Sleep deprivation is a widespread problem among young adults (Adams et al., 2017) High rates of depressive symptoms are associated with irregular sleep duration among university students in 26 countries with different income levels (Peltzer and Pengpid, 2015), leading to a justifiable concern for the problem Factors affecting sleep The determinants of sleep quality in college students vary from study to study and are classified into different categories Causes of sleep deprivation can be attributed to factors such as inadequate sleep hygiene, alcohol, caffeine, energy drinks, stimulants, technology use, and sleep disorders (Hershner and Chervin, 2014) During the Covid19 pandemic, the state of being confined at home and the participant’s gender are factors that have been singled out to determine their effect on sleep quality (Pinto et al., 2020) Other factors affecting sleep, such as the influence of biological processes, Page electronic media, school start time, caffeine, and even chronic respiratory illnesses and obesity, have been reported to affect the sleep quality of adolescents and young adults (Owens et al., 2014) According to a search string for articles between January 2007 and October 2017, the factors affecting sleep quality can be summarized into four categories: lifestyle, mental health, social factors, and physical factors Lifestyle includes smoking habits, physical activity participation, eating diets, caffeine and stimulant use, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), use of media, sleeping patterns, sedentary behaviors, and napping Mental health includes depression, psychiatric disorders, perceived levels of stress, as well as anxiety issues Social factors include problems such as social relationships, sleep awareness, racial discrimination, or academic performance Physical factors include medication usage, diagnosed illness, pain, and fatigue (Wang and Bíró, 2021) Relationship between sleep and academic performance The effects of sleep, sleep quality, and sleep duration on academic performance were inconsistent throughout the studies A curvilinear relation was reported between sleep time and failing academic examinations Both long and short sleep duration could lower the chances of passing examinations Furthermore, insomnia could also raise the risk of academic failure in higher education/ university students (Vedaa et al., 2019) Desjardins and Grandbois (2022), however, stated that rather than focusing on sleep duration primarily or exclusively as a cause for reduced sleep quality, we should focus instead on sleep efficiency Their findings presented sleep efficiency, daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness, and sleep duration, in descending order, as the parameters most strongly associated with GPA This finding is validated by a metaanalysis of 11 included studies in a literature search of databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and ERIC) in September and December 2020 However, it also revealed that lack of consistencies in definitions and the use of different methodology may be the cause of such conflicting results (Musshafen et al., 2021) Another factor that should be noted when considering the findings of these researches is their sample sizes, threats in data-collecting, and generalizability The study, based on a national survey of Norwegian college and university students, albeit possessing a relatively large sample size (50054 students), may run the risk of having non-response bias due to its relatively low response rate of 31% (Vedaa et al., 2019) In contrast, Desjardins and Grandbois (2022) have no issues with the response rate but instead pertain to a small sample size of 105 participants All of these studies are cross-sectional and deal with self-reported responses; therefore, they may run the risk of participants having recall bias and the inability to draw causal relationships from the findings Another common limitation is the subjective assessment of sleep rather than an objective assessment in a laboratory environment Page In addition to studies focusing on how sleep deprivation can affect academic performance directly, other studies have determined the impact of sleep indirectly through other factors such as depression, physical health, and alcohol-related problems Extreme sleep durations, both short and long, run the risk of developing depression (Dong et al., 2022) A national cohort study in China reported that the primary results expressed a significant relationship between sleep duration and BMI, especially short sleep duration and obesity (Gao et al., 2022) In another study conducted in Brazil, Chile, and Spain amongst first-year undergraduate students, the risk of developing alcohol-related problems increased with worse subjective sleep quality The frequency of alcohol consumption has no effect on sleep quality nor sleep duration, however (Sirtoli et al., 2022) Most of the studies in the literature review presented with similar results: insufficient sleep will lead to inadequate academic performances, direct or indirectly Sleep has shown to be crucial to university students in multiple ways Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to determine the extent to which sleep will affect undergraduate students during their years of study, including their receptive and productive skills The second aim is to determine the optimal hours to improve undergraduate students’ GPA Another aim of the study is to compare the sleep quality, duration and academic performance between students who major in economic and related fields with students who are pursuing other disciplines Research gap Most of the studies in the literature review presented with similar results: insufficient sleep will lead to inadequate academic performances, direct or indirectly Sleep has shown to be crucial to university students in multiple ways Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to determine the extent to which sleep will affect undergraduate students during their years of study, including their receptive and productive skills The second aim is to determine the optimal hours to improve undergraduate students’ GPA Another limitation of these aforementioned studies is their scope and subjects Because most of these studies are carried out only in one country (Norwegian, Canada, China, etc), the findings of these studies cannot be generalized to other countries without taking differences in education, culture and geography into consideration In the context of Vietnam, there has not been any recent study regarding the relationship between sleep deprivation and university students Furthermore, the subject of these studies has been predominantly university students in general or only undergraduate medical students Therefore, our study aims to determine the effects of sleep deprivation on Foreign Trade University students, who are pursuing fields in economics, on their overall academic performance Page 10 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHODS Approach We choose to conduct a multi-method quantitative study through an online survey The survey will include both quantitative and qualitative questions with a view to testing our hypotheses: a There is a significant and positive relationship between normal sleep and high academic performance b Female students are more likely to be affected by sleep deprivation than male students The focus of our study is not only on grades but also on the student, therefore the multi-method quantitative is more suitable and effective than using a quantitative or qualitative method only Our research aim is to both utilize numeric data to analyze the overall trend and discover the reasons behind students’ sleep deprivation We hope to be able to provide suggestions to balance sleeping hours and productivity after finishing the data analysis Data collecting method: To achieve the goal of collecting data, we choose to use primary data in our research The data will be collected through an online questionnaire using the cross-sectional method Retrieving data by ourselves would help to focus on the targeted object: Foreign Trade University students in Hanoi – business students with a strategic and more rational mindset The survey will be delivered through Google Forms, a familiar and accessible tool for students Google Form has another advantage: it is an easy-touse instrument with a link to Google excel for later analysis Finally, we choose the cross-sectional method to obtain data from FTU students in Hanoi headquarters for the academic year 2021-2022 only By this way, the statistic is updated to the current time as well as relevant to our purposes The questionnaire used in the research will include four parts: a) Part 1: A demographic profile of the students including: • Age • Sex • Grade level: Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, or Senior • Study major b) Part 2: Self-evaluating sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval based on Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) including: • open-ended questions: “When have you usually gone to bed at night?”, “How long has it taken you to fall asleep each night?”, “When have you usually gotten up in the morning?”, and “How many hours of actual sleep did you get at night?” • 14 questions rated on 4-point scales, range from: = No difficulty to = Severe difficulty The 14 items are used to create seven components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep Page 11 efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction c) Part 3: Self-evaluating ‘daytime sleepiness’ based on Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) including: • questions rated on a 4-point scale (0-3) reflecting their usual chances of dozing off or falling asleep while engaged in eight different activities The higher the ESS score, the higher that person’s average sleep propensity in daily life (ASP) d) Part 4: Students' academic performance including: • Grade Point Average – GPA • Scholarship • Internship Sample choosing method: The population of this research is 11,590 Foreign Trade University students in Hanoi headquarter (according to enrollment criteria from 2019-2022) The sampling frame is going to be undergraduates of FTU in Hanoi from all majors of three programs: Standard, High-quality, and Advanced For the sample size, 375 surveys are planned to be collected within one week to maintain a margin error of 5% with 95% confidence (this number is calculated based on table 7.1 pg 302, Saunders, 2019, Research Methods For Business Students) The number of surveys is decided after considering our team’s time and budget constraints as well as the acceptable level of certainty and accuracy (An adjustment of 50 surveys may be brought out after the process if the response rate is lower than 80%) With this probability sample, our chosen sampling technique is systematic random sampling technique The purpose of this research includes making a statistical summary of students’ sleeping habits and their relationship with academic performance without face-to-face contact and periodic patterns Therefore, the systematic random sampling technique will be a good match for our aim Additionally, its cost is also suitable and the result will be easy to explain and generalize RESEARCH DESIGN In our research design, we will use random experiments to calculate the theoretical casual impacts Ethical considerations As our research aims to find students' sleep patterns, it is essential to collect their data Our research has to ensure that participants voluntarily take part in the study with full knowledge of relevant risks and benefits to their personal information Page 12 Before answering the questions, we will inform the participants regarding the following: • The purpose of the research expected duration and procedures: 1-month time interval based on Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) • Participants' rights to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once it has started, as well as the anticipated consequences of doing so • Reasonably foreseeable factors may influence their willingness to participate, such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects • Research members that participants can contact for further queries or any feedback With clarifications and notice, our team guarantees that participants' personal information will be kept confidential and used solely for this research Another ethical consideration would be the potential of self-reporting bias (a methodological issue that develops when researchers rely on interviewing participants to describe their ideas, feelings, or behaviors rather than directly and objectively quantifying these) Direct observation is advised to be used whenever practical Minimizing factors leading to internal and external validity To trustworthy and meaningful research, we must implement a few measures Specifically, we have to carefully organize a study's structure and ensure that the findings are applicable to the real world Two thorny issues can badly affect our research's internal and external validity Attrition is a critical issue to internal validity During one month of the study, participants may leave the experiment, which makes the results only based on a biased sample of a few people who did not choose to leave Furthermore, situational factors can also diminish external validity Random factors like the noise and spontaneous events that cause participants to wake up during their sleep can significantly alter the findings' generalizability To minimize these issues, there are two feasible solutions To begin with, to ensure internal validity, our research will choose participants at random but include Freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors Setting criteria as to only FTU students can be involved in the research, ensuring that the population being studied is clearly defined Analyzing data: To process raw data and get unbiased results, our research would implement phases a) Phase 1: Processing raw data and making it usable We would first update and remove any incorrect, corrupted, improperly formatted, duplicate, or incomplete data from a dataset to clean data We would use Google Spreadsheets to arrange all data because Google Forms is directly linked to Excel Then, we would create a table to summarize the trend and use Excel functions Page 13 to eliminate contradictions Our goal would be to remove data inconsistencies, as there may occasionally be duplicate entries, and determine whether our team's data is biased In essence, skewed data will not accurately reflect the population or research phenomena, which is the problem we are attempting to address b) Phase 2: Making conclusions based on the trustable data: Next up is to make some conclusions based on the trustable data We would use Table charts, Line and Column Charts in Powebi, an interactive data visualization software product developed by Microsoft We aim to observe the general sleep deprivation trend and find out what has led students to this level, which can help us find feasible solutions c) Phase 3: Sharing conclusions and getting diverse perspectives: We would read additional data attributes from several sources throughout this phase to get a more thorough and impartial conclusion We might draw more deliberative judgments as more views, and relevant studies emerge d) Phase 4: Making recommendations for further actions can be done: Taking the results and depending on the problem statement, we would make recommendations for further actions to be made Making a choice does not always fall to the analyst; instead, it may entail making suggestions to the decision-makers (stakeholders) based on the results so they can act on the information However, datadriven decisions are crucial here We would also collect tips and suggestions from high GPA participants in our research to find solutions to combat lack of sleep Research timeline Our group conducted the research from 16th October to 14th November 2022, with 13 steps and phases And we will have a weekly meeting on Wednesday to update our work In our first phase, we would brainstorm ideas, read literature, finalize objectives and draft an official literature interview This is the beginning stage; hence we must put lots of effort into it Our second phase begins with Reading Methodology literature, four main focus areas: Name and author, Scope, Theoretical Foundation and Page 14 Methodology, and Findings Later, we finalized our objective and drafted an official literature review Our third phases revolve around conducting surveys and drafting our research Lastly, we spent the remaining three weeks of November finalizing our proposal and shall submit it on 10th October 2022 CONCLUSION Academic achievement has decreased due to the rise in sleep deprivation since 2010 This study looks at an understudied population: Hanoi FTU students from 2019 2022 Additional study is required for the academic outcomes of identifying and treating sleep disorders; and effective means of promoting sleep awareness and good sleep practices among college students According to the data, getting enough sleep each night is essential for an undergraduate college student's performance as well as for an individual's participation in the FTU community Lack of sleep can affect academic performance and cause issues, including a rise in drug, alcohol, and depression development, according to our literature analysis Psychomotor abilities (relationship between cognitive functions and physical movement), mental health, and brain function can all be significantly impacted by sleep deprivation Moreover, the subjects of these studies were predominantly general undergraduate or undergraduate medical students Therefore, our study aimed to determine the effects of sleep deprivation on foreign trade college students taking economics courses Universities and colleges such as FTU need to understand, acknowledge, and publicize that policies and class schedules may impact sleep, learning, and health A considerable public health benefit might result from research into novel methods to encourage sound sleep patterns, thus should be prioritized Online surveys may be suitable for screening a large number of students and be financially viable However, strategies must be in place 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