Introduction to Research Documentation Featuring APA Style

RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE : subsequent pages omit the phrase “Running head:” and only include the title Introduction to Research Documentation Featuring APA Style Note: subsequent pages will omit the phrase “Running head:” “Running head:” followed by an abbreviated form of the title spelled in all capital letters, flush left, to serve as header Limit characters to 50 A page number must also be included Buddy McAuthor Renton Technical College Always defer to individual assignment format requirements However, when strict APA-compliance is required, include a formal title page with the following details presented in separate lines and in the following order: the full title, summarizing the content of the writing author identification institutional affiliation the phrase “Author Note,” containing clarifications, acknowledgments, or disclaimers The first three details should be centered in the middle, upper half of the page The fourth should be placed below them Author Note This introduction to APA-style research is designed to acquaint the student-writer with basic terms and practices; it is not intended as a substitute for the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition on which it is based See back page for index and location of topics covered and additional resources Note: APA prefers text to be written in Times New Roman, 12-point font, and double-spaced Book titles receive italics Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE Research is the examination of a topic to understand it and explain its significance to your audience; it can be undertaken in a combination of two ways: primary and secondary investigation When you conduct primary research, you are processing information that you discovered personally—what you have experienced, observed, measured, weighed, collected, calculated, or deduced on your own When you conduct secondary research, you are processing information that you discovered from other sources outside of your personal knowledge—books, articles, Web sites, conversations, TV shows, art, music—virtually any type of borrowed information can be used as a secondary information source With both approaches, you will need to let your readers know how you know In other words, if you use primary research, you will reveal to the readers how you are an authority on the information, revealing your experience, education, or discoveries With secondary research, you will identify and give credit to the source from which you are borrowing ideas or information We refer to crediting source as citing your source To Cite or Not to Cite? That is your first question… However, not all research needs to be attributed to a source There are instances when you can research secondary sources without identifying or citing where you found the information These instances are limited to the following conditions:  Common Knowledge Even if you did not know a fact before you researched it, common, ordinary, & undisputed facts not need to be credited because no single source would deserve the credit For example, even if you did not know that Thomas Hardy died in 1928, hundreds of sources will provide that same information  Widely Circulated & Easily Verifiable Identical Information that readers could locate in several sources does not need to be credited In fact, the phrase “Thomas Hardy died” entered into a Google search box returned 866,000 hits; obviously not all just about the date of his death, but certainly many were Other common knowledge, widely circulated, easily verifiable sources include…  word definitions from college dictionaries  facts from general encyclopedias  facts from maps or atlases,  current events from major newspapers or magazines  common computer software programs for word processing or numerical calculation, data analysis, and presentations In other words, any applications that are similar or interchangeable, such as the Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or Mac equivalents Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE However, information which is specialized knowledge, difficult to verify, opinionated, and proprietary (meaning the owner-creator retains rights) needs to be cited, giving credit to the source Such sources include the following…  specialized text books, dictionaries, and encyclopedias, legal, technical, or medical, for example These sources are not widely circulated  quotations or opinions from newspaper, magazines, journals  obscure, controversial, or overlooked facts or events  written and non-written information, including collaborative class work, such as lab reports, public lectures, films, music, art, audio or visual materials, cartoons, maps, statistical tables/charts/graphs  computer programs with distinctive features that influence calculation results, such as geographic information systems, computer algebra, data analysis, calculation, or three-dimensional visualization software  also, non-standard graphing programs, uncommon algorithms, someone else’s computer program, or part of the program that is incorporated into your work To Use or Not to Use? That is your next question All sources are not equal Before using secondary sources, be sure to evaluate them for their appropriateness in academic and professional writing You should consider a wide variety of sources relevant to your research project, but the sources that you base your conclusions on should meet the 6-standards test:  Authoritative Look for sources with the highest education, degree, or credentials that are appropriate to the topic  Credible Look for highly regarded, reputable experts with proven records  Current Choose the most current dates for time-sensitive topics— especially vital in science and technology  Objective Evaluate the integrity of the information; make sure it is free of bias, political agenda, or commercial sponsorship  Sufficient Ensure that information is accepted by other reputable sources  Verifiable Select information that is not hidden, obscure, or out-of-print Documenting your sources in APA style Once you have selected appropriate secondary sources, you are ready to use them in your writing as long as you consistently and correctly give complete credit to the source, which we call documenting the source Documentation is the complete written record of secondary information used in formal—academic, business, governmental, technical, scientific—research writing for the purposes of crediting, identifying, and locating borrowed information from secondary sources Additionally, documentation…  prevents your research paper from receiving an automatic failing grade  ensures that your own research is honest and ethical  enhances the credibility, significance, and purpose of your own writing Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE    demonstrates your understanding of correct research methods allows writers and researchers to share and build upon borrowed ideas pays intellectual debt to the writers who came before you and contributed to your understanding of the topic on which you are writing Documentation will be formatted according to style requirements relevant to the field of writing: MLA is used in business, education, general studies, English, humanities; APA, which stands for the American Psychological Association, is used in psychology, sociology, business, economics, nursing, medicine; CBE is used in biology, natural sciences; Chicago is used in law, linguistics; and IEEE is used in engineering In every style, including APA, which is our current focus, documentation is a two-part system necessary for the identification and retrieval of researched information: Citing / Citations In the actual written report, writers must provide a consistent, immediate, and abbreviated credit to every borrowed idea References In order to help readers exactly locate borrowed ideas that were cited in the report, writers must present, usually in the back of the paper, a list of all sources used, in alphabetical order, with expanded detail on publication information APA format is distinguished by the following features of citations and references: Citations for Paraphrases or Summaries author + date Because dates identify how current borrowed information is, APA always include them in every citation For research that is paraphrased, which means that you are restating, summarizing, or interpreting another person’s ideas using your own words, include the author’s name (if an actual human is identified as the author) and publication date immediately following the borrowed idea, inside the sentence that contains the borrowed information Example: Although the presence of electromagnetic fields in the home occurs naturally, excessive amounts of exposure may present long-term health risks, especially to young children (Reynolds, 2011) If your sentence already includes the author’s name, include only the date immediately following the author’s name Example: According to Reynolds (2011), although the presence of electromagnetic fields in the home occurs naturally, excessive amounts of exposure may present long-term health risks, especially to young children Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE CAUTION: regardless if you are quoting or paraphrasing, all borrowed sources must be cited to avoid charges of plagiarism Paraphrases may be reworded ideas, but as they are borrowed concepts, they are equal to quotations and require full credit to the source Citations for Quotes or Specific Facts author + date + page or paragraph If your borrowed information includes a specific quote or fact, include the relevant page or paragraph number(s) with your citation, using these abbreviations: p (for page); and para (for paragraph) NOTE: Be sure to place double-quotation marks at the beginning and ending of all borrowed words and record the words verbatim—exactly as found Example: According to Reynolds (2011), “prolonged exposure to electromagnet fields that produce 2.5 mG may create chronic electromagnetic hypersensitivity in preadolsecents” (p 43) Example citation using a quote from the author with her last name in the text: Author + Date with page number next to the end of the quoted passage One of the most difficult obstacles to reform is the apparent public indifference in even debating the future of health care Many U.S citizens seem unwilling to become advocates for their own health care options Kate Noble (2011) observed that “52% of the respondents gave ‘no preference’ to health care reform policy” (p 19) Citations for Paraphrases Here is an alternative example that paraphrases the author’s words and uses parenthetical citation, meaning both the author and the date are enclosed in parenthesis: Author + Date One researcher reported that about half of the respondents indicated a lack of interest in health care policy reform policy (Noble, 2011) In both preceding examples, the name Noble is the “guide word” to the corresponding entry located alphabetically on the back page listing the References: References Noble, K (2011) Response to health care policy Retrieved 2011, from National Conference of Health Care Reform website: http://nchcr.org/programs/esnr/public.net Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE Hot Research Tip: The reference above was generated by an online service offered through our Renton Technical College Library: NoodleTools It is recommended that you establish a NoodleTools account Details on page + What, no author? …No Problem! Citations for Unknown Author Many information sources, however, not identify a human author to cite Web pages, anonymous articles, social, business, or government agencies, for example, typically not identify a particular human author In such cases, use the next available word or phrase to cite in the actual paper which will also be used as the guide word to the corresponding reference page—just as you would with a last name of a human author Example citation with no author, using the first word of an article title from a Web page: Several advocates of health care reform are considering more aggressive educational approaches to promoting health care awareness (“Rethinking,” para.12) The first word of the title, “Rethinking,” is the guide word to the corresponding entry— without quotation marks—in the References: References Rethinking health care policy (2011, December 29) National Organization of Health Care Reform Retrieved January 29, 2011, from http://www.healthcarereform.org Creating a List of References Attached to the back of the written report, and labeled with the heading References, will be a list of all works that are used in the report (with the exception of personal communications, which are not to be included), providing detailed publication information about the borrowed sources Note: In format a Bibliography is identical to References, but a bibliography is only a list of sources that could be used Reference sources are actually used; in other words, they are referred to in the written report Bibliographies are like rough drafts for the final References page The word References should be centered above the list of sources used References with Document Identifications or Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) In order to protect copyright, some online materials are assigned unique alphanumeric identifiers instead of the URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) that persistently identify Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE sources regardless of their location on the Web APA advises that you include the Document ID or DOI in such cases Example APA Web reference with no author and with identifier: Mobile phones help ease brain disease (2011) Townsville Bulletin doi:1935649671 Using the Guide Word: Connecting the Citation to its Entry in the Reference Page For documentation to work, it must allow readers to find cited sources quickly and easily that correspond to full entries listed in the Reference page For clarity, use signal phrases that include the first word or first name in the citation that are also arranged alphabetically in its reference entry Example citation in the research report and its corresponding entry: According to Reynolds (2011), “prolonged exposure to electromagnet fields that produce 2.5 mG may create chronic electromagnetic hypersensitivity in preadolescents” (p 43) References Reynolds, B (2011) Electromagnetic fields inside the home: What you need to know New York Prentice Hall Begin Research by Creating a Working Bibliography Create a Bibliography a list of possible information sources Begin collecting secondary sources for your bibliography that may become resources for your writing Since you won’t know right away which ideas you will keep and which you will discard, it is a good idea to collect as many possible sources related to your topic as a starting point How to format your bibliography in proper APA style will be one of your challenges, and the General Guidelines for Listing Sources can be found on page 16 Additionally, research-writers can rely on a variety of print and Web-based information sources for help with research documentation, particularly covering rules and models of citations and work cited entries Research-writers never have to memorize format issues as there are plenty of helpful resources available to supply documentation information Probably the most efficient method to create bibliographies is to access NoodleTools, an online service which will help you generate, edit, organize, and your research projects in proper APA format, and arrange all entries into correct alphabetical order in Microsoft Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE Word files It will also allow you to create note cards and help you to arrange them into an outline It will save and store all of this information, so you don’t have to worry about your computer crashing or losing your flash drive containing all of your work Because your tuition pays for this resource, you will want to take full advantage of this invaluable tool Instructions for Navigating NoodleTools To get started, you need to set up an account using your RTC student identification number At your computer, go to the RTC home page: http://www.rtc.edu/ Find the Student Services tab, scroll down and select Library Select Online Databases Scroll down to find and Select NoodleTools You will find yourself at this page: NoodleTools Premium and will be invited to sign in: Sign In You will next find yourself at this page: Register or Sign In First-timer users will need to select “Create Personal ID.” You'll need your own Personal ID so that the NoodleTools system can store your work (you'll be able to access it from any computer with this ID) Create a Personal ID Create a New User Registration About You I am a student or library patron I am a teacher or librarian Expected year of graduation: Choose a Personal ID Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE You'll use this personal ID and password to access your saved work Personal ID: Password: Retype password: 8091234567 ******* ******** Easy Login Retrieval Just in case you lose your personal ID or password, provide the following information so that we can identify your account and help you out E-Mail: bmcauthor@gmail.com Initials: BM Phone: 8486 (e.g "JS" for John Smith) (last digits only) Register Important: If prompted for the type of account, look for and choose the most advanced option: “An account linked to a school/library subscription or trial.” At the top of your page, you will see a tool bar with the following headings: Projects Dashboard Bibliography Notecards Paper You will begin by selecting Bibliography 10 To begin creating a bibliography, select appropriate options, selecting Advanced for the most types of available citations, and give your project a title that will allow you to access, develop, and edit it after creation Create a New Project Select a citation style (MLA, APA, or Chicago) and level, then enter a short description of your topic Citation style: MLA  follows the MLA Handbook, 7th ed APA  follows the APA Publication Manual, 6th ed Chicago/Turabian  bibliography and footnotes Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE  10 follows The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed Citation level: Starter  Recommended for elementary school students  Six basic forms  An introduction to citing sources! Junior   Recommended for middle school students A small set of simplified forms Advanced  Recommended for high school, college, and beyond  70+ citation forms, comprehensive coverage of the style guides Description: Electromagnetic Fields For example, "History 101 report on George Washington" 11 When you are ready to create your first bibliography entry, select the type of source that you are using from the drop- down list of options Cite a: 12 From there, NoodleTools will ask you to enter relevant data into the fields Be sure to examine your source material carefully to enter all information accurately, including the authors’ names, titles of the works, and spelling *NOTE: For guidance on formatting, look to the right of the text boxes and click on highlighted links for more details For example, “What words should be capitalized?” 13 Double-check your results Whichever method of collection you use, be sure to make a complete entry for each secondary source exactly as it will appear on the References page Proof read all records for APA-compliance If you enter erroneous information into NoodleTools, you will likely produce erroneous documentation Punctuation with and without Citations: Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 11 Commas and Periods – Place commas and periods inside quotation marks, unless the page citation intervenes Examples: The study group has assigned its members to read and summarize the following article: “Difficulties in Detecting Cat-borne Parasites.” “Around one o’clock in the morning,” Harvey recalled (2009), “the guards dressed in full riot gear and stormed the barracks” (p 12) Brackets – Use brackets for interpolation (inserted material) of added words, clarified sentence mechanics, emphasis, or notice of error in quoted passages, such as spelling, indicated thusly: [sic] Examples: Climatologist Anton Skinner (2009) points to other less publicized consequences of global warming, notably, “the devastation of prime grape-growing vineyards [Napa Valley in California; Bordeaux in France] that may impact fine wine production” (p 19) One of the benefits of The Human Genome Project will be, according to Elliot (2009), “breakthrough efects [sic] in chronic pain management” (para 34) Ellipsis – Use ellipsis (three consecutive period marks) to indicate missing passages of quoted material Use four period marks between two sentences Be sure that the modification does not distort the original meaning and is grammatically correct Example: In his on-line sales pitch, Crosby (2010) notes that IBM’s “user-centered design, which includes guidelines, technical resources, and new innovations helps to improve the total-user experience” (para 2) Semicolons and Colons – Both are placed outside end quotation marks Example: Baker (2010, para 7) states, “We are on the verge of a rebirth in applied biology that will allow people to live essentially forever”; he contends that discoveries in biology are “more exciting these days than those in physics.” Exclamation and Question Marks – When a question or exclamation mark comes at the end of a quotation, keep it inside the end quotation mark If a question or exclamation is part of your own writing, put it outside the end quotation mark, or better still, place it as close to the borrowed source as possible Examples: Musicologist Linda Walters (2010) thinks music in the United States is much more rigid for the same reason it is for birds in the wild She urges neighbors to strengthen ties and communication within their own communities as music is as “vital for bird calls as it is for human song!” (para 46) Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 12 Block Quotations– longer quotations (40 words +) are indented five spaces from the paragraph margin The quote should be preceded by a signal statement identifying the author, and it should end with a colon Punctuation marks are placed before the parenthetical citation, immediately after the quotation Notice that quotation marks are omitted Example: Gorman (2009) notes some favorable trends away from static Web content: Commentators are now using the terms Web 2.0 and World Live Web to refer to a new generation of interactive Internet-based services such as wikis, socialnetworking sites, blogs, social-bookmarking sites, and folksonomies (collaboratively created labels used to describe Web 2.0 content) Web 2.0 provides users with realtime, dynamic resources (para 8) Quoting from a Quotation While researching, you are likely to come across quoted passages taken from other sources that you want to use in your own writing In other words, you want to quote a quote You have two options: You can look up the original quote from the original source and credit it, or you can give credit to both the writer of the quote and the author who provided it, creating a clear link to the Reference entry Use the phrase as cited in to credit your source material Example: George Plecanos (as cited in Henderson, 2012, p 12) describes the investigation as “the trail of an intention gone haywire.” In the citation above, the reader would look for Henderson’s name in References–not Plecanos’ as the quote from Plecanos was found in Henderson’s work Citing Multiple Authors or Multiple Sources:  When several authors’ ideas are referred to within a single sentence, place the appropriate citation immediately after the source Example: Although Coogan (2009) argues that online medical bulletin boards “disseminate more myth than fact” (para 5), but a Carnegie Mellon study (2010) found that most users of bulletin boards seek general information rather than diagnosis and treatment  Alternatively, when citing two or more authors’ opinions or findings in the same sentence and you wish to credit them in a single parenthetical citation, list them alphabetically, just as they will be listed in References, separated by semicolons Example: Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 13 A number of recent studies have suggested that undesirable weight gain may have more genetic than environmental components (Kirby, 2010; “Steering”; 20011; Veder, 2010)  When citing a collaborative work by six or more authors, provide the name of the first author listed and indicate “and others” with et al Example: According to Griffiths et al (2008), “61 percent of the participants had answers indicating a ‘complete mystical experience’ after psilocybin compared with only 11 percent after Ritalin” (p 9) When you use multiple works by the same author written in the same year, distinguish one from another by assigning an alphabetical letter that corresponds to its alphabetical position in the references page Example: Glenda Burke defined the principle of human behavior that tends to “minimize costs while maximizing our rewards” (2009b, p 42) This principle, which she termed “minimax strategy,” applies to every level of human interaction (2009a, p 132) The alphabetical designations assigned in the citation will have corresponding entries included in the references in bold for emphasis Because the word Dynamic is alphabetically listed before High, it is assigned the “a” position or designation in both the citation and reference In References, the corresponding entries will look like this: Burke, G (2009a) Dynamic interaction Peoria, IL: Houghton Burke, G (2009b) High-yield behavior Peoria, IL: Houghton More information on APA style, composition, and sentence mechanics can be found at the following Web sites: APA Web page – http://www.apastyle.org/index.aspx Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) – http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 14 Tables, Figures, and Graphics – Designed to enhance communication and clarity, graphics are often helpful additions to research writing However, APA recommends that graphics not get disproportionate presentation in the writing In other words, graphics should supplement—not substitute for writing Format  When including graphics, be sure to refer to them specifically in the text, directing the readers’ attention to relevant details or sections Example: As shown in Table 2, women-owned businesses are among those who qualify as 5.00% prime-goal owners in the small and disadvantaged business categories    Since reports are often submitted electronically, it is suggested that tables not be referred to by page number as those locations may not be immediately known Instead, refer to the table by number Above the table, present the table number and below it, include a defining table title Table Fiscal Year 2012 and 2013 Small Business Prime and Subcontract Contract Goals for the Social Security Administration Prime Goal Sub Goal Categories General Business 32.00% 50.00% Disadvantaged Business 5.00% 5.00% Women Owned Business 5.00% 5.00% HUBZone Small Business 3.00% 3.00% Service Disabled Veteran Owned 3.00% 3.00% Business Note Contract investments for small and disadvantaged business owners are encouraged under Federal Acquisition Regulations   Clarifying notes can be placed directly under the table As with most borrowed information, you will include the borrowed table in your References page Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE  15 When using graphics, such as charts, photographs, cartoons, or illustrations, refer to these materials as Figure and assign an Arabic numeral with corresponding caption that includes a descriptive phrase Example: Many technical writers, such as Ben Minson ( 2010), address the challenge of informing the reader while instilling a healthy sense of caution (see Figure 1) Figure Technical writing cartoon from Ben Minson, 2010 Copyright 2010 by Gryphon Mountain Journals Supplemental Materials/Appendices – Because some supplemental materials could be a distraction or interruption of information, they are not imbedded into the report, as are tables and figures, but are placed in the back of the report If you include only one supplemental material, capitalize and label it as Appendix Provide a corresponding page that is center-top-labeled with Appendix, displaying the supplemental underneath If you have more than one, label each one as a capital letter in the order mentioned in the text: (see Appendix A), (see Appendix B), and so on Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 16 General Guidelines for Listing Sources in the Reference Page Although the APA manual provides more detailed requirements on APA format, the following include basic guidelines for common entries:  List entries alphabetically, by last name or name of group  The first line entries should be flush with the left margin Each additional line   should be indented one-half inch from the left margin The reference section should be double-spaced Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle of books,    chapters, articles, or Web pages However, proper nouns should always be capitalized Capitalize all major words in journal titles Italicize titles of major works, such as books and Web pages Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works, such   as chapters, articles, or essays in anthologies If your source offers sections or volume numbers, italicize them If your source offers issue numbers, not italicize them Books Single Author Last Name, First Initial(s) (year) Title of book Location: Publisher Corporate Author (associations, committees, corporations, government agencies, groups, institutions, organizations) Group Name (date) Title of work Location: Publisher Electronic Sources/Web Pages Online document Last Name, First Initial(s) (date) Title of work Retrieved from URL Note: Do not place a periods after the URL Online document with no author identified and no dates Title of work (n.d.) Retrieved URL Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 17 Online periodical article with a DOI, digital object identifier (Multiple authors) Last Name, First Initial(s), Last Name, First Initial(s), Last Name, First Initial(s), Last Name, First Initial(s) (date) Title of article Title of Periodical, volume (issue), pp-pp doi xx.xxxxxxxxx Note: Do not place a period after the doi Online periodical article without a DOI Last Name, First Initial(s), Title of article Title of Periodical, volume (issue), pp-pp Retrieved from URL Periodical article found in a library subscription database Last Name, First Initial(s) (date) Title of article Title of Periodical, volume (issue), pp-pp Note: If this is the electronic version of a print article, follow the print format It is not necessary to name the database unless it is the only place the document can be found Journals Magazines, Periodicals, & Newspapers Journal article, one author, with pages Last Name, First Initial(s) (year) Title of article Title of Periodical, volume, pp-pp Journal article, two authors Last Name, First Initial(s) & Last Name, First Initial(s) (year) Title of article Title of Periodical, volume, pp-pp Note: For eight or more authors, list first six alphabetically, insert three ellipses, and add the last author's name Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 18 Journal article, paginated by issue Last Name, First Initial(s) (year) Title of article Title of Periodical, volume (issue), pp.-pp Entire issue or special section of a journal Last Name, First Initial(s) (date) Title of article [Special Issue] Magazine article Last Name, First Initial(s) (year, month, date) Title of article Title of Magazine, volume (issue), pp.-pp Periodical article, no author Title of article, (year, month, date) Title of Magazine, volume (issue), pp.-pp Newspaper article Last Name, First Initials(s) (year, month, date) Title of article Title of Newspaper, Section, (issue), pp.-pp Note: include p or pp to indicate page numbers If article appears on discontinuous pages, give all pages, separated with a comma: Personal Communication Because APA does not regard personal communication ( interviews, emails, telephone conversations, online discussion forums) as “recoverable data,” they are not included in the Reference page However, in the actual paper or report, you need to cite them as personal communication, including as much of the date as possible: First Initial(s) Last Name (personal communication, Month date, year) states that… OR-…( Last Name, First Initials, personal communication, Month date, year) Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE 19 Subject Index with Page Location Format Cover/Title page requirements, Font type and size, Headers/Running head, Spacing, Common Research Issues APA/American Psychological Association), 1, 4+ Bibliography, 6, Block Quotation, 12 Citations/Citing, 5, 6, 7, 8, Citations for Author, 4, 5, Citations for Paraphrases and Summaries, 4, Citations for Quotations and Facts, Citations for Unknown Authors, Common Knowledge Sources, Documentation/Documenting, 3, DOIs/Digital Object Identifiers, Guide Words, 5, Paraphrases and Summaries, Plagiarism, Quoting Page and Paragraph, Quotations with interpolation/errors/[Sic], 11 References, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Signal phrase, Sources, Primary & Secondary, Supplemental materials/Appendices, 15 Tables, Figures, and Graphs, 14, 15 URLs, Punctuation Block Quotation, 12 Brackets, 11 Colons, 11 Commas, 11 Ellipsis, 11 Exclamations, 11 Periods, 11 Question Marks, 11 Quotation Marks, 5, 11, 12 Semicolons, 11 References/Reference Page Books, 16 Capitalization, 16 Electronic/Web pages, 16 Format, 16 Italics, p 16, Journals, 17, 18 Listing Sources, 16+ Magazines, 18 Newspapers, 18 Personal Communication, 18 Periodicals, 18 Titles, 16 Uncommon Research Issues Collaborative authorship (six or more authors composing one work), 13 Multiple authors cited in same sentence with separate citations for each author, 12 Multiple authors cited in same sentence with single citation including all authors, 13 Multiple works by same author with same date of publication, 13 Quoting from a Quotation, 12 Online Research-Writing Resources APA, 13 NoodleTools, 7-10 OWL/Online Writing Lab, 13 Writing Support Services / Kathleen Higgins, 2012 .. .RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE Research is the examination of a topic to understand it and explain its significance to your audience; it can be undertaken... Kathleen Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE Word files It will also allow you to create note cards and help you to arrange them into an outline It will save and store all of this... Higgins, 2012 RESEARCH DOCUMENTATION FEATURING APA STYLE Hot Research Tip: The reference above was generated by an online service offered through our Renton Technical College Library: NoodleTools It