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Issues and innovations in very large scale on-line distance learning: A case study Dr Gary R Alexander Director, Electronic Media in Education Research Group, Technology Faculty, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK Email: g.r.alexander@open.ac.uk, Web site: http://wwwemerg.open.ac.uk/gary Abstract: A new online course catering for 900 students in its pilot year and about 13,000 in its full presentation is described. It covered beginning use of computing, collaborative work on line, finding information on the Web, creating Web pages, and skills of learning to learn. Issues discussed are the best learning approach to use, ways of coping with the wide variety of student backgrounds, experience and software, and the nature of the online environment needed Key Words: Distance learning, online learning, large scale, teaching on the Web, computer conferences, collaborative learning, generic teaching Biographical notes: Dr. Gary Alexander received the BSEE degree from Columbia University in 1963 and his PhD in nonlinear circuit theory from Purdue University in 1971. Since then he has been employed in the Technology Faculty at the Open University in the UK, in what is now called the Department of Telematics. He has been involved in the development of innovative methods of distance learning since the early years of the Open University. He has an international reputation as a pioneer in the use of computer communications and collaborative learning techniques in distance learning through his research publications and through participation in such international research projects as the EC’s DELTA project, JANUS project, Café Mondial, and others. Since July 1996 he has been Director of the Electronic Media in Education Research Group. Recently he has been the author and architect of the first module of the online course, T171 You, your computer and the Net, described in this paper Introduction The UK Open University1, in common with many other higher education institutions and corporate training organisations, has been facing a growing demand for courses providing: • An introduction to basic skills of use of a computer • An introduction to the skills of the online world Most of the prospective students looking for these skills are mature adults who have not pursued formal study for many years, thus adding the need for: • An introduction to skills of learning and study The British Open University is one of the earliest distance learning universities, pioneering techniques of supported open learning since the early 1970s using specially written texts, TV and radio programmes as learning materials It currently has around 200,000 students and is rapidly moving into on-line learning Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -2- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study To meet this need, the Open University Faculty of Technology decided to produce an ICT foundation course to be taught entirely online as part of a complete revamp of its firstyear course offerings. The course is called T171 You, your computer and the Net, Learning and living in the information age and is made up of three modules: • Module 1: You: computing with confidence • Module 2: Your computer: the story of the PC • Module 3: The net: where it came from, how it works This paper concentrates on the first of these modules, which covers the skills listed above, although some of the issues to be discussed apply to the whole course. The course was expected to be extremely popular and has, in fact, proved to be one of the most popular Open University courses of all time. It was first presented in a pilot version in 1999 with student numbers limited to 900 (a very large pilot by many standards) to try out the technological innovations. For its first full presentation, student numbers had to be limited to 9000 (because of difficulties in finding and training tutors) for an initial presentation starting in February, 2000 and a second presentation scheduled to start in May 2000 has already attracted 3500 students. With this prospect, the course had to be designed on a very large scale The Open University has considerable experience in the use of computing, and especially computer conferencing, in its courses [ 1]. By the end of 2000 there will be over 100,000 students using its conference system (based around the FirstClass® software) as part of their courses. However, most of these students will also have access to some facetoface tuition and will receive most of their learning materials in print through the post. The computer conferences are largely an addon to the more traditional OU style of distance learning. We intended T171 to be much more fully based around online learning The OU also has experience in small scale courses taught entirely online [ 2, 3]. However, T171 was the first large scale Open University course in which: • All tuition is online (except for a 1 hour introductory meeting) • Most of the teaching materials are delivered online • The assessment is carried out online Although we were able to build upon our earlier experience, many new issues arose through the planned new use of media. We were determined that we would not simply transplant our traditional distance learning techniques to the Web, but would instead develop an approach tailored to its strengths. Too many institutions seem to think that online teaching means simply putting lecture notes (or maybe even lectures!) on the Web and adding email The principal issues we faced as we designed the course were: • Issue 1 Learning approach. Should we use a traditional didactic approach, or could we devise a more experiential, interactive and collaborative learning strategy? We have been part of the movement that calls for “reshaping the curriculum (to incorporate: team skills, including collaborative, active learning; communications skills…)” [ 4] • Issue 2 Student variety. We expected students of all ages from early 20s to retirement, with a wide range of educational backgrounds. We expected a large proportion to be complete novices to computing, but some would have a moderate amount of experience. We could prescribe a minimum computing specification but not what browser or office software students would have. • Issue 3 Online environment. What media should we use and for what purposes? We had the possibility of using text, streaming audio and video, a variety of interactive Web devices, Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -3- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study email and computer conferencing. How could we integrate these in a coherent, usable on line environment that could handle the anticipated scale? These issues are likely to be common to any largescale provider of distance education whether in a conventional higher education institute or in corporate training Educational Framework The historical models of learning in higher education and distance learning are based around largely individualistic activities, at least in their formal structure. The conventional university model is for students to attend lectures, read textbooks and as a result to produce essays or other assignments and take examinations. Of course, the Oxbridge seminar model is an important exception to this, and in practice, students often study together informally In traditional Open University courses, and in other distance learning organisations, the focus is on producing written materials, or broadcast or distributed audiovisual materials that form the basis of the students' learning experience. Students are expected to digest these materials and confirm their mastery of them through written assignments and examinations. In recent years, collaborative models of education have been taken much more seriously, and have come to be seen as having important pedagogical advantages. [ 5, 6] It is even seen as worthy of mention in a British government briefing document on a major new initiative to upgrade training for industry, where it is seen as having the additional advantage of reducing staff input [7] The educational basis for collaborative learning is rooted in constructivist models of the way people think and learn "From the constructivist perspective, concepts are not inherent in things but have to be individually built up by reflective abstraction."[8] Learning is not a matter of passively accreting concepts, but of constructing a conceptual edifice in which what is learned is integrated and linked to one's entire life experience. Understanding is not the same as remembering. For 'deep learning', where what is learned can be applied to new contexts and generalised, we are concerned with the higher levels of Bloom's cognitive hierarchy [9] In practical terms, this means that students have to manipulate concepts they are learning, turn them inside out, and look at their connections to other concepts. The job of the educator or instructional designer then is not simply to create materials in which concepts are clearly explained, but to create learning situations in which students find themselves actively engaging with the concepts they are learning. A particularly powerful situation is one in which one discusses what one has learnt with peers "In order to describe verbally what we are perceiving, doing, or thinking, we have to distinguish and characterise the items and relations we are using. This often focuses attention on features of our construction that had remained unnoticed, and it is not at all uncommon that one of these features, when put into words, leads us to realise that some conclusion we had drawn from the situation is not tenable."[ 10] and "Putting students into groups compels them to explain their thoughts to one another and this has several advantages: on the one hand, verbalisation requires reflection (upon one's own thoughts as well as upon what the others are saying) and, on the other, students tend to listen more openly and with more interest to their fellow students than to the teacher."[ 11] Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -4- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study This approach to learning has led to the twin pillars in the instructional design of Module 1 of T171 • Activitybased learning: in which activities are devised which require reflection and interaction with sets of concepts obtained through a set of learning resources • Collaborative learning: a subset of the above which includes group discussion and the presentation and clarification of concepts One final theoretical point needs to be made: To obtain the benefits of collaborative learning it is not sufficient to put people into groups. Groups do not automatically work well. People may get offended by comments made to them, or feel let down if some members are perceived as not pulling their weight. It is necessary to foster a group ethos, including skills of working together and of giving and receiving comments and criticisms. Furthermore, our understanding is that learning is most effective in a social situation where learners feels appreciated, supported and accepted with all their strengths and weaknesses. [12] We have thus been concerned to develop online educational communities that foster these principles Issue 1: The learning approach We devised a course structure that would enable us to embody the principles described in the last section: • Section 1 – Learning in cyberspace: The first section was meant to provide a gentle start and also to set up the collaborative learning by getting students online to meet their tutors and the other students in their tutorial group. In that way they could immediately begin to give and get help. The practical work of the section was activitybased and included 7 practical exercises leading students through various aspects of using email, using computer conferences, using an offline reader, and exploring the various academic and social conferences provided for them. A group ‘icebreaker’ to help students get to know each other was their first taste of online collaboration • Section 2 – Group learning in cyberspace: The second section included the first serious collaborative activity and taught students the basic skills of group work on line. At the same time it was meant to consolidate the student’s online skills and build their educational community. They were to read at a set of papers on skills of ‘netiquette’ and groupwork and collectively decide on the most important points in them. This formed the basis of their first assignment • Section 3 – Computing with confidence: The third section was activity based but not primarily collaborative. This section was where the skills of learning new software were developed. Students were given sets of generic exercises covering word processing, spreadsheets, graphics software, databases and integrated documents. Thus it was based around practical exercises with reflection and generalisation around them • Section 4 – Web skills: The final section started with a set of individual activities and then built up to a collaborative project. Students had to create a group ‘Web channel’. Each student created a page on a given topic of general interest (such as health and disease, environment, current events, science and technology) but with a common group style and home page. They first performed a set of exercises in which they learned the basics of searching for information on the Web and then of using HTML to author Web documents. To provide collaborative working in a course with thousands of students, we had to provide activities at several different scales: Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -5- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study • Every student was assigned to a tutorial group of about 20 students, with a tutor responsible for helping and for marking the assignments. Each tutorial group had several computer conferences of its own to work in • For some group activities, the tutorial group was again subdivided into groups of 4 or 5 students • For more general student support activities, there were largescale computer conferences with specialist tutors. In the pilot year there were about 8 support conferences open to the entire student population. This year, with 9000 students, there are 13 regional copies of each of the support conferences. This is to keep the activity levels in each conference manageable and within the capabilities of the support tutors Issue 2: Handling student variety The ‘preparatory period’ There were several aspects of student variety we had to consider. Firstly there was the range of experience in using computers and in previous learning. We handled that by specifying a ‘preparatory period’, before the course started. During that period, students with the least background could begin to catch up with their more experienced fellows. For this initial period, we could not assume students knew even the most basic uses of a computer so we could not present material online. For the preparatory period we sent students a set of materials to help them get started: • There was a selfrunning CDROM which installed the basic software used in the course (a browser in case they didn’t have one, the FirstClass client, various plugins, a typing tutor, an HTML editor), and presented a short multimedia welcome to the course • We sent an introductory booklet that contained material on basic study skills, reprinted from The Sciences Good Study Guide [13]. There was also a short essay on ‘Clear Thinking’ spelling out principles we expected students to consider later in the course. • We sent two short booklets called ‘Working with Windows’ which had been developed for use in earlier firstyear Technology courses. The first of these gives a basic explanation of the parts of a computer and what they are for. The second contains a graded series of exercises leading through the main features of Microsoft Windows. The exercises were originally presented on audiotape so students could listen while doing what the tape asked them to do. In our version, the audio was included on the course CDROM A generic approach to teaching software Another major aspect of student variety was that we expected students to have a variety of different browsers, word processors, spreadsheets, etc. installed on their PCs that they would want to learn to use in the course. In earlier courses we had specified a particular, lowcost ‘Works’ package for all students which incorporated a word processor, spreadsheet, etc. so that we could give students specific instructions on how to use it and so that they would easily be able to exchange files with one another. We encountered considerable resistance to this package from students who already had other software and were used to it. Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -6- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study In this course we decided to try to handle the variety students brought with them by teaching a ‘generic’ approach to learning software. We would teach them the general principles of learning new software, combined with exercises taking them through the basic features of any word processor, spreadsheet, graphics software, etc. We saw this as having many advantages to the student. It would enable them to learn to use new versions of their software or entirely new software without needing to take training courses whenever something new appeared The starting point for this was a document describing general strategies for learning software, with hints about toolbars, menus, help files, ways of exploring new software, ways of getting personal support. Backing this up was a set of online computer conferences geared to providing help with each type of software. We encouraged students to give and get help from each other through this conference but specialist tutors also staffed it As an example of this approach, we started the section on spreadsheets with a short document called ‘What is a spreadsheet?’ explaining what spreadsheets were for and giving a few basic concepts. This was followed by three practical exercises: • Study times and TV times: Students filled in a record of the time they had spent studying and watching TV in the past week. This was simply to learn how to enter data, move around in a spreadsheet, and do simple formatting [insert figure 1 here] • Adding averages and totals: Students added rows to their spreadsheet to provide totals and averages of the columns, thus learning about using formulae [insert figure 2 here] • Creating a graph: The final exercise led students through the steps needed to create a graph of the results [insert figure 3 here] All of these exercises describe generic features of a spreadsheet. When combined with the support conferences, they were sufficient for students to learn the basics of spreadsheets and also, to develop their ability to learn new software on their own The major exception to this generic approach to learning software was that we required all students to use our computer conferencing and email system based around FirstClass® within the course. That was because there are no common Webbased computer conference systems in general use that were suitable for our needs. The alternative would have been to rely on email and mailing lists, or to set up private newsgroups. The latter do not offer the richness and control we needed. We needed very large numbers of conferences, some of which are restricted to small groups and some to much larger groups Issue 3 – The online environment Providing a rich experience One of our goals in developing the course materials and the online environment was to provide a rich experience for the students. We wanted to offer a variety of materials of different types, Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -7- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study partly to satisfy students with different preferred study modes, and also to make best use of the online media • Practical exercises: The largest component of the module was a set of 28 short practical exercises, presented as part of the course Web site, such as the three spreadsheet exercises described above. These covered all the computer skills taught in the course: the use of e mail, computer conferencing, word processing, graphics, spreadsheets, databases, integrated documents, Web searching, HTML authoring, good Web design. Students could read and work online with them, or download them and print them out. For the most part, students worked on these individually, but with help as needed from the support conferences and tutorial group conferences • Group activities: There were three online group activities during the 10 weeks of this part of the course: an opening ‘icebreaker’, a group activity on the theory of groupwork, and a group ‘Web channel’. The last two formed part of the module’s assessment. The group activities were organised by the tutors online through conference messages in the tutorial group conferences. They built on work done in the exercises • Audiovisual lectures: There were short (a few minutes) introductory talks for each of the sections of the module. These were delivered as streaming QuickTime from the course Web site and consisted of the author’s voice over a set of explanatory slides. Each talk explained what students could expect in that section and what they should have accomplished by its end. We used audiovisual presentation to provide a better sense of connection with the author of the material than is possible with written material • Short explanatory papers: Preceding each of the sets of practical exercises were short papers describing the area to be covered (for example, a basic description of a word processor, or an explanation of types of HTML editor). As these were part of the Web site they were kept short and were written in the concise style suited to reading material from the Web online. One of these gave background on aspects of computer communications and used a series of animations to illuminate a subject notoriously difficult to explain in words. (see Figure 4) [insert figure 4 here] • Feedback: To help students evaluate their progress throughout the module we created an online selfdiagnostic test linked to a database. It consisted of 25 questions that asked students to rate their abilities on a scale of 1 – 5 in all the computer and learning skills the module covered. Students completed this test at the start of the module and then again at the end of each section. By the end of the module this gave them a record of how much they had progressed and accomplished. • Assessment: There were two assignments for the module, both based around the group activities. These were submitted online through the Open University’s eTMA (electronic Tutor Marked Assignment) system. The course is proving a major test of the system, as at peak times it will have to handle thousands of student submissions within a few days. These have to be held securely, have to provide access for the tutor for marking, have to provide feedback to the students on how well they did and where they could improve, and have to allow for central staff to monitor the tutor’s marking. There were significant teething problems in the pilot presentation that were somewhat improved for the full presentation. We are now holding discussions about ways of simplifying and streamlining the system. Integrating the components Given all the different components described above, the challenge was to create a design which Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -8- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study • allowed students and tutors to easily find their way around, and to return easily to the place on which they were currently working • provided a consistency in style and functionality across the different parts • was robust enough to handle the extremely heavy peak loads we anticipated Figure 5 shows the basic design we came up with for the main part of the Website. There is an overall navigation bar to the left that links to the major activities students will encounter. A local table of contents at the top of the page allows for navigation around the materials related to the current section. Below this appeared the major types of content: activities, documents to read, audiovisual materials, selfdiagnostic tests [insert figure 5 here] We offered the students three ways of accessing the FirstClass conferences: • through their browser, using an interface linked to the FirstClass button shown in Figure 5 • through the FirstClass client directly to the OU servers. This allowed more functionality than the FirstClass browser interface • through the offline reader for FirstClass. This was important in the UK where students have to pay for their time online by the minute We developed a browser interface for FirstClass for the course that was consistent with the look and feel of the rest of the course Web site. It is shown in Figure 6. At this level, it is showing the main T171 conferences: • a Notice Board for announcements from the course team • a Café for informal discussion between all students in the region • the four support conferences, for office software, for Web/html, for FirstClass, and for Windows Not shown in that view are the student’s mailbox, their tutorial group conference, or a place for their personal home page [insert figure 6 here] A member of the OU’s design studio produced the design of the Website, as we wanted a site that embodied professional design standards. At the same time, the authors wanted to be able to write using an HTML editor. They wanted to have the functionality of HTML as they wrote, so that they could incorporate internal and external hyperlinks and feedback devices. They also thought it would encourage them to write in a style suited to the Web (i.e. short punchy sections with a lot of structure rather than long, verbose descriptive passages). We thus needed to devise a way to transform the author’s more basic HTML into the designer’s styles, without too much hand coding The solution was to use a rendering engine called Frontier to strip out the authors’ original HTML tags and replace them with the designers’ tags. The course editor, one of the development team, was responsible for this process, as well as for editing the materials for style and consistency Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning -9- Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study Evaluation We were concerned to learn as much as possible about the successes and difficulties of the course, and so set up a systematic evaluation of the pilot presentation. We gathered information about it from several sources: • Several members of the course team also were course tutors and reported their experiences. • Students’ comments in the online conferences were a useful indicator of difficulties. • The Open University’s Institute of Educational Technology (IET) surveyed students at the end of the pilot year. [14] As a result of the feedback received, some changes were made to module 1 after the pilot presentation. We simplified the structure, reduced the workload, and increased the preparatory time. Then students were surveyed at the end of Module 1 in the first year of full presentation Some of the overall results of the feedback were that: • There were many positive comments and satisfied students, with compliments about the quality of the course and its Web site • Many students who were beginners to computing found the course overloaded, especially at the beginning, but those who persevered were pleased with the results. The dropout rate was much higher than we had hoped, but not unprecedented for the first year of a new course • There was a mixed reaction to the groupwork. Where the groups worked well, students were very enthusiastic. Some did not work well because students dropped out or didn’t participate actively. In part this was a knockon effect of the overload which some found • Software difficulties plagued a minority of students and tutors More specifically, Of those students who started the pilot and completed payment only 43% completed and passed the course. This is quite low for a level 1 course. With the changes made after the pilot year, it appears that this rate will be substantially higher in the first full year Nonetheless, 80% of the students responding to the IET survey thought that the course achieved its stated aims and objectives very well or fairly well and 91% responded very well or fairly well when asked if the course was value for money. 71% found the online tutor group conferences very or fairly helpful and 57% found the on line support conferences very or fairly helpful In the survey taken at the end of module 1 of the first full year of presentation 88% said very or quite a bit when asked whether module 1 was enjoyable When asked about their attitudes towards the groupwork components, students said: They made me feel part of the group – 30% I found them difficult but rewarding – 40% I don’t like working in a group – 13% I didn’t see the point in them – 5% None of these – 12% 22% of the students surveyed said they would like to see more of the groupwork, but 29% said they would like to see less Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning - 10 - Issues and innovations in very large scale online distance learning: a case study 94% of the students said they found the web site very or quite easy to navigate. As for the technical aspects which worked the best, the web site with 61% and FirstClass with 62% were the highest ranked (multiple answers allowed) Conclusions Our overall conclusion is that we have successfully produced a very innovative online course at a very large scale. It was generally appreciated by the students but with a certain degree of technical difficulties and difficulties for beginners in the pilot year of presentation. Issue 1 – We consider that the activitybased and collaborative approach that we used was vital to the success of the course, although not fully appreciated by all the students. This was a mainstream course for the Open University, rather than a research experiment, so even with the evaluation we did we cannot draw fully scientific conclusions. We do not know of any comparable courses at this scale, taught at a distance, much less any which do not use a collaborative activitybased approach to compare with this course. However, it is clear from the results of the students' assessment that most produced good work and a lot produced excellent work, without any facetoface support. From the evaluation we are convinced that this would not have been possible without the culture of collaboration and mutual support we so carefully nurtured. This is reinforced by the experience of the minority of tutorial groups where the group support did not work as well as it should have. Here there were substantial complaints from the affected students. We draw the conclusion that it is not sufficient to put learning materials on the web, even if they are of very high quality, and hope that students will cope. Collaboration and support make a very large difference The cost of this to the Open University was very high. There was much greater effort required in development work, in support for students and in training and secondary support for the on line staff than we had anticipated. Issue 2 – Our approach to handling the variety of students by providing extensive online support and by taking a generic approach to learning software was generally successful. However, in the pilot year there was a significant group that included a lot of absolute beginners who did not cope well with the course. The changes in the first full presentation year helped with this considerably, with its simplified structure and especially with its attention to preparatory work. It appears that for absolute beginners to computing, most can learn successfully from an online course with sufficient support. However, there is also a significant minority who would probably be better off learning from a more conventional facetoface course Issue 3 – Our rich, complex online environment with its interactive elements and extensive on line conference system worked well and was appreciated by the students. However, it required a lot more effort to develop and maintain than we anticipated. With hindsight, a somewhat simpler design would have been preferable Also, the problems of large scale sometimes worked against us, because a small minority of several thousand can still be several hundred students having problems. For example, we included four short audiovisual lectures presented through the Web site using streaming media. A small minority faced problems with the installation of the required plugins and they took up inordinate amounts of staff time before their difficulties were resolved Alexander, G. (1997) “The Experience of the Open University: Pointers Towards a Global Network for Education and Research”, proceedings of the Twentyfirst International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences Washington, D.C., November 2430, 1997 (http://www emerg.open.ac.uk/gary/papers/ICUS/ICUS.html) Alexander, G. (1993) “XT001 Renewable Energy Technology” presented at Hypermedia in Vaasa ‘93, Vaasa, Finland, May, 1993 Alexander, G.(1995) “Enhancing Quality in Distance Learning through Collaborative and Resource based Learning”, One World Many Voices, 17th World Conference for Distance Education, ICDE, June 1995 Tien, J.M. (1999) ‘A para/professional approach to restructuring engineering education’, Int. J. Continuing Engineering Education and Lifelong Learning, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 117127 Davidson, N and Worsham T (Eds) (1992) Enhancing thinking through cooperative learning, New York, Teachers College Press. Kaye, A (Ed) (1992) Collaborative Learning through Computer Conferencing: the Najaden Papers, New York, SpringerVerlag McNair, S. (1997) Higher Education, Communication Technologies and the University for Industry, DfEE, London von Glasersfeld, E. (1995) Radical Constructivism, A Way of Knowing and Learning, Studies in Mathematics Education Series, no. 6, London, The Falmer Press, p.184 Bloom, B.S., (1956)Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals, London, Longmans, p. 207 10 von Glasersfeld (1995), op. cit., p. 188 11 ibid p. 190 12 see examples and discussions in Goleman, D (1996) Emotional Intelligence, Bloomsbury Northedge, A., Thomas, J. Lane, A, and Peasgood, A. (1997), The Sciences Good Study Guide, Open University 13 14 2000 Collins, K., Ashby, A Courses Survey Student Statistics Team, Institute of Educational Technology, 16 Feb Figure – The simplest use of a spreadsheet Figure 2 – Spreadsheet exercise adding the use of formulas Figure – Creating a graph from a spreadsheet Figure – A still from an animation used to teach e-mail transmission through linked servers Figure 5. The basic design for the main part of the Web site The design of the browser interface for the T171 FirstClass conferences 14 Figure 6 ... Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education? ?and? ?Lifelong? ?Learning -4- Issues? ?and? ?innovations? ?in? ?very? ?large? ?scale? ?online? ?distance? ?learning: ? ?a? ?case? ?study This approach to? ?learning? ?has led to the twin pillars? ?in? ?the instructional design of Module 1 of ... To provide collaborative working? ?in? ?a? ?course with thousands of students, we had to provide activities at several different scales: Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education? ?and? ?Lifelong? ?Learning -5- Issues? ?and? ?innovations? ?in? ?very? ?large? ?scale? ?online? ?distance? ?learning: ? ?a? ?case? ?study • Every student was assigned to? ?a? ?tutorial group of about 20 students, with? ?a? ?tutor responsible... Int. J. Cont. Engineering Education? ?and? ?Lifelong? ?Learning -9- Issues? ?and? ?innovations? ?in? ?very? ?large? ?scale? ?online? ?distance? ?learning: ? ?a? ?case? ?study Evaluation We were concerned to learn as much as possible about the successes? ?and? ?difficulties of the