TEACHER MORALE: PERCEPTIONS OF DEAF/HARD-OF-HEARING TEACHERS AND HEARING TEACHERS IN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Education Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Steven E Farmer May 2011 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated first to Heather, the love of my life, my wife, my best friend, and my rock through this journey so that I may realize my dream and goal of obtaining a doctoral degree Secondly, this is dedicated to my three precious children who taught and continue to teach me to laugh a lot, love much, and to enjoy life! Thirdly, it is dedicated to my parents who convinced me that I could whatever I wanted to They taught me to dream big Finally, it is dedicated to the members of the cohort who were so very supportive of me and each other and made this excursion somewhat easier ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Dr Vincent Anfara (chair), Dr Ernest Brewer, Dr Kimberly Wolbers, and Dr Pam Angelle I greatly appreciate your guidance and insight throughout my studies I especially thank Dr Anfara who was extremely patient with me throughout my study I thank God for His provision of strength, guidance, and wisdom throughout the study Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the Student Living staff and administrators at the Tennessee School for the Deaf who graciously put up with my frequent unavailability due to excursions off campus including classes, trips, meetings, and so forth Finally, saving the best for last, I would like to acknowledge my family My wife and children have been patiently waiting for me to complete this program and supported me the entire way iii ABSTRACT With increasing state and federal mandates to improve student performance, teachers everywhere are struggling with maintaining positive morale—particularly in residential schools for the deaf Teacher morale serves as a critical component in promoting positive teaching and learning environments for students Also, the dwindling number of Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing teachers and staff in Deaf Education severely limits the provision of positive language models for Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing children The study sought to answer two research questions: (1) What is the overall teacher morale at five residential schools for the deaf in the southeastern United States? (Quantitative) (2) How does the morale of Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing teachers compare with the morale of their hearing counterparts? (Quantitative and Qualitative) Using Teacher Morale and Deaf Culture as the theoretical framework, this study utilized a sequential, mixed method, case study approach to examine teacher morale in five residential schools for the deaf in the southeastern United States The Purdue Teacher Opinionaire (PTO), a 100-item four-point Likert survey, was administered to a sample of 118 teachers in five residential schools for the deaf The results of the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Mann Whitney U test Quantitative analysis, following the factors in the PTO, revealed high scores in Satisfaction with Teaching and Rapport among Teachers and low scores in Curriculum Issues, Teacher Load, and Teacher Salary Interviews and observations were performed at two of the schools Data from the interviews and observations were analyzed according to Merriam’s (1998) constant iv comparative method Qualitative data served to verify and expand upon quantitative findings Collegiality is a forte among teachers in the five residential schools for the deaf and is a big contributor to the high level of morale However, higher standards and additional expectations at the state and federal levels put a damper on teacher morale v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I Page INTRODUCTION Chapter Introduction Statement of the Problem Purpose of the Study Research Questions Definition of Terms Delimitations Limitations Significance of the Study Organization of the Study 12 II LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter Introduction 14 Teacher Morale 14 Definitions of Teacher Morale 14 Significance of Teacher Morale .15 Summary 21 Morale in Deaf Education 21 Summary 30 Deaf Culture .30 Perspectives of Deaf People 32 Summary 35 vi Theoretical Framework 36 Teacher Morale 37 Deaf Culture .37 Teacher Morale and Deaf Culture 38 Conclusion .39 III METHODS Chapter Introduction 41 Design Type: A Sequential, Mixed Methods Case Study Design 41 Assumptions and Rationale for a Sequential, Mixed Methods Case Study Design 43 Sample and Sites 45 Participants of the Study 45 Data Collection Procedures 48 Surveys 48 Explanation of Instrument Used 49 Purdue Teacher Opinionaire 49 Interviews .51 Observations 52 Data Analysis 53 Methods of Verification 54 Role of the Researcher .56 Limiting Researcher bias 59 Procedures to Protect Human Subjects 59 vii Conclusion .59 IV FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Chapter Introduction 61 Quantitative Findings .61 All Schools Combined Teacher Morale .64 Collective Mean and Standard Deviation Scores for Each School 66 All Schools Combined Summary 67 School Teacher Morale .68 School Summary .68 School Teacher Morale .69 School Summary .70 School Teacher Morale .72 School Summary .73 School Teacher Morale .74 School Summary .75 School Teacher Morale .76 School Summary .77 Summary of Quantitative Findings 78 Qualitative Findings 80 Context 81 Teacher Morale 86 Themes 88 viii School – Rapport with Principal .89 School – Satisfaction with Teaching and Rapport among Teachers 91 School – Teacher Load and Curriculum Issues 94 School – Deaf Culture .94 School – Comparison of Morale between Deaf/Hard-ofHearing Teachers and Hearing Teachers 97 Summary of School 98 School .99 School – Rapport with Principal .99 School – Satisfaction with Teaching and Rapport among Teachers 100 School – Teacher Load and Curriculum Issues .101 School – Deaf Culture .103 Summary of Deaf Culture in School .105 Summary of Teacher Morale in School 105 School – Comparison of Morale between Deaf/Hard-ofHearing Teachers and Hearing Teachers 106 Summary of Teacher Morale at School 109 Chapter Summary 110 All Schools Combined .110 School 111 School 112 School 113 ix School 113 School 114 Chapter Conclusion 114 V CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS Chapter Introduction 116 Research Question 118 Discussion of the Findings for Research Question 118 Research Question 118 Discussion of Findings for Research Question .119 Suggestions for Future Research .121 Implications for Practitioners .123 Conclusion 124 REFERENCES 126 APPENDICES 137 Appendix A: Purdue Teacher Opinionaire 138 Appendix B: Institutional Review Board Letter 143 Appendix C: Sample Letter Requesting Permission to Survey and Interview Teachers 144 Appendix D: Permission to use Purdue Teacher Opinionaire .145 Appendix E: Interview Protocol 146 Appendix F: Informed Consent Form 147 Appendix G: Mean and Standard Deviation Data on All Five Schools (Combined) 149 x Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Teachers at School Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 M 3.67 3.33 2.92 2.83 2.17 2.92 2.67 1.75 3.00 2.09 1.75 2.42 2.75 1.92 3.17 2.50 2.83 1.75 3.64 2.67 2.42 2.58 3.45 3.67 3.00 4.00 3.50 3.58 3.33 2.08 1.92 2.75 2.83 SD Item # 0.49 34 0.78 35 0.90 36 0.94 37 1.03 38 0.90 39 0.78 40 0.75 41 1.13 42 0.94 43 0.87 44 0.79 45 1.14 46 1.31 47 0.83 48 1.24 49 0.58 50 0.87 51 0.50 52 1.07 53 1.24 54 1.08 55 0.69 56 0.49 57 0.85 58 0.00 59 0.80 60 0.67 61 1.07 62 1.38 63 1.08 64 0.97 65 0.94 66 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 M 1.67 2.83 3.50 3.25 3.50 3.25 1.83 2.58 1.64 2.67 2.75 2.08 3.75 3.42 3.50 3.82 3.67 3.33 3.08 3.42 3.25 3.00 1.42 2.67 3.67 2.82 1.92 2.67 2.92 3.33 3.42 3.17 3.25 Appendix L 154 SD 0.89 1.03 0.90 0.97 0.80 0.97 0.94 0.79 0.67 1.15 0.97 1.00 0.62 0.90 0.52 0.40 0.49 0.98 0.79 0.51 0.87 0.74 0.90 0.89 0.49 0.60 0.67 1.07 0.79 0.65 0.67 0.94 0.87 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 M 3.50 3.25 3.42 3.33 1.58 2.50 2.92 3.42 3.08 1.83 3.25 3.67 2.75 3.42 2.25 3.50 3.17 3.25 1.83 3.75 3.42 2.75 3.92 3.25 3.00 3.75 3.58 3.00 3.17 2.83 3.36 1.83 1.42 3.83 SD 0.90 0.97 0.79 0.65 0.79 0.80 0.90 0.67 1.08 0.72 0.75 0.49 0.75 0.51 1.06 0.67 1.19 0.75 0.83 0.45 0.67 0.97 0.29 0.62 0.60 0.45 0.51 0.85 0.72 1.03 0.67 0.83 0.51 0.39 Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Hearing Teachers at School Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 M 3.67 2.71 2.62 2.67 2.00 2.76 2.14 1.67 3.05 2.24 1.86 2.14 2.52 2.57 3.14 2.05 2.57 2.14 3.71 2.52 2.05 2.95 3.05 3.38 2.57 3.76 3.20 3.33 3.38 1.57 2.16 2.43 2.62 SD 0.80 1.01 0.74 0.97 0.89 1.09 1.20 0.66 1.02 0.94 0.57 0.96 0.98 1.12 0.85 1.02 0.87 0.96 0.46 0.98 0.86 1.05 0.92 0.74 1.03 0.44 0.95 0.91 0.74 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.92 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 21 21 M 1.86 2.90 2.95 3.29 2.76 3.00 1.81 2.24 1.95 2.48 2.52 2.00 3.81 3.48 3.24 3.67 3.52 2.95 3.33 3.05 2.57 3.19 1.43 2.19 3.29 2.86 1.62 2.52 2.71 2.90 3.20 2.38 3.10 Appendix M 155 SD 0.65 0.72 1.02 0.78 0.89 0.92 0.75 1.09 0.80 1.21 1.03 0.84 0.40 0.60 0.89 0.73 0.60 0.74 0.80 0.80 1.08 0.81 0.68 1.08 0.72 0.85 0.67 0.98 1.01 0.83 0.62 0.92 0.62 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 N 20 21 21 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 M 3.50 3.14 2.52 2.75 1.71 2.62 2.43 3.14 3.76 1.52 3.24 3.43 2.52 3.00 1.76 3.33 3.29 3.05 1.62 3.55 3.19 2.43 3.81 3.29 3.00 3.29 2.81 3.24 2.76 2.90 3.24 1.95 1.43 3.33 SD 0.61 0.57 1.12 1.12 0.78 1.07 0.93 0.91 0.44 0.68 0.94 0.51 0.81 0.71 0.70 0.48 0.85 0.67 0.67 0.51 0.81 0.75 0.51 0.78 0.77 0.96 0.93 0.54 0.89 0.30 0.44 0.67 0.60 0.73 Mean and Standard Deviation Data for School (Combined) Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 M 3.19 2.19 2.19 2.88 2.75 3.06 2.88 2.25 2.81 2.13 2.31 2.38 2.88 2.56 2.94 3.19 2.19 2.00 3.25 2.44 2.63 2.56 3.13 3.33 2.75 3.69 3.31 3.19 3.06 2.00 2.86 2.63 1.94 SD 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.89 1.13 0.77 0.62 0.86 0.75 0.96 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.57 0.66 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.89 1.15 0.81 0.62 0.72 0.86 0.48 0.87 0.75 0.77 0.89 0.81 1.15 0.77 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 16 16 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 M 2.44 2.80 2.69 3.00 2.81 3.19 2.75 2.44 2.56 2.00 2.19 2.44 3.38 2.81 2.63 3.63 3.31 2.94 3.06 2.94 3.06 3.06 2.0 2.25 3.00 2.56 2.38 2.19 2.38 2.88 3.25 3.00 3.25 Appendix N 156 SD 1.03 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.75 1.13 0.81 1.09 0.76 0.83 0.73 0.50 0.75 0.89 0.81 0.60 0.85 0.68 0.93 0.85 0.68 0.89 0.78 0.82 1.09 0.81 0.66 1.14 0.62 0.77 0.73 0.78 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 N 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 M 3.50 3.25 2.38 2.63 1.63 2.69 2.31 2.63 3.38 1.63 3.07 3.38 2.75 3.25 2.25 3.38 3.13 2.94 2.06 3.44 3.00 2.50 3.94 3.19 2.88 2.44 2.75 3.13 2.75 2.88 3.25 2.00 1.81 3.00 SD 0.52 0.78 0.89 1.20 0.62 1.01 0.95 1.03 0.72 0.62 0.88 0.50 1.00 0.58 0.68 0.50 0.96 0.68 0.77 0.63 0.63 0.82 0.25 0.75 0.96 1.21 0.93 0.81 1.00 0.96 0.58 0.52 0.54 0.73 Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Teachers at School Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 M 3.40 2.40 2.00 3.00 2.80 3.20 3.00 2.60 3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 3.20 2.40 3.20 3.20 2.80 1.60 3.20 3.00 3.20 2.00 3.40 3.40 2.60 3.60 3.20 3.00 2.80 2.20 2.60 3.00 2.00 SD 0.89 0.89 1.00 0.71 1.30 0.45 0.71 0.89 0.71 1.10 0.89 0.89 1.10 1.14 0.45 1.10 1.10 0.89 1.30 0.71 1.30 1.00 0.55 0.89 1.14 0.55 1.30 1.00 1.10 1.30 0.89 1.22 0.71 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 M 3.40 2.40 2.00 3.00 2.80 3.20 3.00 2.60 3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 3.20 2.40 3.20 3.20 2.80 1.60 3.20 3.00 3.20 2.00 3.40 3.40 2.60 3.60 3.20 3.00 2.80 2.20 2.60 3.00 2.00 Appendix O 157 SD 0.89 0.89 1.00 0.71 1.30 0.45 0.71 0.89 0.71 1.10 0.89 0.89 1.10 1.14 0.45 1.10 1.10 0.89 1.30 0.71 1.30 1.00 0.55 0.89 1.14 0.55 1.30 1.00 1.10 1.30 0.89 1.22 0.71 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 M 3.60 3.20 2.80 2.60 1.60 3.00 2.60 3.00 3.60 2.00 3.40 3.40 3.00 3.40 2.20 3.60 3.20 3.60 2.20 3.60 3.20 3.20 3.80 3.00 2.20 2.80 2.80 3.00 2.60 2.80 3.20 2.00 1.80 3.20 SD 0.55 1.30 1.30 1.52 0.89 1.00 1.14 1.22 0.89 0.71 0.55 0.55 1.00 0.55 0.45 0.55 1.10 0.55 0.84 0.55 0.84 0.45 0.45 0.71 1.10 1.30 1.10 0.71 1.14 1.30 0.84 0.00 0.84 0.84 Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Hearing Teachers at School Appendix P Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 M 3.09 2.09 2.27 2.82 2.73 3.00 2.82 2.09 2.73 1.82 2.18 2.36 2.73 2.64 2.82 3.18 1.91 2.18 3.27 2.18 2.36 2.82 3.00 3.30 2.82 3.73 3.36 3.27 3.18 1.91 3.00 2.45 1.91 SD 0.83 0.83 0.79 0.98 1.10 0.89 0.60 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.60 0.67 0.47 0.50 0.60 0.40 0.70 0.87 0.65 0.87 1.03 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.75 0.47 0.67 0.65 0.60 0.70 0.77 1.13 0.83 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 M SD Item # N M 1.91 0.83 67 11 3.45 2.18 0.87 68 11 3.27 2.82 0.87 69 11 2.18 2.64 0.67 70 11 2.64 2.73 0.90 71 11 1.64 2.82 0.75 72 11 2.55 2.91 0.70 73 11 2.18 2.82 1.08 74 11 2.45 2.36 0.67 75 11 3.27 2.27 0.90 76 11 1.45 1.91 0.70 77 11 2.90 2.27 0.90 78 11 3.36 2.36 0.81 79 11 2.64 3.36 0.50 80 11 3.18 2.73 0.47 81 11 2.27 2.73 0.79 82 11 3.27 3.82 0.40 83 11 3.09 3.18 0.60 84 11 2.64 3.00 0.63 85 11 2.00 3.09 0.70 86 11 3.36 3.00 0.89 87 11 2.91 3.18 0.60 88 11 2.18 3.00 0.63 89 11 4.00 1.82 0.75 90 11 3.27 2.18 0.60 91 11 3.18 2.82 0.87 92 11 2.27 2.36 1.21 93 11 2.73 2.27 0.65 94 11 3.18 2.27 0.65 95 11 2.82 2.45 1.13 96 11 2.91 2.73 0.47 97 11 3.27 3.27 0.47 98 11 2.00 3.00 0.63 99 11 1.82 3.27 0.47 100 11 2.91 Mean and Standard Deviation Data for School (Combined) 158 SD 0.52 0.47 0.60 1.12 0.50 1.04 0.87 0.93 0.65 0.52 0.99 0.50 1.03 0.60 0.79 0.47 0.94 0.50 0.77 0.67 0.54 0.75 0.00 0.79 0.75 1.19 0.90 0.87 0.98 0.83 0.47 0.63 0.40 0.70 Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 M 3.17 3.03 2.45 1.90 2.48 2.17 3.55 1.90 2.31 2.07 2.10 2.90 2.45 1.90 3.10 2.69 3.21 2.72 3.79 3.07 2.28 2.90 2.83 3.24 1.97 3.86 3.48 3.34 3.38 1.55 1.69 2.52 3.07 SD 0.81 0.82 0.91 0.86 1.12 0.85 0.63 0.72 1.07 1.07 0.86 0.77 0.95 0.98 0.62 1.11 0.90 1.13 0.41 0.70 0.84 0.86 0.93 0.74 0.98 0.35 0.79 0.61 0.68 0.74 0.85 0.87 0.75 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 28 29 29 29 28 28 29 28 29 29 29 29 29 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 M 1.93 2.55 2.66 3.14 3.55 2.79 2.28 3.00 1.79 3.69 3.28 1.93 3.71 3.14 3.21 3.03 3.59 3.14 3.10 3.24 3.07 2.86 1.31 2.31 3.28 2.59 1.59 2.90 3.07 2.97 3.03 2.17 3.03 SD 0.84 0.69 0.94 0.79 0.63 0.98 1.03 0.77 0.90 0.54 0.84 1.05 0.46 0.79 0.83 0.94 0.57 0.79 0.86 0.64 0.94 0.74 0.71 1.04 0.65 0.78 0.78 0.98 0.92 0.87 1.05 0.89 0.78 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 N 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 M 3.45 3.07 3.31 3.21 1.69 1.79 3.03 3.28 2.41 1.62 3.10 3.48 2.03 3.28 1.97 3.34 3.28 3.14 1.76 3.69 3.17 2.83 3.93 3.41 2.97 3.59 3.28 3.31 3.21 2.93 3.34 1.79 1.41 3.76 SD 0.57 0.59 0.76 0.98 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.92 0.73 0.82 0.77 0.57 1.05 0.65 1.02 0.72 0.88 0.74 0.91 0.47 0.89 0.85 0.26 0.63 0.63 0.68 0.80 0.60 0.77 0.84 0.67 0.90 0.63 0.44 Appendix Q Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Teachers at School 159 Item # Item # 13 24 35 46 57 68 79 10 11 10 12 11 13 12 14 13 15 14 16 15 17 16 18 17 19 18 20 19 21 20 22 21 23 22 24 23 25 24 26 25 27 26 28 27 29 28 30 29 31 30 32 31 33 32 33 N 24 N 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 24 24 5 M 3.17 M 3.00 3.20 2.50 3.20 1.83 2.20 2.42 2.20 2.13 2.80 3.58 2.40 1.79 3.40 2.33 2.40 2.00 2.20 2.00 2.40 2.92 2.60 2.38 2.80 1.92 2.80 3.08 1.80 2.58 3.20 3.21 3.20 2.92 3.20 3.79 1.80 3.08 3.80 2.17 3.00 2.88 2.80 2.71 3.00 3.21 3.40 1.96 3.40 3.88 2.00 3.50 3.80 3.33 3.40 3.38 3.40 1.46 3.40 1.61 1.80 2.46 2.00 3.13 2.80 2.80 SD 0.87 SD 0.83 0.45 0.93 0.84 0.87 0.84 1.18 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.58 0.89 0.72 0.89 1.13 0.55 1.14 0.84 0.88 0.55 0.78 0.55 1.01 0.84 1.06 0.45 0.65 0.45 1.14 0.45 0.93 0.84 1.06 0.84 0.41 1.10 0.72 0.45 0.82 0.71 0.95 0.84 0.95 0.00 0.78 0.55 0.95 0.55 0.34 1.22 0.83 0.45 0.64 0.55 0.71 0.55 0.72 0.55 0.89 0.84 0.88 0.71 0.68 0.84 1.10 Appendix R Item # N M SD Item # 34 24 1.88 0.85 67 Item # N 35 # N 24 M2.46 SD0.72Item68 34 524 2.20 36 2.63 0.84 0.97 67 69 35 524 3.00 37 3.17 0.00 0.82 68 70 36 524 2.80 38 3.58 0.84 0.58 69 71 37 524 3.00 39 2.75 0.71 1.03 70 72 38 524 3.40 40 2.21 0.89 1.06 71 73 39 524 3.00 41 3.00 0.71 0.78 72 74 40 524 2.60 42 1.71 0.89 0.95 73 75 41 3.00 0.82 43 24 3.71 0.46 74 76 42 524 2.20 44 3.29 0.45 0.86 75 77 43 524 3.60 45 1.79 0.89 1.06 76 78 44 524 3.20 46 3.71 0.84 0.46 77 79 45 424 2.75 47 3.13 0.50 0.85 78 80 46 424 3.75 48 3.21 0.50 0.83 79 81 47 524 3.20 49 3.00 0.45 1.02 80 82 48 424 3.25 50 3.63 0.96 0.58 81 83 49 524 3.20 51 3.17 0.45 0.82 82 84 50 524 3.40 52 3.04 0.55 0.86 83 85 51 524 3.00 53 3.21 0.71 0.66 84 86 52 524 3.40 54 3.13 0.89 0.90 85 87 53 524 3.40 55 2.83 0.55 0.76 86 88 54 524 2.80 56 1.21 1.10 0.66 87 89 55 524 3.00 57 2.29 0.71 1.08 88 90 56 524 1.80 58 3.29 0.84 0.69 89 91 57 2.40 0.89 59 24 2.63 0.77 90 92 58 524 3.20 60 1.42 0.45 0.58 91 93 59 524 2.40 61 2.88 0.89 1.03 92 94 60 524 2.40 62 3.13 1.14 0.90 93 95 61 523 3.00 63 2.87 0.71 0.92 94 96 62 524 2.80 64 2.88 1.10 1.08 95 97 63 524 3.40 65 2.04 0.55 0.86 96 98 64 524 3.80 66 2.88 0.45 0.74 97 99 65 2.80 0.84 98100 66 3.80 0.45 99 100 160 N M SD 24 3.38 0.58 24 M 3.00 SD 0.51 243.803.330.45 0.76 243.403.210.89 1.02 243.201.670.84 0.82 243.201.710.84 0.81 241.803.130.84 0.74 242.203.421.10 0.78 242.602.421.52 0.78 2.60 1.34 24 1.33 0.48 242.403.080.55 0.78 3.00 0.71 24 3.58 0.50 243.201.920.84 1.02 243.003.290.71 0.62 242.601.791.14 0.98 243.203.380.84 0.71 242.803.290.84 0.91 243.203.170.84 0.76 243.201.630.84 0.92 243.003.710.71 0.46 242.403.130.55 0.95 243.602.750.55 0.74 243.403.920.55 0.28 243.203.381.30 0.65 244.002.920.00 0.58 3.60 0.55 24 3.58 0.65 243.203.250.84 0.79 3.60 0.89 24 3.33 0.56 243.403.210.89 0.72 243.202.920.84 0.93 243.203.331.10 0.64 243.001.710.00 0.91 243.401.330.89 0.56 242.203.750.84 0.44 1.80 0.84 3.80 0.45 Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Hearing Teachers at School Appendix S Mean and Standard Deviation Data for School (Combined) Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 M 3.14 2.36 2.59 1.59 2.73 2.59 2.55 3.05 1.68 2.27 2.64 1.95 2.77 2.41 2.82 2.36 2.59 2.50 3.55 2.59 2.32 3.00 2.95 3.36 2.77 3.64 3.32 3.27 3.05 2.91 2.09 2.27 2.18 SD Item # 0.89 34 0.90 35 0.80 36 0.59 37 1.32 38 0.96 39 0.96 40 1.00 41 0.89 42 1.08 43 1.05 44 0.90 45 1.07 46 1.10 47 0.96 48 0.95 49 1.01 50 1.01 51 0.60 52 1.05 53 1.04 54 0.76 55 0.90 56 0.66 57 0.92 58 0.58 59 1.00 60 0.70 61 0.95 62 1.11 63 0.88 64 1.15 65 0.80 66 N 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 M 2.18 2.86 2.00 3.00 2.27 2.27 2.55 2.45 2.09 2.36 2.14 2.45 3.41 3.32 3.05 3.59 3.45 2.86 3.23 3.14 3.14 2.77 1.32 2.32 3.41 3.14 2.14 2.14 2.41 2.77 2.64 1.68 3.05 161 SD Item # 1.05 67 0.77 68 0.76 69 0.98 70 1.03 71 0.88 72 1.10 73 0.96 74 1.07 75 1.05 76 0.94 77 0.91 78 0.59 79 0.78 80 1.00 81 0.67 82 0.60 83 0.77 84 0.69 85 0.83 86 0.64 87 0.92 88 0.57 89 0.89 90 0.50 91 0.77 92 0.99 93 0.89 94 1.18 95 0.97 96 0.90 97 0.89 98 0.79 99 N 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 M 3.45 3.18 2.41 2.5 1.91 2.82 2.32 2.68 2.41 1.91 3.14 3.27 2.32 2.77 2.00 2.95 3.27 3.32 2.09 3.45 3.14 2.41 3.55 3.27 3.00 3.05 2.41 3.09 2.32 2.68 3.14 1.73 1.41 SD 0.51 0.73 1.1 1.1 1.02 1.05 1.04 1.04 0.96 0.87 0.64 0.55 0.84 0.75 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.57 0.92 0.67 0.77 0.8 0.51 0.7 0.82 1.09 1.01 0.68 0.95 0.72 0.47 0.77 0.67 100 22 3.27 0.55 Appendix T Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Teachers at School Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M 2.83 2.83 2.33 1.83 2.17 3.17 3.00 2.17 1.83 2.83 2.83 2.67 3.33 1.67 3.33 2.83 3.00 2.50 3.67 3.17 3.17 2.33 3.00 3.67 2.83 3.67 3.33 3.17 3.50 3.17 2.17 3.50 2.67 SD 0.98 0.75 1.03 0.75 1.47 0.75 0.63 1.17 0.75 1.17 0.75 0.82 0.82 0.52 0.82 0.98 1.10 1.22 0.52 0.75 0.98 0.82 1.10 0.52 0.98 0.52 1.03 0.75 0.84 1.17 0.75 0.55 0.52 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M 2.50 3.00 1.83 3.33 3.00 2.50 3.17 3.00 2.17 2.67 2.50 2.50 3.17 3.50 3.00 3.33 3.50 3.17 3.50 3.50 3.50 2.33 1.00 2.67 3.33 3.33 2.17 2.00 3.33 3.50 3.33 2.17 3.33 162 SD 0.84 1.26 0.75 0.52 0.63 1.22 0.98 0.63 1.17 1.03 1.05 1.05 0.41 0.84 1.10 1.03 0.55 0.75 0.84 0.84 0.55 1.21 0.00 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.98 0.89 0.82 0.55 0.52 0.75 0.82 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M 3.67 3.33 2.67 3.33 3.00 2.17 2.83 3.17 2.50 2.00 3.17 3.33 2.67 2.67 2.33 3.00 3.50 3.33 2.83 3.50 3.00 2.50 3.50 3.50 3.17 2.83 2.67 3.17 2.67 2.83 3.00 2.17 1.33 SD 0.52 0.82 0.82 0.52 1.26 0.98 0.75 0.75 1.05 1.10 0.41 0.52 1.03 1.21 1.03 1.26 1.22 0.52 0.75 0.55 1.10 1.22 0.55 0.84 1.17 1.17 1.03 0.75 1.21 0.75 0.63 0.98 0.82 100 3.50 0.55 Appendix U Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Hearing Teachers at School Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 M 3.25 2.19 2.69 1.50 2.94 2.38 2.38 1.88 1.63 2.06 2.56 1.69 2.56 2.69 2.63 2.19 2.44 2.50 3.50 4.25 2.00 3.25 2.94 3.25 2.75 3.63 3.31 3.31 2.88 1.69 2.31 2.50 2.00 SD 0.86 0.91 0.70 0.52 1.24 0.96 1.02 0.96 0.96 1.00 1.15 0.79 1.09 1.14 0.96 0.91 0.96 0.97 0.63 7.74 0.89 0.58 0.85 0.68 0.93 0.62 1.01 0.70 0.96 0.79 0.95 1.21 0.82 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 M 2.06 2.81 2.06 2.88 2.00 2.19 2.31 2.25 2.06 2.25 2.00 2.44 3.50 3.25 3.06 3.69 3.44 2.75 3.13 3.00 3.00 2.94 1.44 2.19 3.44 3.06 2.13 2.19 2.06 2.50 2.38 1.50 2.94 163 SD 1.12 0.54 0.77 1.09 1.03 0.75 1.08 1.00 1.06 1.06 0.89 0.89 0.63 0.77 1.00 0.48 0.63 0.77 0.62 0.82 0.63 0.77 0.63 0.98 0.51 0.85 1.02 0.91 1.12 0.97 0.89 0.89 0.77 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 N 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 M 3.38 3.13 2.31 2.19 1.50 3.06 2.13 2.50 2.38 1.88 3.13 3.25 2.19 2.81 1.88 2.94 3.19 3.31 1.81 3.44 3.19 2.38 3.56 3.19 2.94 3.13 2.31 3.06 2.19 2.63 3.19 1.56 1.44 SD 0.50 0.72 1.20 1.11 0.52 1.00 1.09 1.10 0.96 0.81 0.72 0.58 0.75 0.54 0.81 0.68 0.66 0.60 0.83 0.73 0.66 0.62 0.51 0.66 0.68 1.09 1.01 0.68 0.83 0.72 0.40 0.63 0.63 100 16 3.19 0.54 Appendix V Mean and Standard Deviation Data for School (Combined) Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 M 3.06 3.06 1.94 1.78 2.72 2.72 2.56 1.78 2.06 2.44 1.83 2.11 2.56 1.89 2.72 2.89 2.72 2.44 3.83 2.67 2.89 2.78 3.17 3.50 2.89 3.83 3.29 3.44 2.72 1.83 2.33 2.56 2.72 SD Item # 0.73 34 0.87 35 0.94 36 0.94 37 0.96 38 0.9 39 0.98 40 0.81 41 1.06 42 1.29 43 0.92 44 1.13 45 0.98 46 0.96 47 1.02 48 0.76 49 0.83 50 1.2 51 0.38 52 1.14 53 0.9 54 0.81 55 0.86 56 0.62 57 1.02 58 0.71 59 0.99 60 0.62 61 1.02 62 0.96 63 1.09 64 0.98 65 1.02 66 N 18 18 17 18 18 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 M 2.06 2.78 2.59 2.50 3.11 3.28 2.00 2.61 1.67 2.94 2.83 1.78 3.78 3.50 3.22 2.72 3.61 3.11 3.22 3.22 3.00 3.06 1.22 2.67 3.44 2.83 2.00 2.61 2.78 2.72 3.00 2.18 3.06 164 SD 0.85 1.05 1.1 1.02 0.66 0.67 1.09 1.12 0.82 0.85 0.83 0.92 0.42 0.84 0.88 0.98 0.6 0.77 0.83 0.83 0.91 0.75 0.42 1.07 0.61 0.83 1.00 0.89 1.12 1.03 0.78 1.02 0.78 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 N 18 18 17 18 18 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 M 3.44 3.11 3.17 3.00 1.67 1.83 3.00 3.33 3.39 1.44 3.28 3.56 2.39 3.28 1.78 3.50 3.33 3.44 1.71 3.67 3.06 2.61 3.94 3.33 2.50 3.50 3.17 3.44 3.39 3.00 3.28 1.83 1.22 SD 0.51 0.69 0.63 0.75 0.68 0.92 0.67 0.67 0.93 0.61 0.73 0.51 0.77 0.58 0.77 0.61 0.87 0.51 0.9 0.48 0.88 0.95 0.23 0.6 1.02 0.51 0.79 0.61 0.69 0.97 0.93 0.83 0.42 100 18 3.44 0.77 Appendix W Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M 3.00 3.17 2.17 2.17 2.50 2.50 2.67 1.83 2.67 2.83 2.17 2.50 2.50 1.83 3.00 3.00 3.33 2.17 3.67 2.83 2.83 2.50 2.83 3.67 2.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.17 2.33 2.67 2.83 3.33 SD 0.63 0.75 1.17 1.17 0.84 1.22 0.82 0.75 1.03 1.17 1.17 1.38 1.05 1.17 0.89 1.10 0.82 1.47 0.52 1.17 0.98 0.84 1.17 0.52 1.38 1.22 0.84 0.55 0.98 1.21 1.21 0.41 0.52 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 M 2.17 3.33 2.83 3.17 3.17 2.83 1.83 2.50 1.83 3.17 3.00 2.17 3.83 3.67 3.33 3.17 3.50 3.50 3.17 3.17 3.33 2.83 1.33 3.00 3.33 2.83 1.83 2.83 3.00 2.83 3.00 2.33 3.00 SD 0.98 0.82 0.98 0.98 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.38 0.75 0.75 0.89 0.98 0.41 0.52 0.82 0.75 0.84 0.84 1.17 0.98 0.52 0.98 0.52 1.10 0.52 0.75 0.98 0.98 1.26 1.17 0.89 1.21 1.10 Item # N M SD 67 3.33 0.52 68 3.33 0.52 69 3.33 0.52 70 2.83 0.98 71 1.50 0.55 72 1.67 0.82 73 2.83 0.75 74 3.33 0.82 75 3.00 0.89 76 1.50 0.84 77 3.17 1.17 78 3.67 0.52 79 2.00 0.63 80 3.33 0.82 81 1.83 0.41 82 3.67 0.52 83 3.17 1.17 84 3.33 0.52 85 1.83 0.75 86 3.67 0.52 87 2.67 1.21 88 3.33 0.82 89 4.00 0.00 90 3.33 0.82 91 3.00 0.89 92 3.67 0.52 93 3.17 0.75 94 3.67 0.52 95 3.50 0.55 96 3.00 1.10 97 3.33 0.52 98 2.17 0.98 99 1.33 0.52 100 3.50 0.84 Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Teachers at School 165 Appendix X Raw Mean and Standard Deviation Data for Hearing Teachers at School Item # 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 M 3.08 3.00 1.83 1.58 2.83 2.83 2.50 1.75 1.75 2.17 1.67 1.92 2.58 1.92 2.58 2.83 2.42 2.58 3.92 2.58 2.92 2.92 3.33 3.42 3.08 4.00 3.18 3.42 2.50 1.58 2.17 2.42 2.42 SD 0.79 0.95 0.83 0.79 1.03 0.72 1.09 0.87 0.97 1.34 0.78 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.08 0.58 0.67 1.08 0.29 1.16 0.90 0.79 0.65 0.67 0.79 0.00 1.08 0.67 1.00 0.79 1.03 1.16 1.08 Item # 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 N 12 12 11 12 12 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 M 2.00 2.50 2.45 2.17 3.08 3.50 2.09 2.67 1.58 2.83 2.75 1.58 3.75 3.42 3.17 2.50 3.67 2.92 3.25 3.25 2.83 3.17 1.17 2.50 3.50 2.83 2.08 2.50 2.67 2.67 3.00 2.09 3.08 VITA 166 SD 0.85 1.09 1.13 0.94 0.67 0.52 1.30 1.07 0.90 0.94 0.87 0.90 0.45 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.49 0.67 0.62 0.75 1.03 0.58 0.39 1.09 0.67 0.94 1.08 0.80 1.07 0.98 0.74 0.94 0.67 Item # 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 N 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 M 3.50 3.00 3.08 3.08 1.75 1.92 3.08 3.33 3.58 1.42 3.33 3.50 2.58 3.25 1.75 3.42 3.42 3.50 1.64 3.67 3.25 2.25 3.92 3.33 2.25 3.42 3.17 3.33 3.33 3.00 3.25 1.67 1.17 3.42 SD 0.52 0.74 0.67 0.67 0.75 1.00 0.67 0.65 0.67 0.51 0.49 0.52 0.79 0.45 0.87 0.67 0.67 0.53 1.03 0.49 0.62 0.75 0.29 0.49 0.97 0.51 0.83 0.65 0.78 0.95 1.14 0.78 0.39 0.79 Steven E Farmer was born in Havre de Grace, Maryland He completed his undergraduate studies majoring in Deaf Education at Tennessee Temple University in 1993 He went on to earn a Master’s degree at the University of Tennessee in Education Administration and Policy Studies in 2001 Out of college, Steven worked for 4½ years as a Deaf Education teacher in a self-contained classroom at Red Bank High School in Chattanooga, TN In 2011, he was awarded an Ed.D in Education with a concentration in Educational Administration and Policy Studies Currently, he is the Director of Student Life at the Tennessee School for the Deaf 167 ... School Teacher Morale .69 School Summary .70 School Teacher Morale .72 School Summary .73 School Teacher Morale .74 School Summary .75 School Teacher Morale. .. Chapter Introduction 14 Teacher Morale 14 Definitions of Teacher Morale 14 Significance of Teacher Morale .15 Summary 21 Morale in Deaf Education ... to frame this study Teacher Morale Definitions of Teacher Morale Morale is something that is easily described, but difficult to define There are many definitions of teacher morale Bentley and