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5/12/2010 Ticklers and the Tin Pan Alley: Acculturation and Artistry in the Jazz Age Alexander M. Truong Advisor: Professor Nan Enstad In the early twentieth century advancements in mass communication allowed widespread dissemination of new forms of entertainment. The mass culture of the early twentieth century was defined by a newfound accessibility to music, comedy, and drama. Radio was on the cusp of its emergence into everyday American life. Access to recordings and piano rolls benefited talented young musicians developing their own skills, and newfound audiences looking for amusement supported traveling vaudeville acts with many of these musicians. Ragtime emerged from the same business of show that made minstrelsy and coon songs popular. George Gershwin was a musician of the Tin Pan Alley, a label for artists that was named for a street in New York City, which was home to the publishing houses of songwriters who produced popular tunes in the same styles of the ragtime artists of Chicago and New Orleans.1 Many of the musicians of the Tin Pan Alley were Jewish Americans who used connections among their own community to promote new talent and help each other learn a living by working in the entertainment industry. This new form of music was highly popular, but critics looked down on the culture it was associated with; they saw it as a crude and vulgar form of entertainment.2 Several Jewish Americans were involved in the music and entertainment industry, whether as publishers, band managers, musicians, or performers. Vaudeville stage acts managed to deliver laughs to their audience by exploiting an audience’s ignorance and New York Amsterdam News. "With Our Song Writers Along Tin Pan Alley." May 1930, Words and Music sec. Taubman, Howard. "Washington D.A.R. Refuses Jazz Band's Bid For Constitution Hall Because of Audience." New York Times, February 21, 1946. exaggerating African American culture.3 Mocked as it was, the preoccupation and interest in black culture gave African American musicians a valuable asset: they gained a living entertaining and performing for white audiences James P. Johnson was a prominent figure in the early years of the Harlem Renaissance. In the bustle of New York the young pianist was able to hear and see dozens of ragtime pianists, and develop his own approach to writing and performing music.4 The ‘Stride’ piano that Johnson played was one of the first styles of ragtime that utilized improvisation, and contributed to the growing interest in Harlem’s entertainment culture.5 Johnson and his contemporaries’ style would lay a portion of the groundwork for what would become modern jazz. By 1917 Johnson had solidified a place among Harlem’s best musicians, and it was then that he met a 13yearold Thomas Wright Waller, better known later as “Fats.” Under Johnson’s tutelage Waller excelled in ability, and quickly gained notoriety as an upandcoming stride pianist.6 Both would become key figures in the Harlem jazz scene A few years after meeting his protégé, Johnson became one of the first African American musicians to record mechanical piano rolls.7 The recording could be used alongside a piano to reproduce the original composition on the piano itself. It was at the Aeolian recording company that Johnson first met George Gershwin.8 The meeting has New York HeraldTribune. "Fats Waller Presents Carnegie Hall Recital." January 1942 Brown, Scott E., and Robert Hilbert. James P. Johnson: a case of mistaken identity. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press and the Institute of Jazz Studies, Rutgers University, 1986.Burleigh, Russell, Ross. "Grandfather of Hot Piano James P. Johnson." Jazz Information, November 1941. Logan, Malcolm. "Fats Waller Dies; Pastor's Son Gained Highest Place in Jazz." New York Post, December 15, 1943 Davin, T “Conversations with James P Johnson.” Jazz Review II 1959 Ibid several layers of significance. Johnson was recording popular blues rolls while Gershwin worked on themes inspired by oriental imagery and sound. It is also significant that Johnson was developing his own career as Gershwin began experimenting and innovating with new forms and styles. The two met and conversed occasionally. They discussed the future of their respective music, and found common ground on their mutual aspirations to develop symphonic arrangements and to further a complex, American art form.9 Johnson had a career that was just beginning to take off, and the congenial relationship that resulted from their initial meeting would influence Johnson in a number of ways to be discussed below Gershwin and Johnson’s relationship is a common, perhaps typical story. Jewish and African Americans played a specific role in the development and advancement of Jazz as popular entertainment, cultural commodity, and an artistic means of expressing the rapidly changing world of Modernity.10 This bimodal collaboration in early Jazz between African Americans and Jewish Americans resulted in increased financial success for early jazz musicians, which in turn created conditions that were conducive to artistic development and creative investment The questions central to this study regard race and popular culture. How does popular entertainment become recognized as art? How does this occur when two distinct, yet somehow connected, ethnic minorities are the primary contributors? To what extent did Jewish and African Americans influence or collaborate with each other, and what is Ibid 10 New York Amsterdam News. "With Our Song Writers Along Tin Pan Alley." May 1930, Words and Music sec. the result of such interactions? Analyzing news clippings, reviews, memoirs, recordings (published or otherwise), interviews and playbills will provide insight into these questions. Before going any further, though, the conditions that lead to the particulars of the early New York jazz scene and cursory knowledge of the major actors of this narrative must be discussed James P. Johnson was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey on February 1st, 1894 When he moved to Jersey City in 1902, at the age of 8, he first heard early ragtime. His older brother introduced him to cabaret players, and Johnson learned his own skills playing with these ticklers. Johnson came to New York in 1908, and it was there that his skills as a pianist began to really emerge. “In Jersey City I heard good piano from all parts of the South and West, but I never heard real ragtime until we moved to New York,” 11 Johnson related in a typical story of New York’s ragtime tradition. Indeed, Johnson’s initial exposure to the cultural productivity of New York ultimately shaped him as one of the premier ragtime pianists of the city. He played parties, shows, wrote compositions and arranged pieces for variety acts and comedies.12 His skill was not unrecognized and soon he was asked to record at Aeolian. It was there that he recorded hits like the “Carolina Shout.” Johnson was one of the most important musicians in developing the stride style, which was a style of ragtime piano that encouraged improvisation and lively, uptempo arrangements. The name “Stride” comes from the way the player moves up and down octaves with the left hand, which makes both hands appear as if they are striding up and 11 12 Davin, T. “Conversations with James P. Johnson.” Jazz Review II. 1959 Ibid down the keys. His most notable works include those described above, as well as Yamekraw, popularly known as “Negro Rhapsody,” and also (less popularly) known as “Rhapsody in Black.”13 Johnson is perhaps overlooked in more holistic narratives of jazz history because he was superseded in fame and influence by his protégé, but Johnson’s importance in developing stride piano as a style is tantamount to understanding the breadth and depth of his influence in later works. Of course, essential to Johnson’s legacy is the work of his protégé and one of his greatest friends Fats Waller was born in May of 1904 in New York City, the son of a Reverend. He learned piano from his mother, and by the age of 10 was skilled enough to play on the church organ.14 He won a contest in 1918 playing James P. Johnson’s “Carolina Shout” and, just as a young teenager, began taking lessons from Johnson. Fats was an artists’ artist that influenced many iconic jazz figures like Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Thelonious Monk.15 His piece “Ain’t Misbehavin” was a classics of early jazz that many of these artists mention as influences on their respective repertoires.16 Though he made a living recording and performing his music, Fats was not a sound businessman and actually sold the rights of many of his songs for far less than they were worth. Later some of these works were actually recorded under other artists’ names and became hits. Fats died in 1943 at the age of 39 when he contracted pneumonia. In 1945, just two years after, a retired James P. Johnson performed at Carnegie Hall. Several of his selections were from Fats’ catalogue (as well as some pieces originally composed by 13 New York Herald-Tribune Mar 1912, Theatrical Notes sec.: Logan, Malcolm. "Fats Waller Dies; Pastor's Son Gained Highest Place in Jazz." New York Post, December 15, 1943 15 Wellstood, Dick. "James P. Johnson." Jazz Review, 1977. (accessed 2010). 16 Ellington, Duke. Music is my mistress. New York: Da Capo Press, 1976 14 George Gershwin).17 The untimely death of Fats Waller perhaps solidified his legacy, but it was his music and the youth that he brought to stride piano and jazz arrangements at large that stayed. His personality was as unforgettable as his appearance, but it would be his music that would emphasize this large character more than photographs and film I James Weldon Johnson, one of the most prominent African American thinkers of the early twentieth century, described stride piano in one of his earliest works, “The Autobiography of an ExColored Man.” The fictional narrator visits a Harlem bar and colors the house pianist’s style in the following passage: "The stout man at the piano began to run his fingers up and down the keyboard. This he did in a manner which indicated that he was a master of a good deal of technique. Then he began to play; and such playing! I stopped talking to listen. It was music that demanded a physical response [ ] It was music of a kind I had never heard before [ ] The barbaric harmonies, the audacious resolutions, often consisting of an abrupt jump from one key to another, the intricate rhythms in which the accents fell in the most unexpected places, but in which the beat was never lost, produced a most curious effect the dexterity of his left hand in making rapid octave runs and jumps was little short of marvelous; and with his right he frequently swept half the keyboard with clean cut chromatics 17 Harrison, H. J. "James P.'s Jazzfest." The Jazz Record, June 1945. which he fitted in so nicely as never to fail to arouse in his listeners a sort of pleasant surprise at the accomplishment of the feat."18 Not only was this form of ragtime influential in its use of improvisation and spontaneity, but the experts and forerunners themselves were on the cutting edge of culture and style. They were proponents of the newest and latest form of ragtime, and they displayed this their appearance—from their movements to their clothing and the way they entered a building.19 These musicians had a visual flair to match their stylish personas. Velvet overcoats, quality hats and expensive suits were status symbols that helped sell the image of black culture to white audiences.20 Especially during prohibition was there a criminal element associated with ragtime and, consequently, jazz. The style of the ticklers—stride and ragtime pianists—was one that demanded attention.21 Many were pimps, dealt in drugs, and of course partook in the consumption of alcohol. Many black entertainers found their start in brothels or rent parties, where this lifestyle was promoted. There was certainly a specific style and allure that had to be promoted by these artists. Being at the forefront of a cultural phenomenon demanded an eye for all things new, modern, or “hep.” Of course, these musicians lived their lives by choice. Though Waller was a talented musician and composer loved by many, he was also a glutton. The immense man with the large mouth and larger hands could tear his way through four or five cheeseburgers just for lunch.22 Eddie Condon once recounted a story where he 18 Johnson, James W The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man New York: Dover, 1995 P 53 Mezzrow, Mezz, and Bernard Wolfe Really The Blues New York: Rand house, 1946 20 Ibid 21 Davin, T “Conversations with James P Johnson.” Jazz Review II 1959 19 22 Condon, Eddie, and Thomas Sugrue. We called it music; a generation of jazz. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970. attempted to coordinate the logistics of recording an album of Fats’ music, and each time he approached the artist for specific details he was met with a special kind of resistance. Fats was more than amiable and cooperative, but would also feed Condon large quantities of gin when logistical concerns were raised. Condon realized by the third day of failed attempts to coordinate Waller’s schedule that he could never hope to match the stride pianist drink for drink.23 The relationship between Johnson and Waller is also important to this narrative insofar as it was one of openness and professional respect. Their relationship is a common one among the ticklers at the time. Their contemporaries were in constant competition to produce the most interesting and popular music that could display the zenith of their collective skill. Willie “The Lion” Smith (one of the most notable developers of stride) was famous for challenging other pianists, and would give them their due respect but rarely acknowledge a superior talent.24 The gladiatorial image of the ticklers kept audiences listening and added depth and reputational stakes to the music, but also served as a crucial mechanism for innovation. The musicians that took ragtime and started making jazz out of it were artists at the forefront. It was not just a happy accident that this sort of competitive performance was a wholly fascinating phenomenon to watch; the culture of the ticklers highlights the discursive nature of jazz. It requires informed collaboration to advance. It was also not the case that musicians would listen to each other via correspondence or recording, and then publish and play their own music as a response. The communication of ideas had to happen in person. How would a rival see 23 24 Ibid Ellington, Duke. Music is my mistress. New York: Da Capo Press, 1976. his foe’s hands playing if he was simply listening to a recording?25 Of course, the use of mechanical piano rolls aided in this development by disseminating composed pieces and making them more accessible, but it was the culture of jazz itself that facilitated its own advancement through spontaneous innovation and improvisation. Gershwin recognized this, and took a keen interest in the music and culture of the stride pianists.26 Born on September 26, 1898, in Brooklyn, Jacob Gershvin was the son of Russian Jewish immigrants. His father, Moishe Gershowitz, changed his name to Gershvin before Jacob was born, and the prolific American songwriter changed his name further when he started his professional career. Gershwin was the author of American jazz compositions that reached widespread success and have enjoyed timeless notoriety. These include “Rhapsody in Blue,” “An American in Paris,” and the opera “Porgy and Bess.”27 He was also known to make claims about jazz that distinguished him from many other performers and composers at the time. He claimed that Jazz was an art form, and one that was not and could not be produced solely by African Americans. This distinguished Gershwin from his contemporaries in two ways. First, it portrayed the musician as an artist with an avantgarde approach. Second, Gershwin claimed that jazz was not an African American art form, but an American one.28 Gershwin’s beliefs will be evaluated in relation to past scholarship and specific events the composer was involved in 25 26 27 28 Smith, Willie, and George Hoefer. Music on my mind: the memoirs of an American pianist. New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. Ibid. New York Times. "George Gershwin, Composer, is Dead." July 12, 1937.New York Times. Wyatt, Robert, and John Andrew. Johnson. The George Gershwin reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 10 Like James P. Johnson, George Gershwin had ambition. He started as a performer that replayed recorded Tin Pan Alley hits live. It did not even take more than a decade for Gershwin to transform himself from a lowly songplugger to a nationally celebrated jazz artist.85 Though Gershwin had success, he wanted more. He wanted to be seen as an artist, and he wanted his work to be remembered. Creating Rhapsody in Blue was perhaps the seminal achievement in his career, and a moment of significance to the historical study of Jazz, but it was the choices that led to the creation of this American classic that are most important to this study. Before a thorough discussion of Gershwin’s most successful works can take place, it should be noted that Gershwin’s rise to fame was not without its trials and tribulations, nor was it a straight and easy path. The story of Gershwin’s success lends clarity to the role of Jewry in the development of Jazz. Certainly there were popular songwriters of the Tin Pan Alley that rarely sought to expand their role from a moneymaker in the entertainment industry to an original musician contributing to a growing and ever sophisticated art scene. Gershwin, however, was able to distinguish himself from this less ambitious group early in his career.86 By experimenting with different forms and seeking out innovation and recognizing talent, Gershwin was able to develop his repertoire alongside and in conversation with Jewish, white, and African American contemporaries to advance jazz as a whole. Gershwin’s contributions and legacy have immortalized him as an iconic composer of jazz, but at the time his actions did more than to ensure his own posterity. 85 86 New York Times. "George Gershwin, Composer, is Dead." July 12, 1937.New York Times. Reader 35 His career reveals a mechanism of dual acceptance by the audiences he entertained and the artists that were his peers. If the white audiences he catered to did not like his music, or did not recognize his ability as a composer he would not have been able to achieve all that he did. To state that a successful and wealthy entertainer had a wide audience may seem tautological, but it becomes significant in terms of this idea of dual acceptance. There were indeed many wealthy music producers with wide audiences, but what set Gershwin apart was his acceptance among his peers, and especially among black musicians like Johnson and Waller.87 His reputation helped him greatly in reaching a position where he could experiment, but his relationship with black musicians distinguished him as the genuine item.88 This is at the heart of a disagreement with Melnick’s claims, and comes down to whether or not one finds the evident on Gershwin himself as genuine or sinister. Though black musicians were seen (and sometimes purported this image themselves) as the sole source of authentic ragtime, Gershwin was able to bridge the gap artistically between the two groups.89 The result was mutually beneficial for Gershwin and the black musicians specific to this analysis. Taken in tandem, this dual acceptance created conditions that allowed Gershwin to be recognized as both legitimate artist and conscientious innovator.90 A few issues with Gershwin’s motivation should be addressed before the facets of his success can be discussed. Melnick often takes a cynical view of Gershwin’s writings and suggests that Gershwin had an agenda that was constantly and consistently served by 87 Ellington, Duke. Music is my mistress. New York: Da Capo Press, 1976. Wyatt, Robert, and John Andrew. Johnson. The George Gershwin reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 88 89 90 Ibid Ibid 36 his writings. To analyze his writings at face value may not go far enough, but Melnick too often trades in rationality for cynicism.91 The events presented thus far lend some validity to Gershwin’s highart aspirations. Gershwin had controversial views, and Melnick suggests his selfdistinction was a purposeful act in order to separate jazz from African Americans, all the while claiming access to it ultimately to advance Jjzz (although Melnick argues it was ultimately to further his own career). By analyzing Gershwin’s career path and the professional decisions he made in context with the stride pianists, a fuller understanding of his motivation becomes apparent. Gershwin’s Blue Monday (1921) was not met with praise perhaps because it was noncommittal, or ahead of its time, or both. Porgy and Bess is more refined, and has a clear purpose. The composition of Blue Monday would indeed be strange to hear so early in Gershwin’s career. It was a collaborative effort between Gershwin and Gil Evans. They also collaborated on Rhapsody in Blue, which established Gershwin as artist and celebrity. The question begs to be asked, how did Rhapsody in Blue, with the same people involved in a previously lessthanstellar production, become such an integral part of popular culture?92 Among the many things Gershwin discussed in relation to his music, most significant were his ideas on the definition of jazz and its purpose, and the future of American music. “In speaking of jazz there is one superstition, and it is a superstition which must be destroyed. This is the superstition that jazz is essentially Negro. […] Jazz 91 92 Ibid Wilson, John S. "Stylish Jazzman." New York Times, September 27, 1957 37 is not Negro, but American.”93 This quotation is at the heart of Gershwin’s success and his crucial role in elevating this music to a new and profound level of artistry. Written after his Rhapsody in Blue, Gershwin’s words highlight his belief in jazz as something greater than an expendable, cultural phenomenon. He was one of the most notable and vocal advocates of jazz’s potential. He also recognized the state it was in when he was writing. He saw the beginnings of jazz (most specifically in ragtime) as vulgar and crude.94 His belief taken in context with the origins of the minstrel tradition leave little room for disagreement. Gershwin’s controversial attitudes laid not in his perceptions of jazz’s past, but rather its future. In 1926 Gershwin wrote an article for Singing Magazine, entitled “Does Jazz Belong to Art?”95 In the article he calls for all singers to at least familiarize themselves with jazz music, but he also calls on all the detractors of jazz and refute their claims that jazz would simply fade from American life. Gershwin’s rhetoric is as fascinating as the beliefs they argue. He claims not to defend jazz, and refutes the idea that he can (or even should waste his time) convincing detractors of jazz’s importance or its artistic value. Above all, it becomes clear that Gershwin didn’t want to force jazz’s presence, but rather to “let the music speak for itself.”96 Gershwin admired those who saw Jazz not as a popular dance craze, but as something more. His ideas of jazz as the foremost American contribution to musical art are the roots of his motivation to find and pay attention to artists like James P. Johnson 93 Wyatt, Robert, and John Andrew. Johnson. The George Gershwin reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004 94 Ibid Ibid 96 Ibid 95 38 and Fats Waller. The stride pianists undoubtedly influenced his later works, especially in his combining of the musical idioms of early jazz with the highly deliberate symphonic arrangements present in Rhapsody in Blue. It is important to note that one review of Rhapsody is especially significant to Gershwin’s success, and it is the weight of this review that is highly indicative of the perceptions of jazz in popular culture. Carl Van Vechten reviewed and wholly endorsed Gershwin’s efforts in 1925.97 Van Vechten was a white socialite, writer, and photographer who was fascinated by black artists and the culture of the Harlem renaissance. He had an intimate relationship with the New York music scene; his opinion was regarded with credibility, and he was viewed as a promoter of the newest and best cultural products of the time. Van Vechten served as a sort of hipster arbitrator at the forefront of new culture.98 Van Vechten, a white man born in Iowa and educated in Chicago, was able to serve this role because he was so connected to black culture while still being distanced enough from it to establish a baseline for credibility. His endorsement of Gershwin’s Rhapsody did much for the artist’s reputation. Van Vechten’s connection with black culture and Gershwin’s rejection of the superstition of jazz suggests that the notion of dual acceptance was part in parcel to the success and fame Gershwin attained. Gershwin’s ambitions and beliefs alongside his reputation and ability (and the public perception of these specific aspects of Gershwin’s personality) facilitated his ability to gain success, advance his music, and promote the same within show business 97 98 Ibid Ibid 39 Here, Melnick might argue that all of the proclamations Gershwin made were to advance and to raise the racial status of Jews. Unfortunately, Melnick does not give a thorough explanation of what motivated Gershwin, and only supposes that the composer accomplished his ulterior motives (if he indeed had them). It is just as valid to say that Gershwin achieved his apparent motives, and the rest of the narrative will focus on the results of Gershwin’s success in producing critically acclaimed jazz music composed with artistic intent Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue was a culmination of his ambitions as an artist at the time. While it is not clear that Gershwin set out to reproduce some of the styles of Johnson, there is evidence to suggest that Johnson influenced Gershwin’s compositions. In fact, Rhapsody in Blue is noted in several reviews to have elements of stride in different parts of the arrangement.99 Johnson, in 1928, wrote the symphonic arrangement Yamekraw, otherwise known as Negro Rhapsody or Rhapsody in Black. The reference to Gershwin’s work is obvious as it is significant. Arranged just a few years after Gershwin’s seminal work, it was what Johnson considered to be the culmination of his own love for music.100 Just a few years after the untimely death of Johnson’s friend and protégé the dean of stride performed at Carnegie Hall in 1945. Among the selected pieces performed by Johnson were arrangements from both Waller and Gershwin as well as selections from Yamekraw.101 This show illustrates the mutual influence between these musicians. It 99 Ibid Davin, T. “Conversations with James P. Johnson.” Jazz Review II. 1959 100 101 K, I. "Condon at the 'Pops'" New York Times, May 14, 1946. 40 only makes sense that Johnson would pay homage to a dear friend and a musician he respected and helped to develop. It is doubtful that Johnson played Gershwin pieces because he thought they were popular, or because he was concerned about the show’s viability. He was relatively financially secure at the time and close to full retirement. 102 Johnson referenced Gershwin in this performance to make a statement that he held equal respect for both artists, and his intention was to display and exhibit this through his own talents. Gershwin’s role in the advancement of jazz as legitimate artistic music is clear and much discussed in the history of the art form. Waller, too, is credited with much in regards to his influence on famous jazz artists in later decades. James P. Johnson’s legacy has become more notable in recent years, but has yet to receive the attention the dean of stride pianists deserves. Artists like Art Tatum and Thelonious Monk started their repertoire in Johnson and Waller’s stride piano. The legacy of these great musicians has been served well by posterity, but there is a larger significance presented by the relationships of these three men than their artistic contributions. That Johnson, Waller, and Gershwin could utilize their multifaceted, mutual understandings of each other for the advancement of their collective ambition if only for a fleeting moment suggests a rough model for how new cultural movements and music styles are created. It isn’t difficult to see that the opportunities made available to Waller allowed him a wider audience. It is less clear how the existence of the opportunity itself (and the manner in which they were presented) is indicative of a historical force. Two 102 "James P. Johnson, JAZZ PIANIST, DIES." November 18, 1955, Obituary sec 41 racially distinct and hierarchically separated groups who were valued (and arguable confined) in the production of culture were able to collude and elevate the recognition of the culture itself. Johnson, Waller, and especially Gershwin not only furthered the development and transition of ragtime to Jazz, but also elevated the legitimacy of the style at large. Their promotion was conducive to the acceptance and celebration of jazz as Modern, American culture. The specific case of interactions between Johnson, Gershwin, and Waller provide an example of how culture is created. Specifically, the argument henceforth has aimed to describe the racial conditions in the cultural production of jazz that existed between two distinct, socially marginalized minority groups, and has attempted to describe the relationship between the two. The story so far has aimed to explain the mechanisms of personal collaboration between Jewish and Black musicians in the budding days of jazz This narrative is but one example of multicultural collaboration in the massive melting pot of American culture. A plethora of other such examples of mutual racial identification between minority groups leading to cultural productivity exist in twentieth century American history. The rise of AfroAsian Jazz in the late eighties is just one. This art form distinct from other types of jazz emerged from nearly the exact same mechanism as jazz itself. An influx of Vietnamese, Chinese and Southeast Asians during this time spurred along the forces of cultural productivity, and the identification between exploited Asian Americans and the thenvocal black power movement created conditions for cultural exploration and expansion.103 103 Ho, Fred Weihan., and Diane Carol. Fujino. Wicked theory, naked practice: a Fred Ho reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009 42 Another less than typical example is the large number of inner city African Americans studying and mastering Chinese martial arts. Black, Hispanic, and Filipino youths Inspired by kung fu films shown in the penny theaters of late 80’s New York eventually would become such masters of the art that they would be allowed into Chinese institutions that few Americans would ever see. Is race the only answer? Absolutely not. Ideas of racial identification are simply one of the contributing factors that go handin hand with the recognition of talent and potential. It facilitates the sharing of culture, but does not necessarily mandate it The creation or advancement of culture through multicultural channels is present in one of its earliest forms in the story of jazz, but the narrative continues today. A look at a popular television show on the Music Television network, America’s Best Dance Crew, is one of the most recent examples of collaboration between minority groups.104 The show evaluates teams of dancers on their breakdancing abilities. Breaking, as its proponents call it, is a style of dance that emerged alongside hiphop and rap in the 1980’s. All of these performance and music styles are synonymous with black culture, and was performed almost exclusively by black dancers at the time of its emergence. Given these origins, one would guess that African American dancers would dominate America’s Best Dance Crew. Yet, this is not so. The top two remaining dance teams were comprised almost entirely of Southeast Asian dancers. To add a credible element to this fascinating phenomenon it should be noted that the judges of the dance teams were predominantly experienced, African American breakdancers. How could this be? It 104 Jackson, Randy, producer "Live FInale." In America's Best Dance Crew Music Television March 27, 2008 43 must be the case that the adoption of this dance form at least furthered the notoriety of the dancing style. The fact that the show was aired nationally and included “America” in the title lends credence to this notion. The shows’ viewers must have already accepted the style as American, and also did not find the performance of such a style by Asian Americans to be an incorrect representation or an unentertaining spectacle. 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By increasing? ?the? ? popularity of ragtime? ?and? ?jazz, ? ?the? ?Tin? ?Pan? ?Alley? ?necessarily increased demand for performances? ?and? ?published works by musicians of? ?the? ?genre at large. I will further ... foreigners were treated similarly to? ?the? ?Irish immigrants of? ?the? ?mid nineteenth century, yet something was different about them. Instead of assimilating themselves into? ?the? ?great American melting pot, their racial distinctions (from “white” or protestant elites? ?and? ?... In? ?tandem with? ?the? ?culture of? ?the? ?ticklers? ?was? ?the? ?songwriting, hitproducing powerhouse of? ?the? ?Tin? ?Pan? ?Alley. To discuss? ?the? ?role of? ?the? ?Tin? ?Pan? ?Alley? ?in? ?relation to its contemporary,? ?the? ?individuals that comprised it must first be addressed